Publications
Daily Life and Commerce at Oplontis B
Excavations at Oplontis B, a commercial hub near ancient Pompeii, reveal a dynamic suburban landscape thriving with daily and commercial activities up to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. The site, featuring a two-story courtyard where wine was being bottled, storage areas, streets, and domestic spaces, offers unprecedented insights into the economic and social life of the region. Over 1,500 amphorae and five phases of development spanning from the mid-2nd century BCE to 79 CE were identified through systematic excavations by the Oplontis Project since 2012. This study synthesizes these findings, highlighting the commercial significance of a nearby warehouse and the evolving structure of the complex.
The Villa of Poppaea at Oplontis
The Villa of Poppaea at Oplontis, near Pompeii, reveals a dynamic evolution of Roman elite architecture and artistry spanning 120 years. Analysis of its decorations—ranging from Second-Style frescoes (60–40 BC) to Fourth-Style additions (AD 45–79)—demonstrates how the villa adapted to changing tastes, political shifts, and economic trends. Unique features such as alabaster thresholds, monolithic columns, and a lavish entertainment complex underscore the owner's wealth and status. The study also highlights the villa's final phase of decline, marked by the stripping of marbles and capitals for sale, offering rare insights into the material culture of late Roman society.
Energy Transition of Road Infrastructures: Analysis of the Photovoltaic Potential on the A3 Napoli–Pompei–Salerno Highway
A significant photovoltaic potential of approximately 27,100 m² has been identified along the A3 Napoli–Pompei–Salerno highway, offering a concrete opportunity to harness solar energy within existing road infrastructure. This study, leveraging geographic information systems (GISs) and integrating topographical, orographic, and solar data, demonstrates that service areas, toll stations, car parks, and side sections can serve as viable locations for photovoltaic installations. Such an approach not only promotes self-production and local consumption models but also directly supports the decarbonization of road transport by powering electric vehicle charging networks, thereby contributing to emission reduction and sustainable mobility.
In villam abire – il contributo di Stabia per la conoscenza e la valorizzazione del territorio vesuviano
Ancient Stabia, though less prominent than Pompeii and Herculaneum, offers a unique lens into the cultural landscapes of the Vesuvian region. This study highlights Stabia's post-Sullan War (89 BCE) transformation, marked by a network of rural and leisure villas that provide rare insights into non-urban settlement patterns. These villas, serving as autonomous economic and social units, enrich our understanding of ancient land use and cultural dynamics between Vesuvius and the Sorrentine Peninsula. The research also underscores the need for better integration of Stabia's archaeological sites and collections into the UNESCO World Heritage Site 829, which currently includes Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata. Through interdisciplinary studies, this work advances knowledge on heritage preservation and valorization strategies in the region.
La Scuola Superiore Meridionale a Pompei. Indagini lungo il Portico Orientale del Foro Triangolare: campagna di scavo 2022.
A recent excavation campaign at the Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata has uncovered significant insights into the pre-colonnade history of the Triangular Forum. The study, conducted by the Parco Archeologico di Pompei in collaboration with the Scuola Superiore Meridionale, documented a section of the portico's foundation that intersected older layers of human activity and reached proto-historic eruption deposits. This provided crucial information about the geomorphological structure of the site and the anthropogenic activities that preceded the construction of the colonnade, offering a deeper understanding of the forum's evolution from its archaic origins to its role in ancient Pompeian life.
Luoghi di culto preromani nella Valle del Sarno e nella Penisola Sorrentina (VII- I sec. a.C.)
A comprehensive analysis of pre-Roman cult sites in the Sarno Valley and Sorrento Peninsula (7th–1st century BCE) reveals that religious cohesion significantly influenced urban formation, shaping territorial control by social groups. The study reconstructs ancient topographies and dynamic occupation patterns through a detailed inventory of 14 major sites—including those near Pompeii—and four uncertain ones, integrating architectural, archaeological, and literary evidence. By examining cult behavior indicators such as votive deposits, ceramic artifacts, and inscriptions, the research demonstrates how political and cultural shifts transformed religious landscapes, offering new insights into the complex interplay between religion, society, and territory in ancient Campania.
Modernization and innovation in Neapolitan artillery: the contribution of Carlo Filangieri in the 19th century
Neapolitan artillery underwent significant modernization during the 19th century under Carlo Filangieri's leadership, marking a transition toward industrialized military production. This period saw the establishment and expansion of key military institutions, including the Royal Military Academy and strategic arsenals across the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Filangieri's reforms, implemented under Ferdinand II in 1834, streamlined the Artillery Corps, enhanced self-sufficiency in military supplies, and strengthened the central arsenal's role in ensuring political and military autonomy. The study highlights the integration of advanced technologies and protectionist policies, underscoring their pivotal contribution to Neapolitan defense innovation.
Retreat of the Shoreline in the Gulf of Castellammare di Stabia (Gulf of Napoli, Southern Italy)
Research reveals that longshore sediment transport along the Gulf of Napoli's coast moves from northwest to southeast, significantly impacting shoreline dynamics. The study, integrating sedimentological and geomorphological analyses, shows that since 1871, the construction of Torre Annunziata harbour has trapped sediments, causing a notable retreat of the shoreline to the southeast. This process, combined with human interventions and limited sediment input from the Sarno River, has led to a marked rotation of the shoreline towards the east and an overall trend of regression. The study highlights how anthropogenic activities have altered both emerged and submerged beach morphologies, with direct consequences on the coastal physiographic unit.
A new hazard scenario at Vesuvius: deadly thermal impact of detached ash cloud surges in 79CE at Herculaneum
A new hazard scenario at Vesuvius has been revealed, highlighting the lethal thermal impact of detached ash cloud surges during the 79 CE eruption. Reflectance analysis on carbonized wood from ancient Herculaneum uncovered that the first pyroclastic density current (PDC) to enter the town was a short-lived, high-temperature ash cloud surge, reaching temperatures between 555-495 °C. This surge caused instant death while leaving minimal ash deposits, suggesting it detached from higher-concentration currents. Subsequent PDCs were cooler but more concentrated, with temperatures ranging from 350-315 °C. Charcoal emerged as the only reliable proxy to record these extreme thermal events, providing unprecedented insights into the eruption's real thermal impact. This finding underscores the underestimated hazard of hot detached ash cloud surges, which, despite their short duration, pose severe risks to both buildings and human life at Vesuvius and other volcanic regions.
Il complesso delle Ville di Oplontis. Strategie per il restauro e il miglioramento della fruizione del sito UNESCO
The Oplontis complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site buried by the Vesuvian eruption of 79 A.D., stands as the most significant monumental evidence of Pompeian suburbs. This study evaluates strategies for restoring and enhancing visitor enjoyment at this site, which faces conservation challenges due to its discovery history and degraded urban context in Torre Annunziata. It proposes leveraging adjacent structures like the disused 'Royal Arms Factory' military complex to improve accessibility and connectivity with nearby Pompeii, aiming to integrate Oplontis into broader tourist flows while addressing infrastructure limitations.
Ripensare i confini. La città antica di Pompei e i siti minori del Parco archeologico nella buffer zone vesuviana
The archaeological areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata, designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1997, face challenges related to anthropic pressure on the ancient city. A strategic plan aims to enhance 'minor sites' within the buffer zone—including Boscoreale, Civita Giuliana, Oplontis, Stabiae, Longola, Castello di Lettere, Bourbon factory, and Quisisana Palace—to diversify cultural tourism, relieve congestion at Pompeii, and strengthen infrastructural connections. The study proposes development guidelines to create urban links between Pompeii and neighboring sites, preserving archaeological, urban, and landscape values while boosting the Vesuvian archaeological system's economic and cultural impact. This approach seeks to transform satellite sites into new attraction poles, benefiting both heritage preservation and local communities.
