Publications
Exploring the transnational-heritage assemblage: the Ara Pacis Museum and the historic city centre of Rome
A study of the Ara Pacis Museum in Rome, designed by Richard Meier and completed in 2006, reveals how multiple heritage dimensions shape urban development within historic sites. The research applies Assemblage Theory and Actor-Network Theory to analyze the socio-material interactions influencing the project's contentious trajectory. It highlights the challenges of contextualizing modern architecture in transnational heritage assemblages, emphasizing the need for frameworks that recognize the complex interplay between human and non-human actants. This approach offers new insights into heritage conservation practices and urban planning, particularly in culturally significant areas like Rome's historic center.
Multifunctional Polymeric Coatings for Stone Heritage: Hydrophobic–Antimicrobial Mechanisms and Field Performance
Multifunctional polymeric coatings, designed to combine hydrophobic and antimicrobial properties, show promise in protecting stone heritage but face significant challenges in long-term real-world performance. Studies from 2021 to 2026 reveal that while these coatings initially exhibit biocidal efficacy and hydrophobic behavior, their effectiveness declines within one to two years due to environmental factors such as UV exposure, particulate deposition, and chemical changes on the surface. This decline leads to increased wettability and reduced protective efficiency. Substrate porosity plays a crucial role in durability and visual compatibility, with treatments often reshaping microbial communities by favoring stress-tolerant meristematic fungi. Regulatory pressures on fluorinated compounds are driving the development of more sustainable alternatives, such as stimuli-responsive systems, self-healing materials, slippery interfaces, and precision polymer architectures. Future progress hinges on tailoring formulations to major lithotypes, improving compatibility with porous substrates, and validating performance through standardized accelerated aging and multi-year field trials.
Rome (un)changing: persistence and peculiarities of its population
Rome's population dynamics reveal a delayed transition to demographic decline compared to national trends, with international migration offsetting natural decrease. As of 2025, Rome's aging profile mirrors Italy's but stands out due to its low child population and high internationalization. The study, combining long-run census data and annual population stocks, highlights extreme heterogeneity among Rome's 15 administrative subdivisions, where peripheral areas grow while the historic center declines. Migration patterns—positive for international but variable for internal mobility—play a pivotal role in shaping these shifts.
The Aniene River: an ecological and cultural corridor between the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Rome and Tivoli
The Aniene River serves as a vital ecocultural corridor linking UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Rome and Tivoli, offering a model for integrated conservation. This study identifies the river as a strategic node—particularly the Lunghezza and del Cavaliere estates—that can restore ecological and settlement continuities while valorizing diffuse heritage. By analyzing five dimensions (morphological, ecological, cultural, managerial, narrative), the research proposes an operational framework to reconcile protection policies with planning instruments like UNESCO Management Plans and the Aniene Nature Reserve. It highlights how urbanization, transport infrastructure, and industrial decline have fragmented the landscape but suggests participatory governance and slow mobility as solutions for reconnecting disparate territories. The corridor emerges as a replicable laboratory for advanced peri-urban cultural landscape management.
The Theater of Marvels: Reorganizing the Campus Lateranensis through Sistine Curial Ceremony
Pope Sixtus V's urban transformation of the Campus Lateranensis, documented through curial ceremonies and architectural interventions, reveals a strategic effort to centralize papal authority. The study highlights the relocation of an ancient obelisk from the Circus Maximus to the Lateran Basilica, symbolizing papal dominance over Rome's ecclesiastical governance. Demolitions, including the Torre degli Annibaldi and surrounding structures, cleared space for the grand Palazzo Apostolico, designed to accommodate curial functions and reinforce papal presence. The research draws on primary sources like Paolo Alaleone de Branca's diary and Fontana's accounts, analyzing urban planning, ceremonial rituals, and architectural innovations that reshaped the Lateran landscape, mirroring earlier models such as the Palazzo Farnese.
A “Street Tree” Master Plan for the Strategic Management of Linear Reforestation and Urban Landscape Enhancement in Rome, Italy
Rome's Street Tree Master Plan (STMP) demonstrates that strategic management of urban street trees can enhance biodiversity, mitigate climate impacts, and preserve historical landscapes. The study reveals that effective STMPs require a balance between ecological needs—such as air pollution reduction and stormwater drainage—and cultural heritage considerations, particularly in cities with complex urban forms like Rome. Using GIS-based spatial analysis and a comprehensive tree census, the plan classifies streets by their functional role (e.g., aesthetic vs. ecological) to guide interventions like maintenance, replacement of aging trees, or new plantings. Comparative insights from global STMPs suggest that historical and spatial context should be integral to urban reforestation strategies in heritage-rich cities.
Hourly impact of urban forests on land surface temperature based on machine learning
Machine learning reveals that urban forests in Rome, particularly those with midday canopy heights under 6 meters and afternoon cohesion around 70–95%, provide the most effective cooling against urban heat island (UHI) effects. Using ECOSTRESS thermal imagery from 12 clear-sky summer scenes, researchers analyzed vegetation-structure impacts on land surface temperature (LST) with random forest models, identifying nonlinear thresholds for optimal cooling. These findings offer structure-informed greening strategies tailored to heritage cities with limited space, bridging the gap in hourly and morphology-dependent UHI mitigation research.
Non-Invasive Chemical Analyses on Byzantine Copper Alloy Doors in 11th and 12th Century Italy
A groundbreaking analysis of Byzantine copper alloy doors from the 11th and 12th centuries in Italy reveals three distinct alloying groups, challenging assumptions about workshop uniformity. Using non-invasive X-ray fluorescence (XRF), researchers identified leaded bronze, leaded brass, and quaternary alloys across eight doors, suggesting diverse metallurgical practices in Byzantine workshops. This finding complicates the association of specific alloys with single workshops or regions, while historical records and inscriptions provide additional dating clues. The study also introduces previously unpublished color illustrations of the Montecassino door's decorated backs, offering new insights into Byzantine craftsmanship and production processes.
Re-appraisal of the seismic history of the city of Rome (Italy): new intensity assessments and unresolved issues
A re-evaluation of Rome's seismic history reveals that the city has rarely experienced earthquake damage exceeding intensity degree 6 on both the EMS-98 and MCS scales, contrary to previous assessments. The study analyzed approximately 500 historical damage reports, georeferenced them onto maps of Rome, and found that nearly all seismic impacts were confined to the historic center, not the broader urban area. This suggests that Rome's seismic history is primarily representative of its ancient core rather than its current extent, which has expanded significantly over time. The research also highlights unresolved challenges in estimating intensities in large urban centers and assessing the homogeneity of seismic records in rapidly expanding cities.
Revaluating CUNA Places (CUltural Place of High Relevance for NAture): Rome as a Multifaced Example of Outstanding Values and Potentials
Rome, with its rich historical heritage and outstanding natural values, exemplifies the concept of CUNA places—cultural places of high relevance for nature. This study introduces a methodological framework to identify and typify such places based on their values, attributes, and significance, proposing 16 categories that encompass both tangible and intangible heritage. The research builds upon UNESCO's 'mixed properties' definition, offering a tool to enhance heritage valorization, strengthen territorial identity, promote sustainable development, and generate income for conservation efforts. A preliminary application in Rome demonstrates the multifaceted aspects of CUNA places, highlighting their potential for broader implementation.
