Publications
Cultural heritage as a mathematical context: Interpretation of set theory in spatial layout of Prambanan temple
Ancient Javanese temple architecture at Prambanan encodes set-theoretic principles, revealing how spatial organization reflects mathematical thought. The 9th-century complex's hierarchical zones—Bhurloka, Bhuvarloka, and Swarloka—demonstrate systematic applications of grouping, inclusion, and exclusion, aligning with ethnomathematical analysis. This study highlights Prambanan as a living example of multicultural mathematics education, where cultural heritage serves as an authentic context for teaching set theory. By analyzing the temple's spatial layout through ethnographic methods, researchers uncovered implicit mathematical structures that bridge cultural identity and mathematical pedagogy, offering practical insights for curriculum development under the Ethno-Realistic Mathematics Education approach.
Developing a geogebra-based ethno-didactical module on Prambanan temple geometry to foster mathematical mindset
A GeoGebra-based ethno-didactical module centered on Prambanan Temple's geometry significantly enhances students' mathematical mindset. By integrating the cultural context of Prambanan's batur structure with interactive digital activities, the module fosters problem-solving skills, adaptability, and a constructive view of errors. Validated through expert reviews, student feedback, and mindset assessments, this approach demonstrates that culturally grounded digital tasks can effectively support geometric learning outcomes while promoting resilience in mathematical challenges.
Disaster history of the Prambanan temple complex (Java, Indonesia) – an archaeoseismological study
Researchers have uncovered evidence of two devastating earthquakes that struck the Prambanan Temple Complex in Java, Indonesia, with intensities reaching IX+ on the Mercalli scale. By analyzing structural damage from collapses in 1584 and 2006, archaeoseismology revealed recurring seismic events in a region previously considered a seismic gap. The study identified a consistent stress direction (30°-210°) parallel to the causative fault's strike, providing new insights into past earthquake parameters in Southeast Asia. This groundbreaking approach combines historical data with structural analysis to reconstruct disaster history over 1200 years.
Jaladwara: Rainwater Management and the Application of Mitigation Knowledge at Prambanan Temple Complex
Research at the Prambanan Temple Complex reveals that the ancient Hindu-Buddhist architecture incorporated sophisticated rainwater management systems, exemplified by the jaladwara—a drainage channel and bathing pool feature. This discovery underscores the vital role of water (tirtha amerta) in classical-era society, challenging conventional archaeological studies by integrating hydrological analysis with landscape archaeology. The study innovatively reconstructs past water management practices, offering new insights into how local irrigation knowledge was applied in temple architecture, particularly regarding the form and function of jaladwara structures.
Measuring Tourism Economic Impact Approach with Keynesian Multiplier: Case on Prambanan Temple
Research at Prambanan Temple, one of Indonesia's most visited UNESCO World Heritage Sites, reveals a substantial economic multiplier effect. The study found that every 965,630 IDR spent by an average tourist generates approximately 6.52 million IDR in total economic impact for the local tourism sector—a Keynesian income multiplier of 6.75. This indicates significant economic benefits for surrounding communities, with each tourist creating four job opportunities. The findings were derived from a mixed-methods approach, analyzing data from 100 tourists and 10 informants representing local businesses and workers. The study highlights Prambanan's role as a driver of economic welfare in Yogyakarta, addressing a gap in heritage tourism impact research.
Parabrahman symbolism and the majesty of Prambanan Temple: Analyze its role in global Hindu traditions
Research reveals that Tantrāyāna in Nusantara (Indonesian archipelago) evolved through dynamic, cross-traditional processes rather than as a static system. The study demonstrates its deep integration with Śaiva–Buddhist traditions, shaping material and cultural legacies of Hindu–Buddhist kingdoms from the Śailendra to Majapahit periods. Key findings highlight Bali's role in localizing Tantric teachings, influenced by figures like Dang Hyang Nirarta and Dang Hyang Astapaka, which underpinned Balinese Hinduism. The research employs qualitative methods, analyzing texts, inscriptions, and monuments, challenging the notion of passive adoption from South Asia. Instead, it frames Tantrism's development as a creative, dialogical process intertwined with spiritual experience, political power, and local cosmology.
Socio-Cultural, Historical, Religious, and Architectural Values of Prambanan Temple
Prambanan Temple Compounds stands as a testament to the socio-cultural, historical, religious, and architectural prowess of ancient Java. Built in the 9th century during the Sanjaya Dynasty, this complex reflects the political-religious dynamics and cultural flourishing of the Kingdom of Mataram Kuna. The temple's reliefs depict daily life, moral values, and the Ramayana epic, serving as both educational and entertainment media, underscoring its role as a social and cultural hub. Architecturally, Prambanan showcases advanced 9th-century construction techniques with towering, symmetrical structures and intricate carvings that continue to inspire Nusantara architecture. This study, employing qualitative ethnographic methods including participant observation, in-depth interviews, and literature review, analyzed these multifaceted values through the lens of key informants such as cultural heritage officials, historians, archaeologists, and researchers.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Flickr Photographic Activity in Sleman's Temple Heritage Landscape
A multi-year analysis of geotagged Flickr photographs reveals distinct spatial and temporal patterns of photographic activity around the Prambanan Temple Compounds. The study found that 82.14% of activity concentrates in the Candi Prambanan zone, with hot spots identified near the main temple precinct and cold spots in peripheral areas. While Flickr data correlates strongly (rs = 0.979) with official visitor statistics for relative site prominence, it does not validate actual visitor volume or physical deterioration. The research used quadrat density analysis, Getis-Ord Gi*-based Optimized Hot Spot Analysis (OHSA), Emerging Hot Spot Analysis (EHSA), and HDBSCAN clustering to map 372 locations within Candi Prambanan, including oscillating and sporadic hot spots. These findings underscore the value of long-term spatiotemporal analysis for heritage site prioritization but caution against interpreting photographic activity as direct evidence of visitor pressure.