Volumetric Fast Fourier Convolution for Detecting Ink on the Carbonized Herculaneum Papyri
A novel approach using modified Fast Fourier Convolution (FFC) for volumetric data has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in detecting ink on the carbonized Herculaneum papyri, a collection of highly damaged ancient documents. This method, integrated into a deep learning-based segmentation architecture, significantly advances Digital Document Restoration (DDR) techniques by enabling more accurate and automated analysis of fragile artifacts. The research leverages X-ray tomography data to virtually unwrap and interpret the scrolls, addressing longstanding challenges in preserving and studying these irreplaceable cultural treasures. The proposed operator's versatility is further highlighted by its potential applicability to other volumetric data tasks, with implementation details made publicly available to foster broader scientific exploration.
Beyond social and functional interpretations of wall paintings: mythological imagery in the tablinum at Pompeii and Herculaneum
Wall paintings in the tablinum of Pompeian and Herculanean houses, traditionally linked to social rituals like the salutatio, do not necessarily reflect their functional use but instead reveal a shared mythological visual vocabulary across societal strata. This study challenges conventional interpretations by analyzing 120+ mythological images from 35 tabulina, demonstrating that decorative imagery serves as a cultural language rather than a reflection of room-specific activities or moral ideals. The research employs iconographic analysis to decouple decoration from assumed social practices, offering new insights into Roman domestic art and its broader societal significance.
Characterization of Waxes in the Roman Wall Paintings of the Herculaneum Site (Italy)
Scientists have uncovered evidence of beeswax, candelilla wax, and an artificial wax—likely used for preservation—in Roman wall paintings from Herculaneum, Italy. The study, using non-destructive techniques like Raman and FTIR spectroscopies alongside gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), identified these waxes in fragments from the House of the Skeleton, House of the Deer, and House of the two Atriums. Notably, candelilla wax, a vegetable source introduced to Europe after the 16th century, suggests later maintenance efforts aimed at preserving original colors. Additionally, pigments like hematite and Egyptian blue, along with minerals such as calcite, aragonite, and gypsum, were detected. This multi-analytical approach provides new insights into the materials used in ancient Roman art and their preservation over centuries.
Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum
Roman houses in Pompeii and Herculaneum, preserved by Vesuvius' eruption, offer unprecedented insights into ancient Roman social dynamics. Wealthy elites shaped their environments to impress visitors, influencing broader societal trends adopted by ordinary citizens. This study reveals that the organization of space and decorative practices structured complex social interactions, defining hierarchies between owners and visitors, genders, and social classes. By analyzing over 200 houses, the research demonstrates that these structures played a pivotal role in shaping Roman identity during early imperial Italy. The approach combines archaeological evidence with Roman texts and comparative cultural data to pose new questions about household formations and societal norms.
In taberna quando sumus? Osservazioni sul gioco d’azzardo (alea) a Pompei
Recent research reveals that Roman legislation on gambling, though extensive, had limited effectiveness in curbing the practice. By analyzing the distribution of dice and knucklebones—key instruments for chance-based games—in Pompeii, scholars have gained insights into how these laws were enforced or ignored in a first-century CE city. The study crosses literary and legal sources to reconstruct Roman interventions over time, from the Republican era to Justinian's reign, while examining their real-world impact on urban life.
Molecular signatures written in bone proteins of 79 AD victims from Herculaneum and Pompeii
A groundbreaking proteomic analysis of bones from victims of the AD 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius reveals that bone collagen from Pompeii is more degraded than that from Herculaneum, despite the latter experiencing higher temperatures. This degradation in Pompeii is attributed to prolonged exposure to natural dry-wet soil cycles, which damaged the bone proteome more extensively than the rapid tissue vanishing caused by intense heat at Herculaneum. The study, the first of its kind on bones exposed to eruptive conditions, identified molecular signatures imprinted in surviving protein components and highlights potential biomarkers for forensic bone proteomics.
Multivariate tools to investigate the spatial contaminant distribution in a highly anthropized area (Gulf of Naples, Italy)
A severe contamination pattern in the Gulf of Naples, driven by anthropogenic pressures, has been identified through multivariate analysis. The study, conducted to evaluate sediment contaminants before a submarine power pipeline installation, revealed distinct contaminant hotspots in Torre Annunziata and Capri, while also highlighting the influence of depositional basins on contamination trends. Using supervised techniques like PLS_DA, researchers effectively analyzed complex datasets from marine surveys, pinpointing key variability trends in quality indicators. This approach offers valuable insights for targeted follow-up monitoring, ensuring more precise environmental assessments in highly anthropized coastal areas.
Nos fritillum dicimus. Nuovi dati sulla cultura materiale ludica di Pompei
A new perspective on the ludic culture of ancient Pompeii emerges from a study challenging conventional classifications of fritilli, or dice-shakers. Traditionally viewed as small pyriform or cylindrical pots, these objects are reconsidered in their broader contextual significance within gaming sets. Analysis of artifacts stored at Pompeii reveals that fritilli were integral to complex gaming systems, shifting research focus from morphology to function and cultural context. This approach not only underscores the intricate material culture of Pompeii but also sheds light on the recreational habits of its inhabitants, offering fresh insights into their social practices.
Sentiment and Emotional Analysis of Risk Perception in the Herculaneum Archaeological Park during COVID-19 Pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, sentiment analysis of online discussions revealed that visitors to Herculaneum Archaeological Park experienced positive emotions despite isolation measures. Researchers developed a hybrid methodology combining automated social network analysis with human sentiment mapping to assess risk perception from Twitter data. This approach allowed for real-time feedback, enabling the park's risk management team to mitigate perceived risks effectively. The study highlights the potential of such methodologies in providing continuous emotional insights and improving visitor experience during crises.
Skenographia at Boscoreale, Oplontis and Pompeii
Research reveals a striking connection between the atrium paintings at Villa of Oplontis and the structural patterns of the scaenae frons, particularly in Pompeii's Large Theatre. This discovery sheds new light on the architectural and artistic integration of Roman villas during the Second Style period. The study involved meticulous analysis of two prominent 'Vesuvian' villas—Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale and Villa of Oplontis—and utilized advanced virtual reality 3D modeling to reconstruct their decor and organization. By synthesizing findings from international collaborative projects, the research provides unprecedented insights into the spatial and aesthetic relationships that defined Roman domestic architecture.
Transmission of Zoonotic Diseases in the Daily Life of Ancient Pompeii and Herculaneum (79 CE, Italy): A Review of Animal–Human–Environment Interactions through Biological, Historical and Archaeological Sources
A unique opportunity to reconstruct zoonotic disease transmission in ancient Pompeii and Herculaneum emerges from the exceptional preservation of archaeological and biological material, offering unprecedented insights into animal-human-environment interactions. The study identifies key drivers for pathogen distribution, including the significant role of diverse animal species, environmental conditions favoring parasite survival, high-risk commercial activities, inadequate food safety practices, poor waste management, and cultural use of animals. By integrating biological, historical, and archaeological data, this research sheds light on the complex dynamics of disease transmission in ancient Roman urban settings, providing a model for understanding past societal vulnerabilities.
A computational platform for the virtual unfolding of Herculaneum Papyri
A novel computational platform has been developed to virtually unfold the charred Herculaneum papyri, preserving valuable philosophical texts from ancient Greek scholars like Philodemus. These scrolls, carbonized during Vesuvius' 79 AD eruption, have long eluded full decipherment due to their complex three-dimensional structure and challenges in segmentation and flattening. The platform leverages X-ray phase contrast tomography, a non-invasive imaging technique, to reconstruct the papyri's original form. Applied to two fragments, this approach demonstrates potential for unlocking larger portions of text, advancing our understanding of Epicurean philosophy and other lost works. This breakthrough paves the way for comprehensive surveys of these irreplaceable artifacts, offering new insights into ancient thought.
Acoustic characteristics of the Amphitheatre of Pompei: new approach for the spatial sound analysis
A novel approach using spherical array microphones has revealed the acoustic characteristics of Pompeii's Roman Amphitheatre, one of the most preserved arenas from antiquity. By analyzing sound intensity through impulse response (IR) overlays on 360° imagery, researchers identified the direction of arriving sound rays without relying solely on structural surfaces. This method offers a new perspective for studying spatial acoustics in historical structures, enhancing our understanding of how ancient architectures influenced sound propagation.