Richard Wittman, Ricostruire la Chiesa. San Paolo fuori le mura nella Roma dell’Ottocento, 2023
Richard Wittman's Ricostruire la Chiesa offers a detailed examination of the reconstruction of San Paolo fuori le Mura during 19th-century Rome, revealing how architectural restoration intersected with religious and political narratives. The study highlights the basilica's transformation from a medieval structure to its neoclassical form, emphasizing the role of ecclesiastical authority in shaping urban heritage. Wittman's approach combines archival research with architectural analysis, providing insights into the conservation challenges and ideological motivations behind the reconstruction. This work contributes significantly to the understanding of how World Heritage Sites navigate cultural preservation amid historical and political pressures.
Walkability as a Catalyst for More Sustainable Mobility Patterns and Urban Rehabilitation in Rome
Urban regeneration efforts in Rome demonstrate that walkability can significantly increase over time, particularly in districts undergoing targeted rehabilitation. A composite index methodology combining 12 indicators—ranging from urban functions and use to safety, urbanity, and attractiveness—was developed to quantify walkability on a 0 to 1 scale. Applied across three distinct Roman districts with varying characteristics, this approach revealed that areas with enhanced social activities, landmarks, and pedestrian appeal saw measurable improvements in walkability scores. The study underscores the potential of walkability as a catalyst for sustainable mobility patterns, even in car-centric environments, while addressing methodological challenges in assessing such factors in less attractive urban settings.
“A Portent, beyond Statues Sweating Blood in the Forum …”
A devastating fire that destroyed the basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura in July 1823 is reconstructed through historical and archival analysis, revealing its profound impact on Roman society. The study highlights how the event was perceived as a portent, triggering widespread despair and introspection. By examining contemporary responses, religious symbolism, and architectural significance, the research sheds light on the cultural and emotional repercussions of the disaster. This approach combines historical documentation with interpretive analysis to contextualize the fire's legacy within Rome's heritage.
Archaeological Prospection and Site Monitoring with Medium to Very High Resolution SAR Imagery: Case Studies in Rome (Italy)
Advanced remote sensing techniques, specifically medium to very high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, demonstrate significant potential for both archaeological prospection and the monitoring of cultural heritage sites. The study highlights that SAR data from satellites like RADARSAT-2, Sentinel-1, ALOS-1, and COSMO-SkyMed can effectively detect crop marks associated with buried or subsurface archaeological features in Ostia-Portus, Italy. Additionally, it showcases the use of parallelized Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric SAR (InSAR) to monitor the stability of cultural heritage assets within Rome's UNESCO World Heritage Site, providing a robust method for preserving such significant locations.
Cultural and Heritage Tourism, Urban Resilience, and Sustainable Development. Comparative Analysis of the Strategies of Athens and Rome
Cultural and heritage tourism serves as a catalyst for urban resilience and sustainable development, particularly in historic cities like Athens and Rome. This study demonstrates that such tourism can effectively contribute to overcoming challenges posed by tourist influxes, thereby fostering resilience and sustainability. The research employs a comparative methodology, analyzing the resilience strategies of Athens and Rome within the 100 Resilient Cities Network framework. By examining objectives, actions, and sub-actions, it reveals how these cities leverage cultural heritage tourism to enhance urban resilience. This finding underscores the potential of heritage tourism as a strategic resource for sustainable urban growth.
Effect of Cultural Heritage on Tourism Development in Italy
Italy's cultural heritage, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites like the Colosseum and the Vatican, significantly drives its tourism development. This study reveals that Italy's rich history, art, architecture, and traditions attract millions of visitors annually to cities such as Rome, Florence, and Venice. These sites not only boost the tourism industry but also support local economies while preserving historical landmarks. The research employed a desk methodology, analyzing existing published studies and reports accessible through online journals and libraries. Practical measures like visitor quotas, dynamic pricing, and timed entry tickets are suggested to regulate tourist flow at high-traffic cultural heritage sites. Policymakers are encouraged to develop sustainable tourism frameworks that balance economic growth with cultural heritage preservation.
From the Periphery to the Centre – Beyond the Traditional Destination Experiences
A more comprehensive understanding of urban destinations, such as historic cities, is achieved by exploring both their centers and peripheries. This study highlights that tourists who engage with the periphery—often overlooked areas characterized by inequalities or marginalization—gain deeper empathy and awareness of a destination's multifaceted layers. Using Rome as a case study, researchers compared central and peripheral zones in terms of socioeconomic conditions, urban maintenance, and demographic composition (e.g., native vs. migrant populations). The findings suggest that structured tourist routes integrating peripheral areas can foster a more holistic and reflective visitor experience, moving beyond traditional destination narratives. This approach not only enriches tourism but also encourages visitors to recognize and appreciate the complexities of historic sites.
Introduction. Rebuilding St. Paul’s Outside the Walls
The historic site of San Paolo fuori le Mura, one of Rome's most significant pilgrimage centers alongside St. Peter’s, traces its origins to the martyrdom and burial of St. Paul the Apostle between 65 and 67 CE along the via Ostiense. Initial veneration led to the construction of a modest basilica under Emperor Constantine around 313 CE, which was later replaced by a grander structure in 384–386 CE sponsored by co-emperors Theodosius I, Valentinian II, and Arcadius. This monumental church, consecrated early in the fifth century, endured for over fourteen centuries as a cornerstone of Christendom. The study reconstructs this architectural and historical evolution, highlighting its enduring significance in religious and cultural history.
Passive strategies for climate change mitigation in architectural heritage: the case study of Santa Maria in Trastevere Basilica, Rome
A data-driven approach reveals that passive cooling strategies, such as optimizing natural ventilation and reducing surface temperatures of building envelopes exposed to solar radiation, can significantly improve indoor thermal comfort in historic religious buildings like Santa Maria in Trastevere Basilica, Rome. These strategies, when integrated into design scenarios, effectively mitigate overheating issues caused by climate change while preserving the cultural asset. The study demonstrates how digital environment analysis contributes to identifying optimal solutions for energy efficiency and indoor climate suitability in architectural heritage.
Pastor Bonus: Some Evidence of Honorius III'S Use of the Sermons of Pope Innocent III*
A rare depiction of Pope Honorius III (1216–1227) in proskinesis, a Byzantine courtly gesture uncommon in Western art, has been identified in the mosaic of Christ’s feet at San Paolo fuori le Mura. This portrayal, likely intentional, raises questions about its symbolic meaning and possible influence from Pope Innocent III’s theological legacy. The study examines the visual and historical context of this mosaic, drawing on prior scholarship by Wilpert and Ladner, to explore whether it reflects deeper theological or political implications for the papacy in the early 13th century.
Ricostruire la basilica / restaurare la Chiesa
A novel approach to the reconstruction of St. Paul's Basilica outside the Walls in Rome, following its 1823 fire, revealed that Pope Gregory XVI championed a project prioritizing the reuse of surviving ancient marbles from the original structure. This strategy, aimed at preserving continuity with the past, was implemented on a smaller scale within the new basilica but also inspired a diplomatic gesture through gifts to European monarchs who supported its reconstruction. The study contrasts this approach with architectural debates between Valadier's innovative Greek-cross plan and Fea's advocacy for restoring the original basilica layout, highlighting the political symbolism of post-Restoration ecclesiastical rebuilding in Rome.