The Application of Multinomial Naive Bayes for Sentiment Analysis of Cultural Tourism Reviews: A Case Study of Borobudur and Prambanan Temples
A comparative sentiment analysis of tourist reviews from Borobudur and Prambanan Temples, two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, reveals significant differences in visitor perceptions. Prambanan recorded a higher proportion of positive sentiment (82.5%) compared to Borobudur (73.7%), with recurring negative complaints centered on heat, ticket prices, and parking. The study employed a hybrid methodology combining web scraping, automated labeling via VADER, preprocessing, TF-IDF feature weighting, and Multinomial Naive Bayes classification, achieving accuracies of 81.9% for Prambanan and 74.7% for Borobudur. Visualization techniques like word clouds further highlighted key pain points, offering actionable insights for tourism management to enhance service quality based on data-driven feedback.
Understanding Tourist Experiences at Prambanan Temple Through User-Generated Content
Large Language Models (LLMs) effectively capture the dual dimensions of tourist experiences at Prambanan Temple, distinguishing between passive and active engagement. Passive experiences emphasize visual elements like architectural beauty, while active ones focus on educational involvement. This study leverages TripAdvisor's User-Generated Content (UGC) to analyze digital footprints using Natural Language Processing (NLP), offering new insights into tourist behavior at cultural heritage sites. The findings contribute to the understanding of how LLMs can extract meaningful textual data in complex cultural contexts, advancing research on digital tourism.
Arca Durga Mahisasuramardini: Unveiling The Beauty and Myths Behind The Siwa Temple at Prambanan
A rare examination of the Durga Mahisasuramardini statue at Prambanan Temple reveals its intricate architectural details and cultural significance, linking it to the legendary figure Roro Jonggrang. Unlike previous studies that focused solely on the temple's broader narrative or the legend itself, this research delves into the statue's physical attributes—such as structure, patterns, and ornaments—and its symbolic connection to Roro Jonggrang within the Shiva Temple's north chamber. Employing observation and literature review, the study provides a fresh perspective on how this statue contributes to the temple's mythological storytelling, offering insights that bridge art, history, and folklore.
Creative Tourism as the Key to Community Empowerment: Revitalizing Local Narratives through Cultural Performances at Prambanan Temple
Creative tourism, particularly through cultural performances, significantly boosts community empowerment and heritage preservation at Prambanan Temple. The study reveals that such initiatives drive economic diversification, strengthen social cohesion, and safeguard intangible cultural heritage. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research demonstrates how authentic performances bridge heritage conservation with contemporary development, transforming passive tourist sites into dynamic spaces of cultural exchange. This three-fold impact—economic, social, and cultural—offers a sustainable tourism model for other World Heritage Sites seeking to revitalize local narratives while fostering long-term benefits.
Digital Storytelling in Visual Culture: Analyzing the Ramayana Bas-reliefs at Prambanan Temple, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Transforming ancient Ramayana bas-reliefs at Prambanan Temple into digital art preserves visual heritage while introducing innovative storytelling methods that engage contemporary audiences. This study reveals how digital reinterpretations of pivotal scenes, such as Hanuman's role during Sita’s abduction, maintain historical accuracy while offering new perspectives on moral and ethical lessons from the epic. By analyzing symbolic motifs and narratives through software like Adobe Photoshop, researchers demonstrate that modern artistic techniques can enrich cultural appreciation without compromising authenticity. The approach combines visual culture research with creative artistry, providing a model for ethical reflections on heritage preservation.
Folklore and Cultural Memory: An Examination of Prambanan Temple Narratives
A comparative analysis reveals that the folktale of Roro Jonggrang, deeply embedded in Indonesian cultural memory, holds greater community acceptance than historical accounts of Prambanan Temple. This preference stems from the narrative's ability to convey religious values, ethical principles, and social norms, which resonate more strongly with local communities despite scholarly skepticism about its authenticity. The study employed qualitative descriptive research methods to systematically explore these complex cultural phenomena, highlighting the enduring influence of folklore in preserving and transmitting cultural heritage.
Integrasi Etnosains Pada Pembelajaran IPA: Studi Lapangan pada Batik Tulis Giriloyo dan Candi Prambanan
A culturally embedded science learning model, integrating ethnoscience and ethnopedagogy, demonstrates significant potential to enhance conceptual understanding and character development in students. The study identifies scientific phenomena—such as chemical reactions in natural dyes, heat transfer in wax processing, and ecological processes in temple architecture—within traditional batik production and the Prambanan Temple Compounds. These phenomena are linked to key science concepts like states of matter, diffusion, oxidation, and ecosystem dynamics, providing a contextualized approach to learning that aligns with the Merdeka Curriculum's emphasis on authentic, culturally responsive education. The proposed five-stage model—spanning cultural orientation, scientific exploration, experimentation, reflection, and character strengthening—shows promise in fostering both scientific literacy and values such as patience, accuracy, and environmental awareness.
Sustainable Tourism Management at Prambanan Temple: Analysis of Utilization, Cultural Preservation, and Local Community Welfare
Sustainable tourism management at Prambanan Temple faces significant coordination challenges between PT Taman Wisata Candi (TWC) and the Cultural Heritage Preservation Center and Museum (BPK MCB), which hinder balanced economic equity, cultural preservation, and local community welfare. Despite efforts to engage communities through MSME involvement and labor absorption, economic benefits remain unevenly distributed, and participation in planning and evaluation is limited. Differences in priorities, lack of structured formal meetings, and overlapping regulations exacerbate these issues, while over-commercialization risks eroding the authenticity of cultural heritage. The study advocates for regulatory synchronization, strengthened community-based tourism approaches, fair benefit distribution, and holistic collaboration among stakeholders to effectively balance tourism utilization, conservation, and local welfare.