Acoustic measurements of the Roman theatre of Pompei by mapping the sound reflections
Researchers have mapped sound reflections in the Roman theatre of Pompeii, revealing insights into its acoustic behavior. By employing a multichannel spherical array microphone, they recorded impulse responses that allowed for the creation of an overlay video, combining 360° imagery with sound decay contours. This approach enabled the study of early and late reflections, providing a detailed understanding of sound propagation within this well-preserved monument. The findings adhere to ISO 3382-1 standards for acoustic measurements, offering valuable data on the theatre's reverberation characteristics.
High-resolution dietary reconstruction of victims of the 79 CE Vesuvius eruption at Herculaneum by compound-specific isotope analysis
A groundbreaking study reveals significant gender-based differences in diet among victims of the 79 CE Vesuvius eruption at Herculaneum, offering unprecedented insights into ancient Roman society. By analyzing stable isotope values of amino acids from bone collagen using Bayesian models, researchers reconstructed the diets of 17 adults with high precision. The findings indicate that males and females had differential access to marine and terrestrial foods, challenging historical assumptions about food distribution in Roman communities. This method also provides a benchmark for comparing ancient diets to modern populations, potentially shedding light on health implications.
Ink in Herculaneum: A Survey of Recent Perspectives
Recent research challenges the long-held assumption that carbon black was the primary ink used in ancient Graeco-Latin papyri from Herculaneum. A groundbreaking study employing X-Ray Phase Contrast Tomography (XPCT) revealed significant lead content in some ink fragments, suggesting lead may have been a key component rather than an exception. This discovery opens new avenues for non-invasive analysis of still-rolled scrolls using synchrotron light to distinguish text from parchment without unrolling, potentially revolutionizing the study of preserved but inaccessible manuscripts.
Ochre-Based Pigments in the Tablinum of the House of the Bicentenary (Herculaneum, Italy) between Decorative Technology and Natural Disasters
A multi-analytical approach revealed that the ochre-based pigments in the tablinum of Herculaneum's House of the Bicentenary underwent thermal alteration during Mount Vesuvius' eruption, transforming yellow ochres to red. This study successfully discriminated between original and converted pigments, providing insights into Roman decorative technologies. The research also highlighted the use of various ochre qualities and mixtures with other compounds, driven by aesthetic, functional, and economic considerations.
Scholarly Editing and AI: Machine Predicted Text and Herculaneum Papyri
Groundbreaking advancements in digital restoration have enabled the virtual unwrapping of ancient carbonized parchment scrolls, revealing previously inaccessible texts. A notable achievement was the 2019 application of machine learning to decode Greek characters from a Herculaneum papyrus fragment using carbon ink tomography. This study proposes a theoretical model for critical editions of 'true-born virtual' texts, emphasizing the need to document AI's role and ensure transparency in data science processes. The research advocates for a new virtual edition model that integrates humanities and scientific rigor, addressing the challenges posed by AI-dependent text editing.
The sound of the cultural heritage: a case study on the Odeon of Pompei
A groundbreaking study on the Odeon of Pompeii reveals how advanced acoustic analysis and immersive technology can reconstruct the sound environment of ancient Roman structures. Researchers used a spherical array microphone to capture 360-degree audio data, overlaying impulse response (IR) visualizations with high-resolution imagery to map key acoustic parameters. This approach provided unprecedented insights into the spatial acoustics of the Odeon, offering a novel method for studying cultural heritage sites. The findings highlight the potential of modern technology in preserving and interpreting the auditory dimensions of historical architecture.
Amedeo Maiuri: Herculaneum, Archaeology and Fascist Propaganda
Amedeo Maiuri, a celebrated Italian archaeologist, used his work at Herculaneum to align with the ideological and propaganda needs of Mussolini’s fascist regime. His reconstructions of the ancient Roman town as a 'resurrected' and 'living' city served to amplify the fascist doctrine of romanità, emphasizing willpower, hard work, and modernity. This study reveals how Maiuri’s archaeological practices and writings were strategically employed to inspire nationalistic fervor, providing a tangible example of what the regime envisioned for the 'New Italy.' The research draws on archival sources and published writings to analyze Maiuri’s politically committed approach, shedding light on the intersection of archaeology, propaganda, and fascist ideology.
Le tombe a schola di Pompei sepolture “eroiche” giulio-claudie di tribuni militum a populo e sacerdotes publicae
Pompeii's archaeological sites reveal seven previously unknown monumental tombs, or scholae, from the early Julio-Claudian period. These tombs, inspired by Greek gymnasium seating for magistrates and philosophers, were erected in public spaces through decurional votes, granting them a heroic aura. This honor was initially reserved for elite municipal figures such as priestesses of Ceres and Venus, and military tribunes (tribuni militum a populo), later extending to wives of magistrates, often of obscure origins. The study highlights the significance of these tombs in reflecting Pompeii's social hierarchy and the evolution of funerary practices during this period.
Microbial biofilm community structure and composition on the lithic substrates of Herculaneum Suburban Baths
Light availability emerges as the key factor shaping microbial biofilm communities within the Herculaneum Suburban Baths. The study reveals distinct community structures along an irradiation gradient, with a dark, plaster-associated community dominated by Bacteria, Fungi, and cyanobacteria contrasting with dim, mortar-linked communities rich in Chlorophyta. Photoautotrophs dominate nearly all sites, while Fungi and Bacteria play minor roles. Confocal microscopy and molecular techniques (DGGE) further demonstrated that biofilm structural properties vary even within the same substrate, highlighting the baths as an environment-shaped ecosystem where substrate-specific communities interact along a light gradient.
The row houses at Oplontis
Research at Oplontis B (Torre Annunziata) reveals the domestic aspects of tabernae and their role in urban development along the Bay of Naples, addressing a gap in studies of humble dwellings buried by Vesuvius. The study highlights how these small commercial spaces, often doubling as domestic areas, contributed to Roman architecture and economic life. By analyzing row houses at Oplontis B through the Oplontis Project, the research provides preliminary insights into the complex functions of tabernae, offering a nuanced understanding of their place within urban landscapes. This work expands on limited prior studies by integrating architectural remains with Latin terminology to reconstruct daily life and economic activities in non-élite spaces.
XRF Ink Analysis of Some Herculaneum Papyri
Recent analysis of Herculaneum papyri using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) reveals that some inks contain traces of metal, challenging the assumption that they are composed solely of carbon. The study, conducted at the Biblioteca Nazionale in Naples, examined external portions of papyri rolls—known as 'scorze'—which were mechanically removed from their original rolls in the 18th century. By targeting these fragments, researchers aimed to detect metallic elements within the ink, providing new insights into the composition and preservation of ancient texts from the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Herculaneum.
Circular Economy and Resilience Thinking for Historic Urban Landscape Regeneration: The Case of Torre Annunziata, Naples
A study on Torre Annunziata, Naples, demonstrates that integrating circular economy principles with resilience thinking can effectively regenerate historic urban landscapes (HUL) while addressing the challenges of abandonment and decay. The research identifies a system of resilience performance indicators to assess the complex nature of HUL, proposing a scenario for circular regeneration that fosters synergies among physical, environmental, social, and economic systems. This approach aligns with Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development goals, offering a holistic framework for sustainable urban development in small-medium European cities.
Comparison of Original and Modern Mortars at the Herculaneum Archaeological Site
Significant differences between original Roman mortars and those used in twentieth-century restoration campaigns at the Herculaneum archaeological site have been identified, which may contribute to degradation processes. Roman mortars were found to contain coarser aggregates with a lower ratio of binder compared to modern mortars. This study employed petrography, thermal analysis, and X-ray fluorescence investigations to evaluate mineralogical, elemental, and thermal properties. The findings aim to enhance the compatibility of restoration mortars, thereby improving conservation efforts at UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
From invisibility to readability: Recovering the ink of Herculaneum
A groundbreaking discovery challenges the long-held assumption that micro-CT imaging cannot detect carbon-based ink, paving the way for noninvasive digital recovery of lost texts from Herculaneum. Researchers demonstrated that carbon ink—previously deemed invisible in micro-CT scans—leaves a subtle yet detectable signature, which they successfully isolated and enhanced using novel computational techniques. This advancement offers a transformative approach to preserving and deciphering ancient writings without physical intervention, addressing a critical gap in the study of UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Herculaneum.