Space‐to‐tree: Architectural framework for real‐time monitoring of pines in natural and historical park
A real-time monitoring system for pine trees, integrating remote sensing and on-site sensors, successfully generates alerts when changes in tree behavior are detected. The 'Space-to-Tree' project, conducted at Rome's Colosseum Archaeological Park, combines multi-temporal Sentinel-2 images with inertial measurement units (IMUs) to track wind stress responses, alongside weather data and expert analysis. This innovative approach, leveraging 5G for real-time data transmission, demonstrates the feasibility of scalable, multi-scale monitoring for both natural and cultural heritage preservation. The system's architecture, designed to handle increasing tree numbers, highlights its potential for broader application in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Application to the territorial authorities of the “Guidelines for the classification and management of risk, for the evaluation of safety and for the monitoring of existing bridges”. The case study of the Municipality of Rome.
A new multilevel approach for managing the structural integrity of bridges, based on risk and attention class evaluations, has been successfully applied to the Municipality of Rome's bridge management system. This method addresses the inherent fragility of Italy's aging bridge infrastructure, much of which predates 1982 and lacks adequate maintenance due to resource constraints. The study introduces a benchmarking process between road operators and conducts a gap analysis to assess the adoption of updated Bridge Guidelines. By implementing this systematic framework, local authorities can prioritize interventions more effectively, ensuring safer infrastructure while navigating limited personnel and financial resources.
Coming to grips with diverse voices in participatory heritage initiatives
Participatory heritage initiatives often grapple with the challenge of diverse voices within communities, yet strategies to address multivocality remain underdeveloped. This study identifies key mechanisms for managing such diversity by analyzing three Italian communities: Mesagne and Latiano in Apulia, and Testaccio in Rome's historic center. Through case studies, it reveals how communities navigate conflicting perspectives on heritage, offering insights into the practical implementation of inclusive heritage management. The research highlights the importance of recognizing and integrating diverse narratives to foster more representative and equitable approaches to cultural preservation.
Cultural heritage attractors: does spatial configuration matter? Applications of macro- and micro-spatial configurative analysis in the historic urban area of Rome
Top global heritage artifacts, such as those found in Rome's historic center, act as significant pedestrian flow attractors. A study published in Urban Morphology (2023) reveals that the spatial configuration of street networks plays a crucial role in determining the popularity and movement dynamics around these cultural landmarks. Using diachronic space syntax and micro-spatial analysis, researchers found strong correlations between the current popularity of heritage sites and their integration into the urban street network. Notably, highly attractive artifacts retain their status as movement attractors even amid city growth and transformation. Additionally, micro-spatial parameters—such as building entrances' spatial relationships with streets—influence pedestrian route choices at a local level. This research underscores how both macro- and micro-scale spatial configurations shape human movement in historic urban areas.
From Gregory the Great to Leo III: The Ktetor and Donor Activities of the Popes in Rome and the Basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paolo Fuori Le Mura
Pope Gregory the Great to Leo III's patronage and donations between the 6th and 9th centuries played a pivotal role in shaping Rome's identity as a center of Christian authority, primarily through their support for St. Peter's Basilica and the Basilica of San Paolo Fuori le Mura. These basilicas served not only as architectural marvels but also as symbolic reliquaries, preserving the memory of apostles Peter and Paul—key figures in Rome's sanctification. The study reveals that papal patronage was instrumental in visually and ideologically defining an era, reinforcing the Roman Church's authority through targeted donations and construction efforts. By analyzing historical records and architectural developments, the research provides a nuanced understanding of how these activities influenced Rome's urban and religious landscape during this transformative period.
Ground Penetrating Radar survey at the Basilica of San Paolo fuori le mura (Roma, Italy)
A ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey at the Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura in Rome reveals new insights into the evolution of the basilica's core, particularly around the tomb of St. Paul. Conducted collaboratively by Dartmouth College, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CNR, and the Vatican, the study combines high-resolution GPR imaging with archival analyses to visualize subsurface structures in 2D time-slices and 3D isosurfaces. The findings, interpreted alongside archaeologists and historians, enhance understanding of the basilica's development from the 4th century to modern times, shedding light on its historical and liturgical significance as a pilgrimage destination for popes and potentates.
HBIM-Based Decision-Making Approach for Sustainable Diagnosis and Conservation of Historical Timber Structures
A novel HBIM-based decision-making approach offers a sustainable framework for conserving historical timber structures, ensuring minimal intervention while maximizing quality. The method integrates tradition and innovation, evaluating various intervention alternatives using multi-criteria analysis (AHP) and the MIVES methodology. Applied to the Michelangelo Cloister roof in Rome—a UNESCO-listed site—the study quantifies sustainability through an index that balances environmental, economic, technological, historic, and social factors. This approach provides a data-driven strategy for preserving architectural heritage while adhering to principles of minimum intervention.
Sensing the Cultural Significance with AI for Social Inclusion
An AI-driven methodological framework successfully maps the cultural significance perceived by online communities, offering valuable insights for socially inclusive heritage management. This approach leverages artificial intelligence to analyze massive, unstructured multi-modal user-generated data from social media, distinguishing between baseline and activated scenarios triggered by radical events. The study, tested across multiple cities including Rome, integrates interdisciplinary methods from heritage studies, computer science, and spatial analysis, demonstrating AI's potential to enhance the involvement of diverse participants in heritage-related discussions. This framework aligns with UNESCO's Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) recommendations, providing a systematic way to collect and analyze community knowledge for future heritage management processes.
The Age of Ruinenlust: An Exploration of Tourism and Ruins in the Urban Context, in Rome, during the Grand Tour
The concept of 'Ruinenlust,' or the pleasure derived from ruins, significantly influenced tourism during Rome's Grand Tour era. British and English travelers, inspired by works like Edward Gibbon's 'The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,' found deep fascination in Rome's ancient ruins, contrasting with more complex geopolitical interests seen in France. This study explores how this cultural phenomenon shaped tourism dynamics, reflecting broader historical and mythological narratives. The research employs a comparative approach, analyzing English and Greek perspectives on ancient civilizations, including the fall from heroic ages associated with hubris. It also contextualizes these findings within the framework of the World Heritage Convention (1972), examining the implications for urban heritage and sustainability in Rome.
The Gathering Storm: The Pontificate of Pope Leo IV (847–55)
Pope Leo IV's (847–855) unprecedented building activities, particularly the construction of fortifications enclosing Saint Peter’s—known as the 'Leonine city'—marked a significant extension to Rome’s Aurelian walls. This response to the Arab sack of 846 also included substantial restoration efforts for lost liturgical vessels and textiles, along with new church projects like Santi Quattro Coronati and Santa Maria Nova. The study suggests a shift in papal patronage during his reign, exemplified by a subsidiary chapel in San Clemente’s lower church featuring Leo IV’s portrait, possibly housing a relic from Christ’s Ascension. The research combines historical analysis with architectural and liturgical evidence to contextualize these developments within Rome’s ninth-century landscape.
The Last Hurrah: John VIII (872–82)
A significant victory by the Byzantine imperial fleet at the mouth of the Tiber in 880 marked a rare success for papal efforts to counter the physical threat posed to Rome, particularly by Muslim marauders from North Africa. The study examines John VIII's pontificate (872–882), highlighting his construction of fortifications around San Paolo fuori le mura to prevent a repeat of the 846 sack. While the papal court was intellectually vibrant, little material culture survives except for the conversion of the temple of Portunus into Santa Maria de Secundicerio, whose mural fragments reveal influences from apocryphal texts and Byzantine hagiographic literature. These findings provide insight into the stylistic origins of contemporaneous Byzantine manuscripts, such as the Paris Sacra Parallela (BnF gr. 923), linking visual art to textual traditions.