The Influence of Storynomics and Tourism Products on Interest in Visiting Prambanan Temple Tourism Park Yogyakarta
A study reveals that integrating local narratives, known as storynomics, and developing attractive tourism products significantly boosts tourist interest in Prambanan Temple Tourism Park. Using quantitative methods with 100 respondents, researchers found that storynomics, particularly the legend of Roro Jonggrang, is the dominant factor influencing visitation, followed by tourism products like local crafts and facilities. The findings underscore the importance of combining strong cultural narratives with well-designed tourism offerings to create unique experiences, offering valuable insights for destination managers aiming to enhance tourist engagement.
Three-Dimensional Digital Documentation for the Conservation of the Prambanan Temple Cluster Using Guided Multi-Sensor Techniques
A novel approach combining architectural pattern design (APD) with multi-sensor techniques demonstrates high accuracy in 3D digital documentation of the Prambanan Temple cluster. The study achieved millimeter- to centimeter-range precision using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), aerial close-range and terrestrial-mode photogrammetry, and nadiral Lidar/photogrammetry. Point cloud data integration and validation confirmed the effectiveness of this method for complex heritage documentation. These findings provide a robust foundation for future structural vulnerability assessments and conservation strategies, addressing the site's instability due to its location near the Opak Fault and Mount Merapi.
Declaration of Prambanan Temple and Borobudur Temple as Places of Worship for Hindus and Buddhists: A Process of Tarka Vāda (Negotiation) Towards A Memorandum of Agreement
A successful memorandum of agreement designating Prambanan Temple and Borobudur Temple as official places of worship for Hindus and Buddhists was achieved through a strategic process of tarka vāda (negotiation), despite initial challenges. The key to this outcome was the synchronization of interests among multiple stakeholders, including the Directorate General of Culture, Hindu and Buddhist community guidance agencies, and economic beneficiaries such as tourist parks, the Ministry of Tourism, and regional governments. The research, conducted using autoethnography and literature review, highlights the role of the Assistant Deputy for Religious Moderation in facilitating these negotiations, underscoring the importance of moderated collaboration in resolving complex inter-agency conflicts to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes.
Does the Economic Value of the Prambanan Temple Reflect Its Heritage Value?
Visitors perceive the Prambanan Temple’s cultural heritage value significantly higher than its current ticket price. A study using the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM) found that the total willingness to pay for 186 respondents amounts to Rp 10,747,976 ($688.57), with an average of Rp 57,753 ($3.70) per visit— substantially above the existing entrance fee of Rp 50,000 ($3.22). The analysis, employing Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, also revealed a consumer surplus of Rp 1,399,358 ($89.65), or Rp 7,492 ($0.48) per individual, indicating strong economic value beyond the ticket price. This suggests that the temple’s heritage value is underrepresented in its pricing model.
Gamification Design for Temple Tourism Application
A gamification-enhanced mobile application for Prambanan Temple Compound and Ratu Boko Site Temples demonstrates strong potential to enrich visitor experiences, with 84.8% of respondents expressing agreement or strong agreement with its design. The study introduces five key gamification elements—points, levels, challenges, rewards, and feedback—to engage tourists beyond traditional artifact observation, fostering deeper exploration of historical contexts. This approach leverages interactive features to elevate the educational and immersive value of temple tourism, offering a scalable model for heritage site engagement in Indonesia.
Kombinasi Survei Terestrial dan Satelit Navigasi untuk Pendefinisian Koordinat Titik Pemantauan Candi Prambanan
A precise coordinate system for monitoring Prambanan Temple's structural stability has been established, combining terrestrial surveys with satellite navigation. This research defines X, Y, Z and φ, λ, h coordinates of Monitoring Points using GPS observations processed via GAMIT/GLOBK software, ensuring accurate orthometric height (H) measurements tied to a reference point (TTG-852). The study employs the resection method to measure reflector positions on the temple's body, providing a robust framework for long-term deformation tracking. This approach addresses critical concerns about Prambanan Temple's stability due to its sandy soil foundation and proximity to faults in the Opak River, offering a reliable baseline for future monitoring efforts.
Main Characters and Relief of the Ramayana Story at the Siwa Temple of Prambanan
The Ramayana story reliefs at Prambanan Temple, dating back to ancient times, not only narrate the heroic epic but also showcase a distinctive and advanced drawing style that diverged from Western naturalist perspectives. This study reveals how sculptors creatively adapted Old Javanese Ramayana literature into unified narrative sequences within single relief panels, akin to cinematic storytelling. Through qualitative analysis involving observation and literature review, researchers found that these carvers employed imaginative character depictions and a unique artistic approach tailored to the existing literary sources. The findings highlight the sophisticated narrative structure and visual innovation of Prambanan's Ramayana reliefs, offering insights into ancient Javanese artistic techniques and storytelling methods.
Study of Ethnomatematics Sendratari Ramayana at the Ramayana Ballet in Prambanan Temple
A study on the Ramayana Ballet at Prambanan Temple reveals how ethnomathematics can be effectively integrated into cultural preservation and education. The research identifies six key mathematical aspects embedded in the ballet: counting, number of accessories, angles formed, location and floor patterns, measurements, duration, stage area, designing elements like jarik motifs, dance choreography that avoids collisions, and the narrative structure and symbolic meanings of costumes. This approach not only facilitates the understanding of abstract mathematical concepts but also serves as a tool for cultural preservation. The study employed qualitative methods, including literature reviews and data analysis techniques such as collection, reduction, and conclusion formation, to uncover these fundamental aspects.