La statuetta indiana da Pompei: nuove considerazioni per un approccio emico
A newly discovered ivory statuette from Pompeii, likely of Indian origin, challenges conventional understandings of Roman material culture. This rare artifact, found in 1938, raises questions about its iconography, provenance, and symbolic significance within Roman society. By drawing parallels with Ovid's Metamorphoses—particularly myths linking ivory to female prostitution—and Roman banquet customs, the study suggests that such objects were displayed not merely for aesthetic value but as conversation catalysts during elite gatherings. This emic approach shifts focus from artifact analysis alone to its social function and perceived meaning among Pompeiians, offering a nuanced interpretation of how exotic goods were integrated into daily life.
Oplontis, 79 A.D.: colours on marble furnishing from the Villa of Poppaea
A groundbreaking analysis of the Villa of Poppaea in Oplontis reveals new insights into the pigments and conservation history of its marble furnishings. The study employed non-invasive imaging techniques to examine sculptures and reliefs, comparing results with analytical data and archaeological research. This approach uncovered previously unknown details about the vibrant colors used in the villa's ornate decorations, providing a deeper understanding of Roman artistic practices and preservation challenges. The findings contribute significantly to our knowledge of the Villa of Poppaea, one of the most opulent marble-furnished buildings of its time, destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D.
Timber-Framing Construction in Herculaneum Archaeological Site: Characterisation and Main Reasons for its Diffusion
Archaeological evidence from Herculaneum reveals that timber-framing construction, known as opus craticium, was widely used during the Augustan Principate due to high demand for new constructions and repairs. The technique's pervasiveness is attributed to rapid urban development and the need for durable structures, while its preservation is linked to the anaerobic conditions created by the 79 AD Vesuvian eruption. This study highlights a dichotomy between historical accounts of timber-framing and actual construction practices, using literature review and on-site analysis, with Casa a Graticcio serving as a key example.
Wooden Furniture in Herculaneum
Archaeological research at Herculaneum has revealed significant insights into the role and craftsmanship of wooden furniture during antiquity. By analyzing surviving fragments, excavation reports, and architectural evidence, this study reconstructs the form, function, and techniques used in Herculaneum's interiors. The findings highlight how wooden furniture was integral to domestic spaces, with preserved pieces offering a rare glimpse into Roman interior design and craftsmanship. This multidisciplinary approach combines material analysis with contextual clues from house architecture and decoration, providing a comprehensive understanding of furniture's significance in daily life.
Anagnosis, Herculaneum, and the Digital Corpus of Literary Papyri
The Digital Corpus of Literary Papyri (DCLP) initiative successfully established a comprehensive framework for a large-scale corpus of literary papyri, integrating both canonical and subliterary texts such as medical or magical works. By leveraging existing infrastructure from www.papyri.info and encoding content in the EpiDoc XML-TEI format, the project customized search, browse, and editing functionalities to meet the needs of literary text researchers while encouraging engagement with all papyrological sources. The DCLP enabled cross-corpus searches across both literary and documentary texts housed in the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri (DDbDP). Collaboration with institutions worldwide, including contributions from the Leuven Database of Ancient Books (LDAB), enriched the metadata backbone of each record. This groundbreaking initiative, supported by NEH/DFG and completed in 2017, bridges gaps between literary and documentary papyrology, offering a robust digital resource for scholarly research.
Archaeometric Analysis of the Alabaster Thresholds of Villa A, Oplontis (Torre Annunziata, Italy) and New Sr and Pb Isotopic Data for Alabastro Ghiaccione del Circeo
Archaeometric analysis of alabaster thresholds at Villa A, Oplontis, reveals that while several potential quarry sources can be excluded, the exact origin remains uncertain. This study, combining minero-petrographic and isotopic (Sr and Pb) analyses, underscores the need for a comprehensive database of Roman-period alabaster quarries to better understand ancient material sourcing practices. The thresholds, dating back to the mid-1st century BC, represent one of the most spectacular examples of alabaster use from villas preserved by Vesuvius' eruption in AD 79.
Building Materials, Ionizing Radiation and HBIM: A Case Study from Pompei (Italy)
A novel approach to heritage conservation integrates ionizing radiation analysis with digital documentation techniques, revealing the biological risks posed by igneous building materials prevalent in Southern Italy. The study demonstrates that these materials emit detectable ionizing radiation spectra, which can be mapped non-invasively using false-color imaging derived from HBIM (Historical Building Information Modeling). Focusing on Pompeii’s main square—a high-traffic area with dense historical architecture—the research validates a protocol combining GIS, CIM, and BIM to visualize radiation exposure patterns. This method offers a data-driven strategy for assessing and mitigating stochastic biological effects in heritage sites, bridging geological material analysis with advanced digital modeling.
Children’s Graffiti in Roman Pompeii and Herculaneum
Children’s graffiti from Roman Pompeii and Herculaneum offer rare insights into the lives, interests, and social dynamics of Roman children. Unlike adults, who left behind material culture such as tools or jewelry, children’s presence is primarily documented through ephemeral graffiti—short inscriptions often found in public spaces like Pompeii’s Grand Palaestra, a youth-associated area. Analysis of these graffiti reveals patterns in their subject matter, reflecting the activities, relationships, and daily encounters that shaped childhood experiences. The study highlights how children engaged with peers, caretakers, and their environment, while also shedding light on the broader social context of Roman education and play.
From the Waters to the Plate to the Latrine: Fish and Seafood from the Cardo V Sewer, Herculaneum
Excavation of the Cardo V sewer in Herculaneum, Italy, revealed a diverse Roman diet with significant marine components. Analysis identified approximately 70 fish taxa and 48 marine mollusc species, indicating a high dietary diversity among non-élite residents. Most fish were small, likely netted in shallow coastal waters, while shellfish included species from sandy shores, rocks, and the seabed, suggesting local collection near the water's edge. The findings suggest that fish and seafood were readily available, nutritious, and likely consumed fresh or preserved as salsamenta (salted) or garum (fermented sauce). The study highlights the importance of marine resources in the Bay of Naples during the Roman era.
I papiri ritrovati a Pompei: qualche aggiornamento
For the first time, fragments of a Latin papyrus have been discovered at Pompeii, challenging the long-held belief that the unique carbonization process in the region would preclude such findings. This discovery, made during excavations in Regio I, provides new insights into the preservation potential of organic materials under extreme conditions. The study, conducted by researchers from the University of Salento, utilizes advanced documentation techniques to analyze and present these rare fragments, contributing valuable data to the understanding of Pompeii's historical and archaeological landscape.
I terremoti del I secolo d.C. a Pompei. Osservazioni intorno ai danni e consolidamenti nelle Terme Stabiane con particolare riguardo ad uno sperone nel Destrictarium
A new analysis of the Terme Stabiane in Pompeii reveals that earthquakes in the first century AD significantly damaged its masonry structures, with evidence suggesting at least two distinct seismic events. The study highlights reconstruction and strengthening efforts by Roman builders, including a buttress in the Destrictarium, which provides insights into the chronology of these events. By combining architectural observations with mechanical analysis, researchers have reconstructed the sequence of earthquakes leading up to Vesuvius' catastrophic eruption in 79 AD.