La trasmissione del repertorio figurativo veterotestamentario di San Pietro in Vaticano e San Paolo fuori le mura fra tradizione e innovazione
A study reveals how the figurative repertoire of the Old Testament was transmitted and adapted between two significant early Christian basilicas: St. Peter's in Vatican and St. Paul Outside the Walls, both part of Rome's UNESCO World Heritage Site. The research demonstrates that while these sites maintained strong traditions rooted in early Christian art, they also incorporated innovative elements, reflecting the evolving religious and cultural landscape post-legalization of Christianity under the Roman Empire. The analysis focuses on the IV-century basilicas, examining how imperial patronage shaped their artistic development and enduring influence on collective Christian imagery.
Laser Scanning Investigation and Geophysical Monitoring to Characterise Cultural Heritage Current State and Threat by Traffic-Induce Vibrations: The Villa Farnesina in Rome
Traffic-induced vibrations near Rome's Villa Farnesina, despite being below international safety thresholds, pose ongoing risks to its Renaissance frescoes—including works by Raphael—due to their documented susceptibility to damage. A combined approach using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and geophysical monitoring (GM) revealed persistent cracks and deteriorations in the frescoes, even after past restorations, while GM tracked real-time vibration impacts across different floors of the building. The study underscores the need for continuous monitoring at this UNESCO-listed site, located adjacent to one of Rome's busiest roads, to mitigate long-term risks from traffic and historical structural vulnerabilities.
Merchants and missionaries: Chinese evangelical networks and the transnational resacralization of European urban spaces
Chinese evangelical networks are reshaping European urban spaces, such as Rome's historic centre, by merging business migration with religious practices. These transnational merchants, originating from rural China, adopt evangelical Christianity to anchor their diaspora identity and link China to Europe through spiritual and economic ties. They resacralize secular real estate and infuse historic urban areas with evangelistic meanings, reflecting a global hierarchy of places where the peripheral local contrasts with the modern global centre in market economies. This study, based on multisited ethnographic fieldwork in Wenzhou, Rome, and Paris, reveals how religion and commerce intersect to redefine transnational practices.
Spatio-temporal variations and contextual factors of the supply of Airbnb in Rome. An initial investigation
Airbnb listings in Rome, one of the world's top tourist destinations, show significant spatio-temporal variations linked to socioeconomic factors. The study reveals that while Airbnb supply increased steadily from 2014 to 2019, it declined sharply during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly for shared accommodations. Listings are more concentrated in Rome's historic center and coastal areas, correlating with higher average income, empty apartments, single residents, and foreign nationals from high-income countries. The research uses quantitative methods, including spatial regression models (spatial lag and error), to analyze data from Inside Airbnb and Tomslee, highlighting the growing monoculture of short-term rentals in central areas.
Methods of Digitization of Cultural Heritage. The Case Study of the Terme di Diocleziano
A novel integrated survey methodology for digitizing cultural heritage has been developed, focusing on the Terme di Diocleziano complex in Rome. This approach transcends traditional two-dimensional representation by incorporating three-dimensional modeling and geographic information systems (GIS). The study highlights how monumental archeologies interact with contemporary urban landscapes, offering a new perspective on urban coexistences that challenges conventional approaches. By combining advanced digitization techniques, the research provides a comprehensive framework for preserving and analyzing architectural heritage in a dynamic, informative manner.
Refurbishment and electrification in the hotel sector: four hotels in the historic centre of Rome
A study on four hotels in Rome's historic center reveals significant potential for energy savings and emission reductions through refurbishment and electrification. The research demonstrates that transitioning to fully electric heating and hot water systems, combined with storage solutions, can align with EU targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 60% and final energy consumption by 14%. These interventions not only enhance energy efficiency but also ensure compliance with modern regulations on accessibility, seismic resistance, and sustainability. The approach integrates building envelope upgrades with system-level optimizations, offering a model for sustainable hotel sector development in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The Basilica Ulpia, Early Christian Churches and the Roman Double Truss
A new analysis reveals that the Basilica Ulpia, a notable timber truss-roofed building from imperial Rome, likely employed a double-truss roof system similar to those found in early Christian basilicas like Old St Peter’s and San Paolo fuori le Mura. This design, documented by Jean-Baptiste Rondelet in the 18th century, was critical for distributing weight and preventing overloading of stone architraves. While James E. Packer’s 1997 reconstruction proved structurally viable, it lacked convincing evidence for the roof structure. Engineering assessments confirm that the double-truss arrangement would have been both functional and innovative, suggesting its use in early Christian architecture was a continuity from Roman practice rather than an independent development.
The Representation of Sacred Royalty in the codices of Charles the Bald and the Furtherance of Romanness in the Late Carolingian Age
A key insight from this study is the identification of John Scottus Eriugena as the likely author of verses in the Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura, a significant liturgical codex dedicated to King Charles the Bald. This finding underscores Eriugena's role in enriching the theme of sacred royalty with philosophical and cosmological elements, thereby strengthening Charles' candidacy for the imperial crown during the late Carolingian period. The research employs a detailed analysis of visual and verbal rhetoric within these codices, highlighting how they were used to promote 'Romanness' and sacred royalty. Notably, the gift of the San Paolo Bible to the pope, possibly during Charles' coronation in 875, successfully embedded this rhetorical strategy into the heart of Rome, reinforcing its cultural and historical significance.
Battery-less zero-maintenance embedded sensing at the mithræum of circus maximus
A battery-less, zero-maintenance embedded sensing system successfully operated for nearly two years at the UNESCO-protected Mithræum of Circus Maximus in Rome, demonstrating comparable environmental and structural monitoring capabilities to a battery-operated counterpart despite a 78% reduction in data yield. This breakthrough challenges conventional assumptions about energy harvesting limitations, proving that intermittent computing, low-power hardware, and thermal/kinetic energy sources can be effectively integrated for long-term, maintenance-free deployments—even in extreme conditions such as the site's three-month COVID-19 lockdown. The study highlights the potential of hardware/software co-design to optimize energy management and coupling between energy sources and sensed data, offering a sustainable alternative for archaeological monitoring.
Churches and States (Updated)
A striking parallel exists between the contemporary outcry following the 2019 fire at Notre-Dame de Paris and the lesser-known reconstruction debate of San Paolo fuori le Mura after its 1823 destruction. The essay draws on this comparison to illuminate current discussions around heritage preservation, political agency, and the intersection of religious and secular authority. By analyzing archival records, historical accounts, and contemporary discourse, it reveals how both events reflect broader tensions between state intervention, public memory, and the symbolic weight of architectural heritage. This approach offers a nuanced lens for understanding the complexities of preserving sites with dual cultural and spiritual significance.
Geomorphology of the historic centre of theUrbs(Rome, Italy)
A groundbreaking geomorphological map of Rome's historic center, the Urbs, reveals unprecedented details about urban landforms shaped by natural and human processes over millennia. This 1:5000 scale survey, four times more detailed than its predecessor, introduces innovative cartographic techniques to better represent complex landforms in dense urban environments. The findings highlight the significant potential of such maps as complementary tools for assessing natural hazards and risks, offering valuable insights for urban planning and conservation efforts.
Integrated Geomatic Techniques for Georeferencing and Reconstructing the Position of Underground Archaeological Sites: The Case Study of the Augustus Sundial (Rome)
High-precision geomatic techniques successfully reconstructed the position of a short, exposed segment (less than 7 meters) of Emperor Augustus' Sundial—a once-imposing instrument buried beneath Rome's historic center. This reconstruction, critical for 'reverse engineering' the sundial's operation, mitigates errors that could propagate from centimeters to meters when extrapolating its full structure, which may extend tens or even hundreds of meters underground. The study demonstrates how integrating geomatic methods—such as geodetic surveys and 3D modeling—enables accurate excavation planning while minimizing risks to overlying historic buildings. By georeferencing the visible fragment within a precise reference system, researchers identified potential areas for further excavation, advancing both archaeological interpretation and our understanding of this ancient scientific instrument's role in modern calendar systems.