The Use of Prambanan Temple as a Source of History Learning for Tadris IPS IAIN Kudus Students
Prambanan Temple Compounds emerges as a highly effective and relevant historical learning resource, particularly for Indonesian Cultural History education. Research demonstrates that integrating fieldwork at Prambanan significantly enhances students' understanding and engagement with national cultural heritage, addressing the limitations of traditional classroom learning. This study, employing qualitative descriptive methods, highlights how direct exposure to the temple's architecture, reliefs, and historical context aligns with academic curricula, fostering deeper comprehension and pride in Indonesia's Hinduization era. The findings underscore the potential of UNESCO World Heritage Sites as transformative educational tools, offering a more holistic and memorable learning experience compared to conventional teaching approaches.
Analisis Intertekstualitas di Relief Candi Prambanan Makna Fisik Wanita
Research on the reliefs of Prambanan Temple reveals that depictions of women's physical beauty are constructed to convey clear narratives, often reflecting societal norms and mystical attractions. Using semiotic-semantic analysis, the study found that nudity in these reliefs, while not necessarily pornographic, could lead to negative interpretations, including potential legal implications due to male attraction and victimization risks. The findings highlight the dual nature of women's physical representation in ancient art—both as a cultural norm and a societal concern.
Chapter 9 Hydro-architectonic Conceptualizations in Central Javanese, Khmer, and South Indian Religious Architecture: The Prambanan Temple as a Sahasraliṅga Mechanism for the Consecration of Water
Research reveals that the Prambanan Temple Compounds in Central Java function as a Sahasraliṅga mechanism, integrating hydro-architectonic principles to consecrate water in religious rituals. This discovery highlights the advanced understanding of water management and symbolic significance in Central Javanese, Khmer, and South Indian religious architecture. The study employs comparative analysis of architectural designs, ritual practices, and historical texts to uncover the temple's role as a sophisticated system for water consecration, blending engineering innovation with spiritual symbolism.
Define indicators for health protocol assessment at Prambanan Temple Tourism Park Yogyakarta
A comprehensive set of health protocol assessment indicators for tourist attractions, including Prambanan Temple Tourism Park, has been developed to ensure visitor safety and maintain tourism sustainability. The study identified 9 criteria, 38 sub-criteria, and 136 indicators focused on hygiene, health, convenience, and other supporting facilities. These indicators were validated through expert input and tested using the CHSE (Clean, Health, Safety, Environment) standard, providing a structured framework to assess and implement health protocols effectively in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Environmental Quality of Prambanan Temple and Ratu Boko Temple’s Green Open Space based on Soundscape and Guild of Bird
Research reveals that the Green Open Space (GOS) of Ratu Boko Temple exhibits higher environmental quality compared to Prambanan Temple, with a more dominant presence of biophony—natural sounds like birds—in its soundscape. The study analyzed acoustic data and bird species diversity across both sites in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, using smartphone recordings and the Bird Community Index. Findings indicate that Ratu Boko's GOS, characterized by richer bird biodiversity and lower anthropogenic noise, is classified as medium-quality, while Prambanan's is rated low. Topographical features, vegetation arrangement, and proximity to highways significantly influence these differences, highlighting the impact of urbanization on temple ecosystems.
In Chatbot-based Information Service using RASA Open-SourceFrameworkin Prambanan Temple Tourism Object
A chatbot-based information service system developed using the RASA open-source framework achieved high accuracy (0.91) and strong performance metrics, including precision (0.97), recall (0.94), and F1-score (0.95). This system, designed to support Prambanan Temple tourism, leverages machine learning to provide 24/7 information services, reducing physical contact needs and operational costs. The chatbot's knowledge base was trained on FAQ datasets specific to the site, demonstrating its potential to enhance tourist experiences while addressing the economic impacts of pandemic-related travel restrictions.
The Impact of Pandemic COVID-19 To Cultural Heritage Tourism Prambanan Temple Compounds
Prambanan Temple Compounds, the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia and a UNESCO World Heritage Site candidate, faced severe tourism decline during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study highlights a drastic drop in both domestic and international visitors, significantly impacting revenue and operations. To mitigate these effects, Taman Wisata Candi (TWC), the managing entity, implemented adaptive strategies to ensure visitor safety while maintaining attraction. This qualitative research employed in-depth interviews, observations, and document reviews to assess the site's profile, pandemic impacts, and stakeholder responses. Findings underscore the need for resilient tourism models that balance heritage preservation with public health measures, offering insights for similar cultural sites globally.
Disclosing The Language And Character Design Of Krishnayana Story Reliefs Of Prambanan Temple For A Photographic Creation Model
The Krishnayana story reliefs at Prambanan Temple, traditionally depicting ancient narratives with intricate character designs, already incorporate modern artistic techniques such as layered backgrounds akin to Photoshop, challenging the notion that traditional art remains entirely untouched by contemporary influences. This study reveals how these reliefs can serve as a model for creating photographic works that blend traditional storytelling with modern image grammar, addressing the gap in photographic content innovation often overshadowed by technological advancements. Using qualitative research and visual language analysis, the paper examines the narrative strength of temple reliefs to inform contemporary photographic practices, offering insights into how traditional art can inspire and inform modern digital creation.