Metallkundliche und analytische Untersuchungen an den im Deposito Archeologico der Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei aufbewahrten Metallgefäßen
A groundbreaking analysis of metal vessels from Pompeii, preserved in the archaeological deposit of the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei, reveals the unexpected use of brass (copper-zinc alloy) alongside traditional tin bronzes in ancient Campanian craftsmanship. Contrary to prior assumptions, brass was employed in local vessel production, challenging established narratives about its introduction during Roman imperial coinage reforms. The study utilized macro-scale examinations, material sampling, and advanced analytical techniques—including lead isotope analysis and metallographic investigations—to elucidate the compositional variations and manufacturing processes of 1,678 copper-based vessels and fragments. Findings indicate that while bronze compositions were consistent for vessel bodies, decorative elements like handles often contained variable lead levels, suggesting standardized yet empirically refined craftsmanship practices widespread across the ancient world. This research underscores the sophistication of pre-Roman metallurgical knowledge and provides insights into the provenance and production techniques of Campanian metalwork.
The Circular Economy Approach for the Regeneration of Torre Annunziata Port Area
A circular economy approach can effectively regenerate historic urban landscapes, enhancing both tangible and intangible values of built heritage while reducing the costs of urban renewal. This study demonstrates its potential through the regeneration of Torre Annunziata port area in Southern Italy, a city rich in cultural and landscape heritage. The research combines theoretical models with an applicative case study, aligning with UNESCO's Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape (HUL). By focusing on sustainable practices, this approach offers a cost-efficient alternative to traditional urban renewal methods, promoting long-term preservation and economic viability.
The Greek Graffiti of Herculaneum
Greek graffiti in Herculaneum, preserved under volcanic ash, reveals that Greek was widely used and integrated into the city's epigraphic landscape. This study provides the first contextual analysis of these inscriptions, showing they account for half of the graffiti found, with a focus on Greek alphabets and personal names. By examining two in-situ locations, it offers new insights into the distribution and cultural significance of Greek writing in Campania during antiquity.
The Skeletons of Herculaneum, Italy
A unique archaeological study of Herculaneum, Italy, reveals significant insights into the health and nutrition of a Roman-era population. The research focuses on 139 skeletons discovered in an exceptionally well-preserved state due to their protected environment, which maintained stable temperature and humidity. Key indicators such as the flattening of long bones and the pelvis provide evidence of dietary habits and overall health. With over 45 additional skeletons awaiting study and many more likely buried nearby, this ongoing investigation promises further revelations about ancient life in Herculaneum.
Trachy-phonolite lava pebbles used in the ancient settlement of Oplontis (Torre Annunziata, Naples): petrochemical data supporting the origin from an old effusive activity of the Somma-Vesuvius volcano
A new study reveals that trachy-phonolite lava pebbles found in the ancient settlements of Oplontis (Torre Annunziata, Naples) and Longola originate from an old effusive activity of the Somma-Vesuvius volcano, predating 8 ka BP. These pebbles, used in building foundations during the Roman period, show petrochemical compatibility with pre-8 ka BP magmas and pyroclastic products, as well as affinity with lava trachyte ejecta from Plinian eruptions preceding the A.D. 79 eruption. Despite their abundance, these pebbles do not match any known lithostratigraphic units, suggesting they were reworked from original lava flows or autoclastic breccias. The research compared samples from Oplontis and Longola to trace their provenance, providing insights into the volcano's complex evolutionary history.
Built environment, creativity, social art. The recovery of public space as engine of human development
A groundbreaking study reveals that the integration of art and cultural heritage into public spaces can significantly enhance creativity, social cohesion, and human development. The research, conducted in Torre Annunziata, Italy, demonstrates that inclusive approaches to public space recovery—focusing on art and community engagement—stimulate critical thinking, open-mindedness, and design capacity among local residents. This process fosters a 'creative environment' that acts as a catalyst for development, encouraging acceptance of diversity as an opportunity. The study builds upon the Humanistic Urbanism (HUL) approach, drawing empirical evidence from the MAAM Museum in Rome to establish transferable methodologies for similar contexts. By analyzing cause/effect relationships between art, heritage, and community dynamics, this work provides actionable insights for regenerating social connections and landscapes in post-industrial or conflict-affected areas.
Carpenteria di legno dei tetti e dei solai interpiano a pompei nel I secolo D.C.
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD devastated Pompeii, destroying nearly all wooden roof and inter-floor structures. However, remnants of these timber elements—preserved in wall pockets and architectural frescoes—reveal critical insights into the structural organization of Pompeian buildings during the 1st century AD. This study identifies distinct carpentry configurations, varying by span length and room function, including simple beam-and-boarding floors and more complex truss systems resembling king post or proto-lattice designs. By comparing these physical traces with Latin sources, researchers reconstruct the lost architectural heritage, offering a detailed snapshot of Roman engineering before the eruption.
Pompei. Parco archeologico e valorizzazione
A groundbreaking analysis of Pompeii's archaeological park reveals significant advancements in the preservation and valorization of this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The study, conducted by Pagano and Stucchi (2017), employs a multifaceted approach combining archaeological surveying, historical documentation, and modern conservation techniques to enhance the site's educational and cultural value. Key findings highlight innovative strategies for balancing visitor access with the protection of fragile artifacts, ensuring sustainable tourism that respects the site's integrity. This research not only contributes to the academic understanding of Pompeii but also offers practical solutions for similar heritage sites worldwide.
Bioarchaeological preservation and non-elite diet in the Bay of Naples: An analysis of the food remains from the Cardo V sewer at the Roman site of Herculaneum
A rare opportunity to study the diet of middle and lower class Romans in mid-1st century AD Italy has been provided by the analysis of food remains from the Cardo V sewer at Herculaneum, preserved by the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79. The study identified 194 taxa, including 94 botanical, 45 fish, and 53 shellfish species, with 113 considered edible foodstuffs, indicating a high level of dietary diversity. The preservation conditions were found to be comparable to those in Pompeii, with no major taphonomic biases observed. The diet of non-elite individuals was characterized by a few staple foods supplemented by a wide range of other goods, with subtle differences likely related to variations in wealth.
Catalogue of the Evidence for Presocratics in the Herculaneum Papyri
A groundbreaking catalogue of pre-Socratic philosophical evidence from the Herculaneum papyri has been compiled, marking the first comprehensive systematic analysis of this ancient tradition within Epicureanism. The Index Praesocraticorum Philosophorum Herculanensis (IPPH) updates existing testimonia to reflect current research and critical reconstructions, providing a foundational resource for scholars studying the transmission and influence of pre-Socratic thought. This work bridges gaps in historical understanding by integrating fragmented papyrus fragments with modern scholarly interpretations.
Exploiting excavation archives: Herculaneum from 1927 to 1961 as a case-study
A critical reassessment of Herculaneum's excavation archives reveals that the site's historical documentation, long dominated by A. Maiuri's synthesis, is fragmentary and subjective. By analyzing daybooks (Giornale degli scavi di Ercolano) from 1927 to 1961, researchers S. Mols and others uncovered a more nuanced understanding of the site, moving beyond Maiuri's narrative. This approach highlights the challenges and potential of using archival materials to reconstruct archaeological contexts, offering a method for reinterpreting previously excavated sites with greater objectivity.
Le Pressioni Perturbative del Sistema Insediativo di Torre Annunziata (Na)
A study on the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Torre Annunziata, part of the Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata, identifies significant perturbative pressures affecting its urban system. By applying resilience theory to socio-urban systems, the research systematically analyzes these pressures, revealing dynamic transitions in technological landscapes that shape the built environment. The findings are crucial for defining acceptable limits of modification to preserve the structure and identity of the urban landscape while balancing conservation with socio-economic development goals. This approach provides a framework for sustainable urban planning, ensuring the integrity of historical sites amid evolving pressures.
Revealing metallic ink in Herculaneum papyri
A groundbreaking analysis of Herculaneum papyri reveals that metallic ink, specifically containing lead, was used centuries earlier than previously believed. This discovery challenges long-held assumptions about ancient writing materials and provides new insights into the manufacturing and use of papyri in Greco-Roman societies. Researchers employed advanced imaging techniques to detect metallic concentrations within the papyrus fragments, offering crucial data for optimizing future computed tomography (CT) scans on unrolled Herculaneum scrolls. The findings also suggest the possible existence of ruled lines on the papyrus texture, further enriching our understanding of ancient writing practices.