Tourism and sustainability in the historic city of Rome
Rome's historic center faces growing concerns over the sustainability of tourism due to overtourism and its negative impacts. This study highlights that while cultural tourism contributes significantly to Italy's GDP (3.5%) and tourism revenues (33.2%), it also generates 'tourism pollution' and conflicts among stakeholders with differing interests. The research examines Rome as a case study within the broader context of mass cultural tourism, exploring how local perspectives shape sustainability debates in historic cities. It adopts a stakeholder-focused approach to analyze the challenges posed by increasing tourist numbers and the democratization of culture.
Vittorio De Sica e La porta del cielo. Un pellegrinaggio a Loreto ricostruito nella basilica di San Paolo fuori le Mura nel clima dell’occupazione di Roma del 1944 / Vittorio De Sica and La porta del cielo. A pilgrimage to Loreto staged in the basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura in the atmosphere of the occupied Rome in 1944
Vittorio De Sica's film La porta del cielo (1944) offers a unique lens into the intersection of religious pilgrimage, wartime survival, and cinematic innovation. Shot entirely within Rome during its 1944 occupation, the film reconstructs a journey to Loreto's Holy House within the extraterritorial confines of San Paolo fuori le Mura Basilica, circumventing dangerous external filming due to war. De Sica's work anticipates neorealism by focusing on the daily struggles of sick pilgrims and their companions, while also providing refuge for over 400 marginalized individuals—including Jews, political dissidents, and draft dodgers—who used the film production as a means to evade Nazi round-ups. The study highlights how cultural production during conflict can serve both artistic innovation and survival, blending historical documentation with narrative experimentation.
A Fountain Basin Sculpted by Drudus de Trivio (fl c1230–40): a Reconsideration
A re-evaluation of a 13th-century fountain basin, signed by the Italian sculptor Drudus de Trivio (fl. c. 1230–40), challenges long-held assumptions about his artistic focus. The study reveals that this secular Romanesque sculpture—previously thought to serve only liturgical purposes—was likely intended for non-religious use, expanding our understanding of the Cosmati's work. By analyzing the basin within Drudus’s broader oeuvre (including works in Ferentino and Cività Castellana) and comparing it to contemporary cloister sculptures, the research explores chronology, classical influences, and innovative techniques like garland motifs. A new translation of the inscription further contextualizes its place among Italian fountain inscriptions, shedding light on its secular purpose.
Chapter Seventeen. St. Peter (ca. 10–64 CE ) and St. Paul (5–67 CE ) at the Basilica di San Pietro, the Basilica di San Paolo Fuori le Mura, and the Abbazia delle Tre Fontane
Archaeological and historical analysis at the Basilica di San Pietro, Basilica di San Paolo Fuori le Mura, and Abbazia delle Tre Fontane reveals significant insights into the lives of St. Peter (ca. 10–64 CE) and St. Paul (5–67 CE), two foundational figures in early Christianity. The study employs a multidisciplinary approach, integrating epigraphic, architectural, and textual evidence to reconstruct their movements, activities, and the development of Christian worship sites during their lifetimes. Key findings include the identification of possible burial locations and the evolution of liturgical practices at these UNESCO World Heritage Sites, shedding light on the transition from pagan to Christian traditions in Rome.
Churches and States
A comparative analysis of the 19th-century reconstruction of San Paolo fuori le Mura and the ongoing debates surrounding the rebuilding of Notre Dame reveals striking parallels that could inform contemporary architectural and political discussions. The study highlights how historical reconstructions, particularly those involving UNESCO World Heritage Sites, are often entangled with complex power dynamics between religious institutions and states. By examining the case of San Paolo fuori le Mura—a site within the Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights—this research underscores the need for a nuanced approach to preservation that balances historical integrity with evolving societal values.
Mobile Phone Imaging for CH Façade Modelling
Smartphone cameras can provide reliable metric data for architectural analysis and deterioration mapping of historic buildings. This study, focusing on the façade of a church within Rome's Historic Centre, demonstrates that mobile phone imaging is a viable tool for architects and restorers due to its portability, ease of use, and technological advancements. The research employed digital image processing techniques to assess the reliability of data acquired from smartphone images, addressing key questions about their suitability for analysis and representation in the built environment.
Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Construction Techniques in Early Medieval Rome, c. 650–750
A significant shift in Roman construction techniques occurred between the late 7th and early 8th centuries, marking a clear break from ancient traditions. This transition, evident in newly excavated structures on the Palatine and at San Paolo fuori le Mura, reflects changes in patronage mechanisms and control over Rome's built environment during the rise of papal power. The study suggests that after a period of decline under Byzantine administration, early 8th-century popes had to reestablish large-scale construction methods, offering insights into the growth and challenges of Rome's nascent papal government.
Reinterpreting Fascist built heritage
Fascist-era built heritage, particularly the Foro Mussolini (now Foro Italico) in Rome, retains significant socio-political resonance despite its original ideological intent. This study reveals that the site's reuse—including as a U.S. Army rest center post-World War II—has been equally transformative and politically charged as its initial construction. By analyzing Allied occupation photographs, soldier guidebooks, newspapers, and documentary films, the research demonstrates how media representations shape the Foro's evolving meaning across transnational contexts. The findings underscore that the afterlives of contentious monuments are deeply influenced by their repurposing, offering new perspectives on heritage conservation and historical interpretation.
Roman Cyborgs! On Significant Otherness, Material Absence, and Virtual Presence in the Archaeology of Roman Religion
A groundbreaking approach to digital archaeology reveals how post-human philosophies and expanded virtuality concepts can reshape our understanding of Roman religion and heritage. By analyzing the material absence and virtual presence of an absent temple in Rome, this study demonstrates that digital technologies can create non-human experiences, offering new perspectives on human-object-divine relations in Roman cults. This work-in-progress project challenges traditional functionalistic methods, suggesting that digital archaeology can serve as a tool to re-examine and reinvent notions of the human, the past, and the digital within a post-humanist framework.
Silent and Unseen: Stewardship of Water Infrastructural Heritage
Historic waterworks, such as aqueducts and sewers, represent significant civil engineering achievements but often go unnoticed due to their subgrade or inaudible nature. This study highlights the need for best practice guidelines to steward these infrastructures, emphasizing the evaluation of historic significance, rehabilitation, redundancy, and sustainability. It also advocates for adaptive reuse of decommissioned waterworks, citing global examples like Rome's Aqua Virgo and Cloaca Maxima, China's karez systems, New York City's Jerome Park Reservoir, and Peru's mamanteo canals. The research underscores the importance of balancing conservation with modern infrastructure demands to ensure long-term preservation and functionality.
"And God Saw the Light, That It Was Good": Personifications of Light Western European Iconography of the Creation (11-13 Centuries)
The study reveals that the iconography of Creation in Western Europe (11th–13th centuries) was influenced by earlier traditions, particularly those from San Paolo Fuori le Mura and early Christian texts like Genesis of Lord Cotton and Pentateuch of Ashburnham. By analyzing the personification of Light during the First Day of Creation, the research suggests possible reconstructions for lost frescoes and traces iconographical borrowings. The findings highlight mutual interactions between key elements—Light and Darkness, Sun and Moon—in 'roman-type' compositions, indicating a dynamic interplay that shaped visual representations of creation narratives.