Persepsi Wisatawan Dengan Sapta Pesona Di Candi Ijo Desa Sambirejo, Prambanan, Sleman
A study assessing tourist perceptions of the Sapta Pesona program at Candi Ijo, Prambanan, found overwhelmingly positive feedback across key elements. High satisfaction was reported for security (88% agreed), cleanliness (80%), orderliness (80%), beauty and coolness (96%), hospitality (96%), and memorable experiences (88%). The research used qualitative descriptive methods, including questionnaires and interviews with tourists, to evaluate how well the program's elements—security, cleanliness, order, beauty, coolness, friendliness, and memorability—were implemented. These findings suggest that Candi Ijo effectively meets international standards for tourist attractions through the Sapta Pesona framework, enhancing visitor experience and contributing to sustainable tourism practices.
Prambanan Temple Tourist Destination Development in Indonesia as World Cultural Heritage
Effective cross-institutional cooperation in managing Prambanan Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Indonesia, has successfully balanced cultural conservation with sustainable tourism growth. This study highlights the coordinated efforts of stakeholders and government agencies to align conservation goals with economic development, demonstrating a model for integrating heritage preservation with business management. Using qualitative descriptive methods, researchers evaluated organizational performance and found that Prambanan's management system achieves both national economic benefits and long-term tourist sustainability, positioning it as a benchmark for professional heritage site administration.
What Creates Tourist Satisfaction in Prambanan Temple?
Tourist satisfaction at Prambanan Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, is primarily driven by perceived value, destination image, and perceived quality. A study involving 500 respondents used SPSS and AMOS to analyze data, revealing that these factors significantly influence visitor satisfaction. The findings suggest that enhancing these aspects could improve marketing strategies for tourist destinations. This research builds on previous studies while offering practical insights for destination managers aiming to boost visitor contentment.
A Reinterpretation of the Relationship between the Architecture of Ancient Mataram Era Temples in Indonesia and of 7th-10th century Temples in South India
Indonesian temple architecture, particularly from the Ancient Mataram Era (7th–9th century), employed a unique spatial arrangement technique for constructing tiered hollow ceilings, diverging from South India's post-and-lintel method with flat ceilings. This innovation allowed Indonesian temples like Prambanan to achieve unprecedented height and scale, predating similar developments in South India by centuries. By the 10th century, South Indian temples adopted stacking techniques, possibly inspired by earlier Javanese innovations. The study used qualitative descriptive and argumentative methods, analyzing historical records and typo-morphology (form and transformation) to compare architectural styles beyond superficial ornamentation.
An Analysis Of Using English Sentence Structures Of Indonesian Tour Guides In Prambanan Temple
Indonesian tour guides at Prambanan Temple predominantly use simple English sentences, with fewer compound and complex structures. This finding emerges from a descriptive qualitative study that assessed the grammatical competency of guides in constructing English sentences during their tours. The research highlights a tendency toward simplicity in sentence formation, which may impact communication effectiveness in an international tourism context like Prambanan. The study employed a focused analysis on the percentage and types of sentences produced by respondents, providing insights into language use patterns among guides in heritage site interpretation.
Analysis Prediction of Prambanan Temple Visitors with Fuzzy Time Series Chen Model and Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) Model
A comparative analysis of visitor prediction models for Prambanan Temple reveals that the Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model outperforms the Fuzzy Time Series Chen Model in accuracy. The study, based on data from 2018, found that visitor numbers during holidays increased by 8% compared to the previous year, underscoring the need for precise forecasting to enhance service quality and attractiveness. By leveraging seasonal data characteristics, both models were tested, with SARIMA demonstrating lower prediction errors, thereby offering a more reliable tool for managing tourist flows and optimizing resources at this significant cultural site.
Identification the preliminary concept of geometry through Prambanan temple artifacts
A study conducted at Prambanan Temple revealed that junior high school students could identify and describe fundamental geometric shapes, such as rectangles, squares, triangles, circles, cubes, cuboids, and cylinders, present in the temple's artifacts. These descriptions serve as preliminary concepts of geometry for the students, highlighting their observational skills and foundational mathematical knowledge. The research employed qualitative methods, including tests and interviews with three students over two weeks, to assess their understanding. The findings suggest that direct exposure to historical structures can effectively enhance students' geometric awareness.
Liquefaction Analysis Based on Liquefaction Potential Index Method in Prambanan Temple Complex of Jogjakarta
A high potential for soil liquefaction was identified at depths of 4.5 meters and above during earthquakes, particularly under certain groundwater levels (GWL) at the Prambanan Temple Complex in Jogjakarta, Indonesia. This finding is critical due to the region's significant seismic activity and sandy soil composition, which is prone to liquefaction when subjected to ground shaking. The study utilized the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) method, incorporating earthquake data from 2004 to 2019 and Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) was calculated using multiple methods, with the highest value of 0.102 recorded on May 26, 2006. The analysis revealed that liquefaction risk increases with rising groundwater levels, emphasizing the need for mitigation strategies to protect this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Mobile Application Design for Heritage Tourism Uses Gamification Approach in Indonesia
A mobile application design incorporating gamification has been successfully developed to enhance heritage tourism experiences at Indonesian World Heritage Sites, including Prambanan Temple Compounds. The prototype, tested on 100 tourists across three temples (Gedongsongo, Prambanan, and Borobudur), demonstrated an 86% user agreement rate, indicating high satisfaction with its usefulness, ease of use, and learning potential. This gamified approach leverages game elements to deliver historical information engagingly, bridging the gap between traditional tourism and interactive digital experiences. The study, conducted with a 95% confidence scale, validates the application's effectiveness in promoting temple tourism through innovative technology.
Open Museum as a Tool for Culture Sustainability: Prambanan Temple Study Case
The concept of the open museum is proposed as an effective tool for maintaining urban heritage, preserving history and culture, and fostering sustainable tourism. A case study on Prambanan Temple Complex demonstrates its potential to balance rapid urban development with cultural preservation. The research suggests that designating historical areas as protected open museums can safeguard heritage while supporting tourism, even in the context of significant religious activities like Hajj and Umrah in Mecca. This approach offers a sustainable model for integrating cultural heritage into modern urban planning.