Sewers, Archaeobotany, and Diet at Pompeii and Herculaneum
A cosmopolitan diet emerged in Pompeii and Herculaneum during the last centuries BC, replacing earlier local food traditions. This insight comes from archaeobotanical analysis of sewer deposits beneath Cardo V at Herculaneum, revealing diverse plant remains that reflect a varied and internationally influenced diet among residents of small apartments above. Comparative evidence from Pompeii supports this trend, illustrating how regional food economies evolved over time. The study highlights the significance of urban sewers as repositories for understanding dietary shifts in ancient societies.
Sistema Edilizio e Risorsa Idrica. il Caso Studio di Torre Annunziata (Na)
A study of an 18th-century urban core in Torre Annunziata, Italy, reveals how water management systems were integrated into building designs to sustainably utilize rainwater. The research uncovers sedimented knowledge within these structures, offering a foundation for modern conservation and revitalization efforts. By analyzing historical water infrastructure, the study provides insights into pre-industrial urban planning, contrasting it with contemporary wasteful practices. This work highlights the potential for recovering and leveraging traditional water systems to improve sustainability in heritage sites.
Thermal and Petrographic Characterization of Herculaneum Wall Plasters
Herculaneum wall plasters exhibit distinct thermal behaviors despite similar aggregate compositions, indicating varied ageing and weathering processes. The study, conducted on Roman plasters from different houses at the archaeological site of Herculaneum (2010–12), classified most samples into two groups—marmorino or intonachino—based on aggregate composition. However, thermal analysis revealed that these groups did not share identical thermal properties, suggesting differences in their degradation pathways and component ratios over time. The research employed petrography, thermal analysis, and X-ray fluorescence to characterize the plasters, providing insights into their long-term stability and conservation challenges.
Tracking ink composition on Herculaneum papyrus scrolls: quantification and speciation of lead by X-ray based techniques and Monte Carlo simulations
Researchers have uncovered that lead, present in the ink of Herculaneum papyrus scrolls, enhances the readability of text by increasing the X-ray fluorescence signal. This discovery, made using advanced X-ray phase-contrast tomography and multi-scale X-ray fluorescence micro-imaging, sheds light on the composition of ancient writing materials. The study employed Monte Carlo simulations and X-ray absorption microspectroscopy to quantify and speciate lead within the scrolls, aiming to determine its origin and validate hypotheses about its state in the ink. This non-invasive approach avoids the need for unrolling the delicate scrolls, preserving their integrity while revealing hidden texts from the pyroclastic events of Vesuvius in 79 AD.
Virtual unrolling and deciphering of Herculaneum papyri by X-ray phase-contrast tomography
Researchers have successfully decoded the largest portion of Greek text ever detected inside unopened Herculaneum papyri, using X-ray phase-contrast tomography and advanced virtual-unrolling algorithms. This breakthrough reveals previously hidden writings from a 1st-century BC Epicurean philosopher, Philodemus of Gadara, preserved in carbonized scrolls at the 'Villa dei Papiri' in Herculaneum since the 79 AD Vesuvius eruption. The non-destructive technique achieved unprecedented spatial resolution and contrast, bringing to light philosophical treatises that had remained inaccessible for nearly 2000 years.
"Economic heritage impact assessment" as a tool for evaluating the impacts on the great requalification project of the coastal cities, Unesco sites. The case study of Torre Annunziata, in the gulf of Naples
A novel approach called 'Economic Heritage Impact Assessment' (EHIA) is proposed to evaluate both cultural and economic impacts of large-scale urban requalification projects on UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This method, developed by the author in their PhD thesis, builds upon the ICOMOS 'Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties' (2011) by incorporating cost-benefit analysis to monetarily assess the benefits of investments in historic urban heritage preservation. The case study of Torre Annunziata, a coastal city in the Gulf of Naples and part of the Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata UNESCO Site, demonstrates how EHIA can provide a more comprehensive evaluation than traditional cultural impact assessments alone. This approach aims to support sustainable urban waterfront requalification while preserving and enhancing the historic urban landscape.
“Economic heritage impact assessment” come strumento per valutare gli impatti dei grandi progetti di riqualificazione delle città costiere siti Unesco. Il caso studio di Torre Annunziata nel golfo di Napoli
A novel approach to evaluating the economic viability of heritage conservation, the Economic Heritage Impact Assessment (EHIA), has been proposed. This method integrates cultural and economic assessments to quantify the monetary benefits of investing in the preservation of historic urban landscapes, particularly in coastal UNESCO sites like Torre Annunziata. The EHIA builds on the ICOMOS Guidance for Heritage Impact Assessments by incorporating cost-benefit analysis, addressing a gap in current heritage evaluation frameworks. Applied to the Grande Progetto Pompei's impact on Torre Annunziata's waterfront, this study demonstrates how economic considerations can enhance decision-making for large-scale urban renewal projects, offering a more comprehensive tool for balancing cultural and financial outcomes.
Assessment of waterfront attractiveness in port cities - Facebook 4 Urban Facelifts
A participative tool was developed to assess the attractiveness of urban waterfronts, offering a sustainable approach for decision-making in port cities. This method evaluates spatial quality and identifies priorities for public investment by involving stakeholders. Applied to Torre Annunziata's industrial port area in Southern Italy, the research demonstrated its potential to guide future development scenarios, supporting effective and inclusive urban regeneration strategies.
Designing for Luxury on the Bay of Naples: Villas and Landscapes (c. 100 B.C.E.–79 C.E.)
Roman luxury villas on the Bay of Naples (c. 100 B.C.E.–79 C.E.) were designed to maximize sensory engagement with the landscape, challenging traditional architectural norms. Unlike urban domus with inward-focused symmetry and circulatory cores, these villas lacked a performative center, instead employing 'perforated space'—a design principle that prioritized fluid connectivity, air circulation, and visual links to the surrounding environment. This approach, evident in the second and fourth styles of wall painting, redefined domestic architecture as an extension of nature rather than a protected cave-like structure. The study analyzed five villas using dispersed building perspectives, revealing their multifunctional, landscape-integrated designs through detailed design analysis and archaeological data. Key findings include the absence of Vitruvian symmetry in villa architecture and the emphasis on water features (fountains, piscinae) as central sensory elements.
Il paesaggio storico urbano delle città costiere: sfide e opportunità. Il caso Torre Annunziata
This research demonstrates that the preservation and regeneration of coastal urban landscapes, particularly those with UNESCO World Heritage status, can drive sustainable development by integrating cultural, ecological, and economic values. The study highlights that leveraging the ICOMOS Guidance on Impact Assessments for Cultural World Properties (2011) as a tool for evaluating large-scale urban waterfront revitalization projects—such as the 'Grande Progetto Pompei' in Torre Annunziata, Italy—can mitigate negative impacts while enhancing local attractiveness and economic benefits. Through participatory methods, the research identifies key attributes of cultural heritage that resonate with stakeholders, offering a framework to prioritize public investments in degraded areas. It further advocates for combining Heritage Impact Assessment with cost-benefit analysis and contingent valuation to quantify both economic and socio-environmental outcomes, proposing a Social Economic Impact Assessment (SEHIA) approach.
Living with the Ancient Romans: Past and Present in Eighteenth-Century Encounters with Herculaneum and Pompeii
Eighteenth-century encounters with the ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii significantly influenced diverse intellectual and political thought, demonstrating that these archaeological sites were not merely objects of nostalgia or sentimentality. The study examines how four prominent figures—Camillo Paderni, Johann Joachim Winckelmann, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Sir William Hamilton—leveraged the unique proximity to the past offered by these excavations to develop innovative arguments on topics ranging from Neapolitan Bourbon rule to the history of Earth. This research highlights the profound impact of these discoveries on eighteenth-century discourse, revealing their role in shaping a broad spectrum of ideas beyond mere aesthetic appreciation.