Civil engineering heritage: country profile – Italy
Italy's civil engineering heritage, post-unification (1861/1870), showcases significant advancements in iron, steel, and reinforced concrete structures. Notable achievements include the 150 m arch railway bridge over the River Adda (Paderno, 1886) and urban arcades in Milan, Genoa, and Naples. The paper highlights early applications of reinforced concrete, such as the Risorgimento Bridge in Rome (1911), and iconic structures like Pier Luigi Nervi’s Olympic domes (Rome, 1960). It also covers post-World War II reconstructions, including the Autostrada del Sole viaducts (1956–1964) and Morandi’s Polcevera Viaduct (Genoa, 1966). The study emphasizes the importance of preserving these structures while distinguishing them from archaeological heritage. It concludes with a list of conservation organizations and resources for further exploration.
From Iconoclasm to Museum: Mussolini’s Villa in Rome as a Dictatorial Heritage Site
A recent study reveals that the transformation of Mussolini’s former villa in Rome into a museum reflects shifting public attitudes toward Fascist legacies, challenging official narratives and complicating historical interpretations. The research examines how this heritage site, once a symbol of dictatorial power, now serves as a platform for renegotiating Italy’s contentious past. By analyzing the museum’s display, the study explores whether such sites can actively support or contest dominant historical narratives, shedding light on the socially constructed nature of heritage and its evolving public perception.
Il rinnovamento dei monasteri benedettini a Roma tra la fine del XII e l’inizio del XIII secolo: un’indagine preliminare
A significant shift in monastic architecture occurred in Rome between the late 12th and early 13th centuries, marking the transition from limited Benedictine initiatives to a broader renewal phase under Pope Innocent III. This period saw the adoption of the cloister-based layout, a rare feature in central Italy at the time, with San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (1189) serving as its pioneering example. The study highlights how this architectural evolution reached its peak at San Paolo fuori le Mura, characterized by Roman antique influences such as marble cladding and sculptural decorations, alongside symbolic inscriptions. Despite challenges posed by later renovations, the research identifies a distinct 'Roman' monastic structure type, emphasizing its cultural and political ties to papal Rome. The findings are drawn from an analysis of surviving documentation and architectural remnants, offering new insights into the understudied residential areas of Benedictine monasteries.
The Power of the Cross and Cruciform Devices in the Carolingian World
The sign of the cross emerged as the dominant symbol of divine authority in Carolingian material and manuscript culture, overshadowing late antique christograms. This study reveals how cruciform devices evolved in the ninth century, incorporating early Byzantine traditions into Carolingian graphicacy. Notably, Hrabanus Maurus' In honorem sanctae crucis exemplifies the cross's central role as an organizing principle in visual and textual representations. The research analyzes manuscripts, including the Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura, to demonstrate this shift. By examining carmina figurata and cruciform monograms, it highlights the cross's symbolic power in Carolingian society.
Aspetti della politica culturale sotto il pontificato di Leone XII. Recupero dell'Antico, Censura delle immagini e Rappresentazione della sovranità
During the pontificate of Pope Leo XII (1823-1829), Rome witnessed significant shifts in cultural policy, marked by the recovery and reintegration of ancient marbles salvaged from the incineration of St. Paul's Basilica outside the walls. This study reveals a strategic approach to preserving and repurposing historical artifacts while reinforcing papal sovereignty through curated imagery and strict censorship. The research delves into the restoration efforts of the palatine heritage, illustrating how these measures were not only symbolic but also instrumental in shaping the visual and ideological landscape of Rome during this period. By analyzing archival sources and cultural documents, the study offers a nuanced understanding of how Leo XII's administration balanced tradition with modernity, setting a precedent for future conservation practices.
DSA - Digital Support for Art - Process and Tools to Realize a Large Sculpture in a Heritage Urban Environment
A multidisciplinary approach integrating laser scanning, Virtual Reality (VR), and numerical simulations demonstrated significant potential to streamline the creation of large-scale sculptures within heritage urban environments. This research highlights how digital tools can facilitate collaboration between artists, engineers, urbanists, archaeologists, and public authorities, effectively addressing complex challenges in sculptural realization. The project's action research methodology provided a practical framework for solving real-world problems, showcasing its applicability to UNESCO World Heritage Sites like the Historic Centre of Rome.
I conti di Galeria (secoli XI–XIII)
The Counts of Galeria, prominent in Roman politics from the early 11th to the mid-13th century, played a pivotal role during the papacies of Benedict IX and Benedict X. Graf Gerardo I, a key figure, held significant influence in Rome and southern Tuscany, collaborating closely with popes and the Abbots of Farfa while overseeing multiple castles. His brother, Graf Sassone of Civita Castellana, and their descendants maintained control over Civita Castellana until the late 11th century. The study reveals that the Gallery Castle likely reverted to papal ownership after Gerardo I's death, as documented in archives from San Paolo fuori le Mura. While other Counts of Galeria emerged sporadically in the 12th and 13th centuries, none matched the prominence of Gerardo I and Sassone. This research reconstructs the political dynamics of the period through archival sources, highlighting the Counts' role in shaping Roman and Tuscan governance.
Impact of traffic vibration on the temple of minerva medica, rome: preliminary study within the co.b.ra. project
Traffic-induced vibrations pose significant risks to ancient structures, particularly those located near urban transport routes. A preliminary study on the Temple of Minerva Medica in Rome reveals that long-term exposure to vibrations from nearby railway tracks and tramways can lead to structural fatigue and damage. Researchers used advanced technologies, including triaxial velocimeters, 3D architectural surveys via laser scanning and photogrammetry, and non-destructive material testing, to assess the temple's dynamic behavior and vulnerability. Data collected over two seasons—summer and winter—highlighted seasonal variations in structural response. These findings contribute to the CO.B.RA. project, which aims to develop innovative methods for preserving cultural heritage by integrating vibration analysis with detailed 3D modeling and thermographic imaging.
Interpreting Sustainability through Co-Evolution: Evidence from Religious Accommodations in Rome
Religious accommodations in Rome's historic center represent a novel sustainability-oriented hospitality model that fosters multi-level co-evolutionary adaptations with both territory and tourists, significantly contributing to sustainable development and value co-creation processes. This study highlights how these accommodations, through their unique dynamics, positively impact tourism while addressing the need for theoretical and empirical research in this emerging field. The findings provide valuable insights into sustainability literature and new hospitality models, offering both theoretical and managerial implications.
Urban Transport Vibrations and Cultural Heritage Sites in Rome: the Cases of the Temple of Minerva Medica and of the Catacomb of Priscilla
Traffic vibrations from modern transport systems pose a significant threat to the aesthetic integrity of cultural heritage sites, even when structural damage is absent. A study on Rome's Temple of Minerva Medica and Catacomb of Priscilla revealed that ambient vibration monitoring produced markedly different outcomes for these two monuments, despite their exposure to similar traffic sources. The research, part of the CO.B.RA project, employed non-destructive tests (NDTs) and noncontact investigations to assess damage and structural conditions. Findings highlight the need for tailored sustainability measures for tramways, railways, and road traffic near diverse archaeological assets, emphasizing the importance of objective data in preserving cultural heritage.