Report: Indonesian Ramayana Festival at Prambanan (2012)
The 2012 National Ramayana Festival at Prambanan Temple Compounds marked 50 years of continuous Ramayana-themed sendratari (dance drama) performances, highlighting the evolution and cultural significance of Indonesian Ramayana traditions. While sharing roots with Indian Ramlila, Indonesian adaptations—such as wayang wong—incorporate distinctively local elements like gamelan music, masked costumes, and sociocultural narratives, diverging markedly from their Indian counterparts. The festival underscored Indonesia's unique synthesis of Hindu-Balinese and Javanese-Muslim artistic traditions, contrasting with its preference for Mahabharata themes in a predominantly Muslim context.
Śivagrha (Prambanan Temple) as an Archetype of Hindu Theology in Nusantara (An Endeavor to Discover Hindu Theological Knowledge through Ancient Temple Heritage)
Prambanan Temple Complex, despite being perceived as a site for equal worship of Trimūrti (Brahmā, Visnu, and Śiva), is revealed to be an archetype of Śivaistik theology in Nusantara. The study demonstrates that Prambanan embodies two distinct theological typologies: Nirguna Brahman, where it serves as a place to worship Parabrahman (The Absolute), and Saguna Brahman, where it functions as Śivagrha, the House of Lord Śiva, with Śiva as the highest Devata. This finding challenges the prevalent belief that Trimūrti is worshipped equally in Nusantara Hinduism. The research employs Ethnographic Content Analysis (ECA) to dissect the temple's structure and associated manuscripts, confirming its Śivaistic concept through architectural patterns like Vāstupurusamandala. This approach underscores Prambanan's significance as a grand temple complex reflecting deep theological nuances in ancient Hindu heritage.
The Depiction of Snake Ornament on Ganesha Statue in the Collection of Prambanan Temple Museum, Yogyakarta
A unique depiction of Ganesha, featuring a snake and mouse as his vahana (mount), has been identified in the collection of Prambanan Temple Museum, Yogyakarta. This rare representation suggests that Ganesha was revered not only as the lord of beginnings but also as a protector of crop yield, aligning him with the role of a harvest deity. The study employed iconographic analysis to decode this imagery, revealing deeper mythological and cultural significance tied to agricultural prosperity in ancient Hindu traditions.
Transformasi Relief Candi Prambanan dalam Karya Tubuh Ritus Tubuh oleh Anggono Kusumo Wibowo
A study reveals how the reliefs of Prambanan Temple Compounds serve as a foundational element for contemporary artistic transformation, particularly in dance. The research identifies specific forms of transformation—encompassing style, taste, and meaning—observed in 'Tubuh Ritus Tubuh,' a choreographic work by Anggono Kusumo Wibowo. Using Lorens Bagus's theory of change as an analytical framework, the study employs participatory research methods to dissect these transformations within certain segments of the dance presentation. The findings underscore the dynamic interplay between ancient art and modern expression, highlighting how cultural values persist while evolving through creative reinterpretation.
Arloka Map: Media Pengenalan Nilai-Nilai Kearifan Lokal di Kawasan Candi Prambanan
A physical tour-map, the Arloka Map, significantly enhances tourists' understanding of local wisdom values at Prambanan Temple. Testing with 50 domestic visitors revealed that those using the map scored 8.72 on knowledge retention compared to 4.44 for non-users, demonstrating its effectiveness in communication. The study employed observation, literature reviews, and pre- and post-tests analyzed via SPSS to validate the map's success. This innovative approach bridges traditional heritage interpretation with modern tourism, offering a practical tool to preserve and disseminate cultural insights at UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Developing a Monitoring Workflow for the Temples of Java
A collaborative effort between TU Wien, Universitas Gadjah Mada, and local authorities has developed a monitoring workflow for the temples of Java using 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry. This approach aims to provide reliable and cost-effective continuous observation of these UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which are vulnerable to earthquakes. The study tested this workflow by measuring ten temples, demonstrating its potential for structural stability assessment under local conditions. The findings highlight the importance of advanced surveying techniques in preserving Indonesia's rich cultural heritage, even as Buddhism and Hinduism have faded from everyday life.
Development and Definition of Prambanan Temple Deformation Monitoring Control Points
Researchers established eight deformation monitoring control points at the Prambanan Temple Compounds to assess structural stability. Using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) measurements over 24 hours and processed with two strategies—regional binding points (IGS BAKO and JOG2 stations) and global binding points (multiple IGS stations)—the study determined precise coordinates and standard deviations for the control points. The smallest standard deviation was 0.0036 meters on the Z-axis, while the largest was 0.0141 meters on the Y-axis. This work provides a robust framework for long-term monitoring of Prambanan Temple's geometric integrity, critical due to its location in a seismically active area with labile soil conditions.
The Use of Geoinformatics for Geoarchaeological Studies: A comparison between Prambanan Temple and Bojongmenje Temple
Geoinformatics studies reveal significant insights into the relationship between temple location patterns and geomorphological conditions, particularly for Hindu and Buddhist temples in Java. The research demonstrates that the strategic placement of temples like Prambanan and Bojongmenje reflects an understanding of geological and geomorphological factors by ancient societies. By analyzing satellite imagery, DEM data, and field observations, the study uncovers how these elements influenced temple construction and settlement patterns. This interdisciplinary approach, combining geoinformatics with geoarchaeology, offers a novel perspective on historical land-use practices and the interaction between human cultures and their environment.