Revealing letters in rolled Herculaneum papyri by X-ray phase-contrast imaging
X-ray phase-contrast tomography has successfully revealed letters within the rolled Herculaneum papyri, preserving their fragile structure. This breakthrough addresses a longstanding challenge: the carbonized papyri, buried by Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, were previously impossible to read without unrolling and damaging them. The technique penetrates the spiral layers of the papyrus, detecting carbon-based ink for the first time. By enabling non-invasive text recovery, this method unlocks new insights into ancient Greek literature and philosophy, offering a solution to conserve and study one of Antiquity's few surviving libraries.
Statuette di gladiatori in terracotta da Pompei
Five terracotta statuettes of gladiators have been discovered in Pompeii, offering new insights into the representation and possible symbolic significance of gladiatorial imagery in Roman culture. While some scholars suggest these figurines may have been gifts exchanged during the Saturnalia festival, this study proposes an alternative interpretation: that they likely depict gladiatorial combats, akin to those found in wall paintings, stucco reliefs, and marble carvings from the era. The research draws on comparative analysis of known visual representations of gladiators, examining both form and context to challenge existing hypotheses about the purpose and function of these small-scale terracotta figures.
Tecniche sperimentali di campionamento di sedimenti per il monitoraggio ambientale dell'area marino-costiera Torre Annunziata-Capri
A study led by Buonocunto et al. (2015) introduces experimental sediment sampling techniques designed for environmental monitoring in the marine-coastal area of Torre Annunziata-Capri, part of the UNESCO-listed Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata. The research focuses on the SIR 'Litorale Vesuviano' and adjacent protected zones, which include Posidonia oceanica meadows and coral reefs. The study's methodology aims to support anthropogenic activities while ensuring ecological preservation. By employing advanced sampling techniques, the authors provide a framework for monitoring sediment composition and its environmental impact, contributing to sustainable management strategies in this ecologically sensitive region.
The roof and suspended ceiling of the marble room in the House of the Telephus Relief at Herculaneum
A remarkable discovery of exceptionally well-preserved timber structures, including a roof and suspended ceiling, was unearthed during drainage work at Herculaneum's ancient shoreline. The timbers, buried under volcanic material from the A.D. 79 eruption, spanned approximately 55 meters beneath the House of the Telephus Relief. Analysis by CNR-IVALSA revealed that nearly all samples belonged to the silver fir species (Abies alba), showcasing the unique preservation conditions that protected the wood from carbonization. This finding provides unprecedented insights into Roman architectural techniques and materials, contributing significantly to our understanding of ancient construction practices.
Abandoned Railways, Renewed Pathways: Opportunities for Accessing Landscapes
Abandoned railway lines and station buildings, often overlooked in Italy, hold significant potential for sustainable development. This study demonstrates that repurposing disused railways as new pathways and abandoned stations as spaces for new activities can enhance accessibility to cultural, historical, and environmental resources. The research proposes an integrated methodological approach to valorize these elements, illustrated through the case of the Cancello-Torre Annunziata railway in southern Italy. A planning test during the 'Green Boulevard - Parkways of the 3rd millennium' competition successfully validated this approach, underscoring its potential for regeneration and local development.
La Valutazione delle Trasformazioni Urbane nell’Ambito del Grande Progetto Pompei
A participatory methodology for assessing urban transformations in degraded and abandoned areas, focusing on visually perceived quality, was successfully applied to the Pompeii Archaeological Site as part of the Grande Progetto Pompei. This approach engaged diverse stakeholders to evaluate urban regeneration efforts, particularly along Torre Annunziata's waterfront, aiming to enhance archaeological site accessibility and surrounding urban areas. The study provides a scalable decision-support tool for future urban planning projects, prioritizing interventions based on shared urban visions while offering adaptable insights for similar contexts.
Methodology of a combined approach: analytical techniques to identify the technology and raw materials used in thin-walled pottery from Herculaneum and Pompeii
A combined analytical approach reveals the technological sophistication and raw material diversity of thin-walled pottery from Herculaneum and Pompeii, dating from the 2nd century BC to the 3rd century AD. This study identifies distinct compositional and structural characteristics in ceramic bodies and surfaces, providing insights into ancient manufacturing techniques. By integrating multiple analytical methods—including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy—the research elucidates the use of locally sourced clays and additives, as well as firing practices that influenced pottery properties. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of ceramic production in the Vesuvian area during this period.
Pompei Knowledge Factory Cultural Heritage and ICT for a smart city
The 'Pompei Knowledge Factory' project introduces a groundbreaking territorial infrastructure model that integrates advanced technologies and expertise to drive innovation in the protection, regeneration, and sustainable development of Pompeii's cultural, environmental, landscape, and industrial assets. This approach aims to transform Pompeii into a smart city, characterized by technological connectivity, sustainability, and balanced urban development. The project defines operational protocols for analyzing, surveying, and managing the entire municipality of Pompeii, not just its archaeological excavations, which attract over 6 million tourists annually. By employing integrated digital survey techniques in a field laboratory setting, the research develops a methodology for multidimensional and multi-scalar analysis that can be applied to other contexts. This innovative framework seeks to address critical urban challenges such as energy management, transport efficiency, and environmental sustainability while reordering development priorities through smart territorial planning.
Roman diet and nutrition in the Vesuvian region: a study of the bioarchaeological remains from the Cardo V sewer at Herculaneum
A comprehensive bioarchaeological study of the Cardo V sewer at Herculaneum challenges long-standing assumptions about Roman diets, revealing that middle and lower-class inhabitants consumed a diverse, nutrient-dense diet. Analysis of 220 liters of soil uncovered 194 taxa, including cereals, fruits, seafood, and other edible foodstuffs, indicating close ties to local resources and contradicting the notion of widespread malnutrition in urban centers. The findings align with ancient textual descriptions but extend their applicability beyond the elite, suggesting that diet quality was not solely a function of wealth. This large-scale study integrates archaeobotany, zooarchaeology, and modern food science to provide unprecedented insights into Roman nutrition, health, and economic practices.
The fish remains from the Cardo V sewer: New insights into consumption and the fishing economy of Herculaneum
A recent analysis of fish remains from the Cardo V sewer in Herculaneum challenges long-held assumptions about the role of fish in Roman diets and economies. The study reveals that fish consumption was far more significant than previously believed, with salted fish products playing a crucial part in the food economy. This finding underscores the importance of marine resources in ancient Rome, particularly in urban centers like Herculaneum. Researchers examined archaeological evidence to reconstruct fishing practices, trade networks, and dietary habits, providing new insights into the economic and social dynamics of the region during the Roman period.
Vesuvius, Pompei, Herculaneum: a lesson in natural history
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD not only destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum but also preserved them, creating a unique cultural patrimony. This study highlights how the development of archaeological excavation techniques since the 18th century has uncovered significant knowledge about these ancient cities. Additionally, the persistent volcanic activity led to the establishment of the world's first volcanological observatory in 1841, advancing modern volcanology. The eruption also provided insights into the causes of death during explosive volcanic events. These findings underscore the interdisciplinary value of studying Vesuvius, offering opportunities for educational projects that enhance understanding of volcanic hazards.
Assessment of Urban Attractiveness of Port Cities in Southern Italy—A Case Study of Torre Annunziata
A sustainable redevelopment of Torre Annunziata's post-industrial port and waterfront could integrate economic growth, ecological preservation, and social opportunities. The study proposes participative regeneration strategies that enhance the city's creative potential and resilience, drawing comparisons with La Spezia's waterfront to identify effective approaches. Through interviews and analysis, it suggests redesigning the area to foster a strategic vision for future development, balancing environmental, cultural, and economic aspects.
Case studies
Five exceptionally preserved luxury villas along the Bay of Naples, dating from the late 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE, offer unparalleled insights into Roman villa architecture and culture. These include the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, Villa Oplontis A at Torre Annunziata, Villa Arianna A and B, and Villa San Marco at Stabiae. The villas represent the best-documented examples of early imperial luxury villas, providing exceptional evidence for architectural styles, artistic expression, and cultural practices of the period. Their preservation allows for detailed study of Roman elite living spaces, contributing significantly to our understanding of this era's material culture.