Archaeo-mobility. Integrating Archaeological Heritage with Everyday Life
Urban mass-transit infrastructure offers a unique opportunity to integrate archaeological heritage into everyday life, transforming it from static museum displays into dynamic urban resources. Research highlights that while projects like Rome's New Line C and Naples' Municipio station demonstrate advanced methods in excavation planning and architectural integration, many initiatives fail due to bureaucratic or economic hurdles or inadequate heritage management. Italy, with its vast and stratified archaeological heritage, is pioneering these approaches, setting new standards for 'archaeo-mobility.' The study emphasizes the potential of involving urban contexts creatively while addressing challenges in balancing infrastructure needs with cultural preservation.
Demographic transition, immigration, gentrification: Unravelling early signs of re‐urbanisation in a European city
Rome is experiencing complex and non-linear population dynamics, signaling early signs of re-urbanization. This study reveals that the city's demographic growth or decline between 2006 and 2015 was driven by distinct population groups: unmarried and divorced native residents, traditional families, and non-native residents. Non-native populations and unmarried natives increased in both historic and suburban areas, while native populations declined in consolidated urban districts, preferred by married couples. These trends highlight the role of gentrification, immigration, and economic re-polarization in shaping Rome's population distribution. The findings underscore the importance of social segregation processes in urban expansion policies.
Empress, Virgin, Ecclesia. The Icon of Santa Maria in Trastevere in the Early Byzantine Context
A new analysis of the icon of Santa Maria in Trastevere reveals that its depiction of the Virgin as Empress, known as 'Maria Regina,' reflects broader early Byzantine influences rather than solely Roman ones. The icon, dated to the late 6th to early 8th century using encaustic technique and stylistic characteristics, challenges the traditional view that this imagery originated exclusively from papal political aspirations in Rome. Instead, it suggests a shared religious heritage across the Christian world shaped its portrayal of the Mother of God as Empress, Virgin, and Ecclesia. This study recontextualizes the icon by examining contemporary female imagery and Marian theology, providing insight into the cultural and theological currents that influenced early medieval art.
Interpreting Medieval Architecture through Renovations: The Roof of the Old Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura in Rome
A dramatic fire in 1823 destroyed the roof of the Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome's oldest standing basilica, marking the final chapter in a series of 21 recorded restorations spanning from the fifth to nineteenth centuries. This study reveals that these renovations, often driven by structural failures or accidents like the carpenter's neglected candle, offer valuable insights into medieval architectural practices and historical preservation efforts. By analyzing the sequence of roof reconstructions, researchers can reconstruct the basilica's evolution, uncovering details about materials, techniques, and the challenges faced during each restoration phase.
Perspective as an artistic tool of composition in the engravings by Giovanni Battista Piranesi
Giovanni Battista Piranesi's engravings, particularly those depicting the Basilica di San Paolo Fuori le Mura and the Pantheon, employ perspective as a compositional tool to create space-dimensional representations. This study reveals that Piranesi's approach differs from his predecessors and contemporaries by breaking down architectural information into interrelated orthographic views, which are then used to form a cohesive spatial representation in the viewer's mind. The research compares one of Piranesi's engravings with a SketchUp perspective model and architect-drawn layouts, demonstrating how structural elements on the plane interact to convey depth and dimension. This innovative method challenges traditional notions of compositional logic in graphic works.
The strengthening of mansonry structures through the combined use of the joint resealing and Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) systems: The case study of the Abbazia di San Paolo Fuori le Mura in Rome
A novel approach combining joint resealing with Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) systems significantly enhanced the bending and shear capacity of masonry structures, as demonstrated at the Abbazia di San Paolo Fuori le Mura in Rome. The study found that applying PBO fiber-based FRCM on both surfaces of walls, alongside mortar joint resealing, improved seismic retrofitting outcomes. Penetration tests confirmed that the new mortar's compressive strength surpassed that of original mortars, offering a robust solution for high-seismicity areas like Palazzo Arnone. This method provides an effective strategy for strengthening historic masonry structures while ensuring structural resilience.
Becoming a creative city: perspectives from Augustus’ Rome
Augustus' Rome exemplifies the potential of creative cities to foster social cohesion and cultural integration. The study reveals that Augustus' urban transformations—focusing on integration, spectacles, and aesthetic enhancement—served as a model for uniting diverse communities through culture, offering a historical precedent for modern creative city policies. By analyzing ancient sources and scholarly literature, the research highlights how Rome under Augustus functioned as a vibrant cultural hub, blending art, architecture, and public engagement to create a cohesive urban experience. This perspective challenges conventional views on creative cities by emphasizing their role in bridging social divides through shared cultural participation.
Theory and Practice in Heritage and Sustainability
A critical link between heritage preservation and social sustainability emerges from the study of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, revealing how inclusive practices can foster resilience and cohesion. The research demonstrates that equitable engagement with cultural heritage—such as community participation in Bristol or memory-based urban development in Dubrovnik—enhances social bonds and sustainable city growth. It also explores challenges like balancing tourism pressures in Cyprus or navigating historical burdens in Rome, underscoring the need for adaptive strategies. By analyzing case studies across Europe, the study highlights how language revitalization (e.g., Jersey) and place narratives (e.g., Rjukan) can strengthen cultural sustainability, offering a framework for resilient heritage management.
Dom Holdaway & Filippo Trentin (eds.), Rome, Postmodern Narratives of a Cityscape (London & Brookfield: Pickering & Chatto, 2013)
Rome's historic center, encircled by the 3rd-century Aurelian Walls, stands as a timeless paradigm of architectural and artistic beauty. This edited volume, 'Rome: Postmodern Narratives of a Cityscape,' offers a nuanced exploration of the city's postmodern narratives, blending historical depth with contemporary perspectives. The research approach combines scholarly analysis with interdisciplinary insights, examining Rome's urban landscape through multiple lenses—architectural, artistic, and cultural. By focusing on the interplay between history and modernity, the editors provide a fresh interpretation of Rome's enduring significance as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This work contributes to the broader discourse on the preservation and understanding of historic cities in the postmodern era.
Michelangelo’s Marble Blog: Epigraphic Walls as Pictures and Samples of Language (Chapter 17)
Epigraphic walls, particularly those installed by Michelangelo at the Capitoline Museums in Rome, played a pivotal role in establishing a European trend that blended archival inscriptions with visual storytelling. While not directly linked to Michelangelo's other works, these walls—comprising plaques like the fasti (annual lists)—became foundational in how language and history were visually represented in public spaces. The study highlights their dual function as both historical records and artistic expressions, influencing contemporary art practices that similarly use quotational structures. By analyzing these walls, researchers reveal a unique intersection of archival preservation, epigraphic culture, and audience engagement, demonstrating how such installations define cultural narratives across time.
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Processing of COSMO-SkyMed StripMap HIMAGE Time Series to Depict Deformation of the Historic Centre of Rome, Italy
A study using advanced radar imaging reveals significant ground deformation in Rome's historic center, with vertical velocities exceeding -7.0 mm/year in areas of recent urbanization near the Tiber River. This deformation persists despite previous observations and is linked to the consolidation of compressible soil deposits. Researchers analyzed over 310,000 radar targets using COSMO-SkyMed StripMap HIMAGE data (2011–2013) with the Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS), correlating findings with archaeological ruins, restoration activities, and building morphology. The study highlights ongoing structural challenges in Rome's historic monuments, including the Roman cistern on Oppian Hill.
Survey and representation of vaults and cupolas: An overview on some relevant Italian UNESCO sites
A groundbreaking approach to documenting and representing vaulted structures in Italian UNESCO World Heritage Sites has emerged, offering solutions for challenges in color texture mapping, virtual reconstruction of collapsed domes, and textured mesh development. The research demonstrates how Structure from Motion applications can be converted into maps that represent complex BRDF behaviors, providing a robust method for analyzing heterogeneous surfaces. Additionally, it introduces an integrated technique for virtually reconstructing partially collapsed ancient cupolas, addressing the complexities of historical preservation. The study also presents a novel method for developing textured meshes representing octagonal frescoed domes, contributing significantly to the field of digital documentation and virtual reconstruction of architectural heritage.