Visual Grammar of Ramayana Story Reliefs of Prambanan Temple
Prambanan Temple's Ramayana story reliefs, despite their historical significance, remain underexplored in terms of their visual narrative structure. This study reveals that the reliefs employ a distinct visual grammar to arrange scenes and transitions, akin to modern film storytelling, while differing significantly from contemporary drawing techniques. Researchers analyzed these reliefs to uncover how past sculptors organized objects and characters across panels, providing insights into the aesthetic and narrative strategies used in ancient temple art. The findings highlight the reliefs' sophisticated compositional techniques, offering a new perspective on their cultural and artistic significance.
Kajian Interaksi Pengguna Untuk Navigasi Aplikasi Prambanan VR Berbasis Virtual Reality
A more natural interaction method, walk-in-place (WIP), minimizes cybersickness while navigating large virtual environments, despite being slower and less accurate. This finding is significant for enhancing user experience in VR applications like the Prambanan Temple Compounds VR app, which aims to manage visitor numbers by providing an immersive, realistic exploration of this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The study compared three navigation techniques—gamepad, head-tilt, and WIP—and found that while gamepad and head-tilt offered faster and more precise navigation, WIP provided the most immersive experience with minimal motion sickness. This insight is crucial for designing VR applications that balance realism, performance, and user comfort.
Rock types characteristics of Prambanan and Sambisari Temples, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia
Prambanan and Sambisari temples, built between the 8th to 10th centuries in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, are constructed primarily from hornblende-pyroxene andesite and pyroxene basalt, with Sambisari also featuring pumice breccia. These rock types are geochemically similar to those found around Merapi volcano (Quaternary) and the Semilir Formation (Tertiary), suggesting local volcanic sources. Petrographic analysis revealed porphyritic textures in andesite, with phenocrysts of plagioclase, hornblende, pyroxene, and opaque minerals, while pumice breccia exhibited moderate sorting and vesicular clasts. Oxidation and weathering, indicated by secondary iron oxides, are attributed to the tropical climate and original vesicular nature of the lava. This study provides insights into the geological origins and durability challenges of these UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Stratigrafi Batuan dan Kondisi Akuifer di Kawasan Wisata Candi Borobudur dan Prambanan
Groundwater usage in the Borobudur and Prambanan Temple compounds, iconic cultural tourism sites in Central Java and Yogyakarta, poses risks of land subsidence due to excessive extraction. A study using geoelectric sounding across 10 points revealed distinct rock stratigraphies: Borobudur’s surroundings consist of sand, gravel, tuff, lapilli, claystone, and sandstone, while Prambanan’s include sand, gravel, soil, fractured rock, and sandy clay. Aquifer layers in Borobudur are composed of sand, gravel, tuff, and lapilli, whereas Prambanan’s aquifers are primarily sand and gravel. Notably, Prambanan’s groundwater potential is higher due to its aquifer composition, suggesting differential vulnerability to subsidence between the two sites.
Pengaruh Live Performance, Kualitas Pelayanan, dan Persepsi Harga terhadap Kepuasan Penonton Sendratari Ramayana Prambanan
Audience satisfaction with the Ramayana Ballet at Prambanan Temple, Indonesia, is significantly influenced by live performance quality, service quality, and price perception. Research involving 100 respondents revealed that both closed (Tri Murti Building) and open-air stages showed statistically significant differences in audience satisfaction, with F-values of 23.136 and 14.400 respectively, indicating strong effects across all variables. The study highlights a notable difference in satisfaction between the two settings, with mean values of 25.700 (closed) and 23.950 (open), suggesting that proximity to the performance enhances perceived quality. This finding underscores the importance of stage design and audience experience in preserving and promoting cultural heritage performances at UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Pengukuran Tingkat Pengenalan Pengguna Games Terhadap Muatan Budaya Indonesia Pada Mobile Game Berbasis Android (Studi Kasus: Dakon, Karapan Sapi Dan Temple Rush Prambanan)
A study assessing the recognition of Indonesian cultural elements in three popular Android games—Dakon, Temple Rush: Prambanan, and Karapan Sapi—revealed that users demonstrated a 75.17% level of awareness or 'adequate' knowledge regarding these cultural components. The research employed quantitative methods, distributing surveys to 30 game users to evaluate their familiarity with the embedded cultural content, including textual narratives, gameplay elements, characters, backgrounds, sounds, and animations. This finding underscores the potential of mobile games as effective vehicles for transmitting and preserving local cultural heritage, particularly among younger generations, while also highlighting the need for further strategies to enhance user engagement and learning outcomes in this context.
Utilization of Aerial Photograph for Spasial Data Using Quadcopter (Ijo Temple Complex, District Prambanan, Yogyakarta)
Aerial photography using quadcopters achieves high accuracy in capturing spatial data for cultural heritage sites, with orthophoto maps of the Ijo Temple Complex (Prambanan, Indonesia) demonstrating 99.73% horizontal and 98.62% vertical accuracy at a scale of 1:1,400. This method, employing Bundle Block Adjustment to process images into mosaic form, offers efficient, cost-effective documentation for small areas with detailed resolution (1.64 cm). The study highlights the potential of UAVs in heritage conservation, providing rapid data acquisition that surpasses traditional methods while maintaining precision.
Utilization of Bantak and Merapi Volcanic Ash for Porous Paving Block as Drainage Control in the Prambanan Temple Yard
A novel solution for drainage control at the Prambanan Temple Compounds involves the use of porous paving blocks made from volcanic materials, specifically bantak and Merapi volcanic ash. These blocks, with an optimal mixture containing 30% volcanic ash, demonstrate superior permeability compared to traditional paving blocks and soil, with a coefficient of 1.93 cm/s—8 times faster than normal blocks and 18 times faster than the temple's current soil. This innovation effectively eliminates ponding during rainfall, reducing runoff levels by up to 81.6% and preventing water accumulation entirely due to their permeability exceeding local rainfall intensity (1.5×10⁻³ cm/s). Additionally, these blocks exhibit a strength capacity of 6.05 MPa, supporting forklift loads up to 9 tons, ensuring durability in high-traffic areas.