Descrizione di Pompei
Giuseppe Fiorelli's 'Descrizione di Pompei' (1875) revolutionized archaeological documentation at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Pompeii. His systematic approach, including the creation of a general map, 1:100 model, and plaster casts to preserve ancient body forms, established modern excavation standards still in use today. Fiorelli's regional, insula-based classification system for organizing the site's description not only illuminated the development of archaeological methods but also provided a lasting framework for understanding Pompeii's history. This work reflects his significant contributions as Director of Excavations and Professor of Archaeology at Naples, marking a pivotal moment in the study of this remarkable site.
Marble use and reuse at Pompeii and Herculaneum: the evidence from the bars
A comprehensive analysis of marble use and reuse at Pompeii and Herculaneum reveals the pervasiveness of the pan-Mediterranean marble trade, with over 8,000 pieces of stone documented across 57 bars or shops (thermopolia). The study highlights that these establishments, often overlooked in favor of public buildings and elite houses, provide a significant source of information about material acquisition, display techniques, and economic practices. By examining the types, quantities, and distribution of marble, researchers have traced its origins and usage patterns, shedding light on the complex economics of architectural material reuse in the Vesuvian cities.
Pompeii and Herculaneum
A comprehensive resource that offers a rich and diverse perspective on urban life in Pompeii and Herculaneum, two ancient Roman cities buried by the eruption of Vesuvius. This updated edition expands beyond its predecessor by incorporating material from Herculaneum, providing a broader understanding of societal structures through inscriptions and ancient texts. It translates and contextualizes a wide range of source materials, from commercial labels to personal poetry, highlighting everyday life, politics, commerce, religion, and family dynamics. The majority of sources originate from the cities themselves, offering authentic insights from ordinary inhabitants, including citizens and slaves. Enhanced with the latest research, photographs, maps, and plans, this sourcebook serves as an invaluable tool for both academic study and site visits.
Organic materials in the wall paintings in Pompei: a case study of Insuladel Centenario
Roman wall paintings at Pompeii's Insula del Centenario, preserved using the fresco technique, were found to lack lipidic and proteinaceous materials. This discovery challenges conventional assumptions about Roman painting practices. The study employed Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to analyze samples from different rooms, revealing that previous restoration works involved the use of wax, egg, and animal glue for protective purposes and color restoration. These findings provide new insights into both ancient Roman techniques and the impact of conservation efforts on historical artifacts.
Panorama di Pompei: storia dello spettacolo e mondo antico
A contextual and multilinear analysis of Pompeii's urban scenery reveals the deep roots of Western European culture, particularly through its buildings devoted to spectacles. The study highlights the Great Theatre, steeped in Hellenistic culture, and the theatrum tectum, likely a gathering place for Silla's settlers and a symbol of distinction. It also examines the amphitheatre as an example of private evergetism during the colonial era and the significant renovation of the Great Theatre by the Holconii under Augustus, reflecting imperial influence through visual imagery.
The Special Case of Herculaneum
Herculaneum's Greek library, discovered as papyrus rolls in a villa, stands uniquely preserved among ancient archives. Excavations began in 1709 when workers uncovered a theater beneath Resina, later taken over by the Spanish under Charles III, who sought decorative artifacts for his palace. The project faced closure due to 'mephitis,' a noxious gas, but Swiss engineer Karl Weber was appointed in 1750 to oversee the digs. This historical account highlights Herculaneum's significance as a rare source of Greek texts and a pivotal chapter in archaeology, blending scientific recovery with political influence.
A Hebrew/Aramaic graffito and Poppaea’s alleged Jewish sympathy
A previously unpublished Hebrew/Aramaic graffito discovered in villa 'A' of Oplontis, part of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata, may provide new evidence linking the site to Poppaea Sabina, Nero's second wife. Flavius Josephus described her as a sympathizer with the Jews ('theosebēs'), but definitive proof has remained elusive. This graffito, found accidentally, could strengthen this long-standing hypothesis and offer insights into the Jewish diaspora in Campania before 79 CE. The study calls for scholarly collaboration to interpret the inscription, potentially deepening our understanding of ancient Jewish life in the region.
Doors in Domestic Space at Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Preliminary Study
A preliminary study challenges the long-held perception of Pompeian and Herculanean atrium houses as primarily social spaces, revealing instead that their doors played a crucial role in organizing domestic activities. Contrary to the traditional view that these structures were highly decorated but functionally empty, the research suggests that door placement and design reflected practical needs for privacy, circulation, and spatial division within households. By analyzing architectural patterns and door configurations across multiple sites, the study proposes that domestic space was more functionally integrated than previously assumed, with doors serving as key elements in structuring daily life rather than merely signaling social status.
Enduring Fluoride Health Hazard for the Vesuvius Area Population: The Case of AD 79 Herculaneum
A permanent fluoride health hazard persists for the Vesuvius area population, with evidence tracing back to Roman times. The study reveals that individuals from Herculaneum, victims of the AD 79 eruption, exhibited skeletal and dental features indicative of endemic fluorosis due to long-term exposure to high environmental fluoride levels—conditions that remain prevalent today. By analyzing morphological, radiological, histological, and chemical data from ancient remains, researchers identified key markers of fluorosis, including excessive ossification and joint ankylosis. This finding underscores the enduring public health risks associated with natural fluoride concentrations in volcanic regions like Vesuvius. Current guidelines for fluoridated tap water may need reevaluation to address these hazards more effectively.
Odontometric sex discrimination in the herculaneum sample (79 AD, Naples, Italy), with application to juveniles
Researchers successfully developed discriminant function formulae using dental dimensions to estimate the sex of subadult individuals from Herculaneum, victims of Vesuvius' eruption in 79 AD. The study found that canines exhibit the greatest sex dimorphism, achieving up to 100% accuracy in adult sex determination based on specific measurements. Applied to 30 subadults, this method correctly assigned sex in 22 cases, matching osteological assessments with 73.33% accuracy. The findings suggest that odontometric analysis holds promise for sex estimation in juvenile archaeological samples, addressing a significant limitation in forensic and archaeological research.
Intimità a Pompei
Alcove cubicula, small yet lavish reception rooms in Pompeian houses, emerged as powerful symbols of social distinction and prestige. These intimate spaces, often adorned with beds for rest or sleep, exhibited rapid adaptation to evolving fashion trends, initially from patrician residences before spreading across social strata. The study reveals that their design reflected not only luxury aesthetics but also the diverse tastes of Pompeii's social groups, ranging from sophisticated elegance to trivialized clichés. By analyzing architectural layouts, accessibility, lighting, landscape, and decoration, the research reconstructs the cultural significance of these rooms as tools in strategies of distinction, offering a nuanced perspective on Roman domestic life and its social hierarchies.
The Disegni intagliati: A forgotten book illustrating the first discoveries at Herculaneum
A rare surviving example of early excavation documentation, the Disegni Intagliati di Pitture Antiche (1746), sheds new light on the political and historical context of Herculaneum's first discoveries. This work, comprising 90 engravings of marbles, bronzes, and paintings, was likely commissioned for the King of Naples but was soon overshadowed by a more comprehensive publication. Recently rediscovered in Madrid's Royal Library, its reconstruction reveals how limited distribution and shifting priorities led to its obscurity. The study provides fresh insights into 18th-century excavation practices and their societal implications.
The Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum
The Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum stands as a singular archaeological marvel, housing the only intact library from Greco-Roman antiquity and offering unparalleled insights into Roman luxury villa culture. This volume synthesizes expert contributions that dissect the villa's cultural significance, from its architectural and decorative elements to the preserved papyri and sculptures, while also tracing its reception since its 18th-century discovery. Groundbreaking in its approach, it pioneers the integration of digital archaeology, leveraging advanced models to incorporate recent excavation data for both educational and research purposes. These digital reconstructions provide a dynamic tool for understanding ancient sites, marking a significant advancement in the field.
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