Characterization of Soil Permeability in Prambanan Temple Yard Based on Development of In Situ Test
A novel in situ method for characterizing soil permeability was successfully developed and applied at the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Prambanan Temple Compounds, revealing that dense post-earthquake soils exhibited persistent ponding due to reduced unsaturated zone permeability. Using a constant discharge approach, researchers mapped permeability coefficients across sandy soil conditions, from unsaturated to saturated states, without requiring matrix suction measurements. This method proved efficient for field implementation and enabled precise geographic mapping of permeability variations via Arcview GIS 3.3. The findings provide critical insights for addressing ponding issues in heritage conservation, offering targeted solutions through permeability-based drainage system optimization.
Drainage System of Prambanan Temple Yard Using No-Fine Concrete of Volcanic Ash and Bantak Merapi
A novel approach to sustainable drainage for UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as Prambanan Temple Compounds, leverages volcanic ash and coarse volcanic slag (Bantak) to create no-fine concrete. This eco-friendly material not only addresses environmental concerns by repurposing volcanic waste but also maintains the structural integrity and aesthetic authenticity of historic structures. Experimental studies confirmed that this porous drainage system effectively manages water flow while numerical analyses using SAP2000 and Plaxis ensured stability without compromising the site's original design.
Creative by Way of Adaption: Ramayana Relief of Prambanan Temple
This study reveals that the creation of the Ramayana reliefs at Prambanan Temple follows the theory of adaptation, as proposed by Linda Hutcheon. The research focuses on the visual aesthetics of these narrative reliefs, which encircle the inner walls of the temple in Kalasan, Yogyakarta. By analyzing the adaptation process of the ancient epic Ramayana legend (by Valmiki), the study suggests that the later artistic rendition of these reliefs was shaped through this theoretical framework. The approach combines art historical analysis with theoretical adaptations, offering insights into how cultural narratives are visually reinterpreted in religious and architectural contexts.
The Advantages of Prambanan Temple Existence and Its Conservation
Prambanan Temple faces significant challenges due to its rapidly increasing visitor numbers, which threaten its sustainability. Research indicates that while Prambanan offers substantial economic and tourism benefits, its conservation is critical to maintaining its structural integrity and cultural value. The study highlights the need for robust conservation efforts to ensure the temple remains stable and undamaged, balancing the demands of tourism with preservation requirements. This balance is essential not only for sustaining economic activities but also for preserving a site of immense historical and educational significance.
Candi Prambanan: An updated introduction
Candi Prambanan, the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia, stands as a testament to Central Java's classical period (AD 775–900), alongside Borobudur. This updated introduction highlights its significance as a pinnacle of Javanese Hindu-Buddhist art, showcasing intricate architectural and artistic achievements from this era. The study provides a comprehensive overview, emphasizing the temple complex's cultural and historical importance while analyzing its design, symbolism, and relation to broader Javanese heritage.
Frequency Analysis and Sismic Vulnerability Index by Using Nakamura Methods For Microzonation at Prambanan Temple and Its Surrounding Area, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia
A seismic vulnerability index ranging from 0.1 to 28 was identified for the Prambanan Temple Complex and its surrounding area, indicating significant variability in earthquake risk across the region. This finding stems from a microzonation study using Nakamura's method, which analyzed dominant frequencies (0.2–21 Hz) and amplification factors (0.2–7) derived from 60-minute seismograph measurements at 89 points spaced 1000 meters apart. The research, conducted in response to the devastating 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake that damaged nearby temples, provides critical data for assessing seismic vulnerability and guiding mitigation efforts in culturally significant heritage sites.
The Prambanan temple pits
A comprehensive survey of scholarly literature on the Prambanan Temple Compounds, also known as Candi Loro Jonggrang, reveals significant insights into its architectural and religious significance. The study, 'In Praise of Prambanan,' combines a detailed examination of existing research with translations of seminal articles by prominent Dutch scholars who had firsthand knowledge of the site. It explores the cultural and historical context that facilitated the creation of this Hindu-Javanese temple complex, offering a richly illustrated analysis through photographs, drawings, and maps. The work serves as both an academic reference and an accessible overview for educated audiences, bridging scholarly depth with broader accessibility.
The reconstruction of the Śiva temple at Prambanan
In Praise of Prambanan offers a comprehensive exploration of the Hindu-Javanese temple complex, Candi Prambanan, through a two-part structure. The first part provides an extensive survey of existing scholarly literature and historical context, elucidating the religious and cultural conditions that facilitated its creation. The second part presents translated articles by prominent Dutch scholars, offering firsthand insights into the temple's significance. Richly illustrated with photographs, drawings, and maps, this work serves as a definitive resource for understanding Prambanan's architectural and historical importance.
The Dikpālas of ancient Java revisited: A new identification for the 24 directional deities on the Śiva temple of the Loro Jonggrang complex
A new identification of the 24 directional deities (Dikpālas) adorning the Śiva temple at Prambanan's Loro Jonggrang complex, previously an unresolved issue in Central Javanese art history, is proposed. These deities, depicted as seated figures with attendants on the temple's body, were traditionally interpreted as Lokapālas but are now reconsidered for their broader iconographic significance. The study analyzes narrative and iconic reliefs along the eastern staircase and perambulatory, offering insights into the master plan of Loro Jonggrang and its influence on Indo-Javanese and Balinese iconography. This re-evaluation enhances our understanding of the temple's symbolic architecture and its cultural context.
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