The Role of Urban Morphology and Pedestrian Movement in the Perception of Thermal Comfort in Historic City Centres: Spatial Sequences in Rome and London
Research reveals that streets and squares in historic city centers act as spatial systems of thermal diversity, significantly influencing pedestrian perception of thermal comfort. The study, conducted in Rome and London, introduced a novel methodology combining 'thermal walks' with microclimatic data to analyze the interplay between urban morphology and human movement. This approach integrated objective environmental measurements with subjective pedestrian responses, providing insights into how spatial sequences shape thermal experiences. Findings highlight the importance of thermal diversity in designing sensory-friendly urban environments, offering evidence-based guidelines for preserving and enhancing historic sites.
The Subterranean Performance of History between Harlem and Rome in William Demby’s The Catacombs
William Demby’s novel The Catacombs (1965) performs history through a metafictional engagement with time, historiography, and modernist artistic techniques. Set in 1960s Rome, the text disrupts linear narrative by intertwining personal and historical time, creating a 'performance of history' that critiques Western modernism while invoking themes of blackness, primitivism, and slavery. Sara Marzioli’s analysis reveals this paradoxical resistance to narrative as a form of performative critique, positioning Demby’s work between late modernism and postmodern pastiche. The study employs close textual analysis and theoretical frameworks from information theory and abstract expressionism to unpack the novel’s layered temporality and its challenge to conventional historiographic methods.
Conclusion: Going beyond the Epitaph
Carbon dating analysis of bones within the sarcophagus at Saint Paul Outside-the-Walls Basilica in Rome suggests they are the mortal remains of Apostle Paul, aligning with centuries-old tradition. This finding, announced by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009, was part of a broader historical approach to redefine Paul's legacy beyond conventional biographical narratives. The study employs 'antibio-graphy,' examining multiple facets of Paul's life and identity, challenging the traditional focus on his death or epitaph. It highlights late antiquity's perception of Paul primarily as a martyr rather than a paradigmatic sinner, offering new insights into early Christian history.
Contextualising the periphery. New conceptions of urban heritage in Rome
Rome's historic center, protected for its cultural heritage, has inadvertently spurred the exploitation of its peripheries, often overlooking their own heritage values. The 2003 Urban Development Plan proposes a polycentric urban development strategy to revitalize these outskirts, introducing a new conceptual approach called 'history in progress.' This method integrates historical preservation with transformation and rehabilitation processes, shifting heritage from being seen as an obstacle to an asset in urban development. While some peripheral areas show potential for modern urban heritage recognition due to their ancient remains, rapid decay poses challenges in identifying and preserving these values.
Guidelines for the retrofit of the school building stock for sustainable urban regeneration of the city of Rome
A significant reduction in energy consumption—up to 40% for building envelopes and 20% for plant systems—can be achieved through cost-effective retrofitting of school buildings in Rome, benefiting both environmental sustainability and indoor comfort. The study developed guidelines applicable to nearly all school buildings by analyzing representative case studies, focusing on optimizing building performance while preserving historic urban contexts. These interventions not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also serve as educational tools for raising awareness among students about energy efficiency and sustainable practices.
Historical heritage, landscape and modernity: aspects of the Italian contribution to the IFHTP congresses between the two wars
A significant contribution to the discourse on urban planning and heritage conservation emerged from Italy's participation in the International Federation for Housing and Town Planning (IFHTP) congresses between 1920s and 1930s. The research highlights Italy's innovative yet controversial approach, particularly during the 1929 Rome congress, which addressed critical themes such as integrating multi-storey apartment buildings into modern cities, adapting historic town centres to contemporary needs, urban expansion, and landscape relationships. Italian urban planners like Cesare Chiodi, Gustavo Giovannoni, and Luigi Piccinato played pivotal roles in shaping international town planning culture during this period, offering perspectives that remain relevant despite their historical context.
Integrating radar and laser-based remote sensing techniques for monitoring structural deformation of archaeological monuments
A novel integration of Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (GBInSAR) and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) successfully monitored structural deformation in the Domus Tiberiana, an archaeological monument on Rome's Palatino Hill. Over nearly a year, this approach provided precise 3D interferometric radar point clouds, revealing displacement patterns without indicating significant worsening of stability. The method demonstrated early detection capabilities for anomalies or sudden changes, offering potential for early warning systems and assessing human activity impacts on masonry structures.
Rome 1976-1985: a cultural policy in the international comparison
This study highlights the innovative cultural policy implemented in Rome between 1976 and 1985, led by Renato Nicolini, former cultural commissioner of the Rome municipality. The approach emphasized democratic access to culture, blending diverse genres and audiences at low cost, while challenging traditional models of cultural decentralization. It proposed the historic center of Rome as a shared space for fostering urban identity amid social unrest. The research draws on Nicolini's speech from a 1984 conference, comparing Italian and U.S. cultural policies to identify key typological elements, such as public-private partnerships and the role of government as a catalyst rather than a direct funder. The study underscores the potential for ephemeral cultural initiatives to upgrade demand and pave the way for more permanent infrastructure renewal.
The City of Rome in Dante's Divine Comedy
Dante's portrayal of Rome in the Divine Comedy reflects his conviction that the Eternal City is both the temporal and spiritual seat of power, with Heaven depicted as a Roman landscape. This study examines how Dante incorporated Rome's physical cityscape, including its ancient and medieval monuments, into his poetic vision, drawing on his firsthand knowledge gained during a 1301 visit to Rome. Through an analysis of historical accounts, guidebooks, and artistic representations, the research reconstructs the medieval Roman city as Dante would have experienced it, highlighting its influence on his work. The study also explores Dante's critique of clerical corruption, particularly in relation to the Donation of Constantine, further underscoring Rome's significance in his literary and theological framework.
‘Framing’ Romanità : The Celebrations for the Bimillenario Augusteo and the Augusteo–Ara Pacis Project
Fascist Italy's 1937–8 celebrations of Augustus' bimillenario served as a pivotal moment in the regime's cult of 'romanità,' blending imperial imagery with a vision of Rome as a universal political center. The study highlights how two major projects—the reconfiguration of Augustus’ Mausoleum and the excavation/reconstruction of the Ara Pacis—were fused to create 'sacred' spaces where past and future intertwined. These interventions, analyzed through architectural and urbanistic framing, reveal the regime's strategic use of monumental design to impose a new temporal narrative, transforming archaeological relics into symbolic gateways for a futurist, universalized Rome.
‘In miglior tempo … ’ : what fascism did not build in Rome
A significant portion of fascist Rome's grand vision remained unrealized due to logistical constraints, financial limitations, and political shifts. This study examines four ambitious but unbuilt projects—Brasini's plans for the historic center and Mole Littoria, Palanti's Mole Littoria proposals, and the Danteum by Terragni-Lingeri—all tied to the Via dell'Impero, a monumental fascist avenue. These projects, rooted in sacralizing and universalist narratives, reflect unfulfilled ambitions and debates on modern architecture within Rome's historic core during the 1930s. The analysis reveals how pragmatic considerations and Mussolini's volatile leadership thwarted these visionary designs, offering insight into the complexities of urban planning under authoritarian regimes.
Urban Tram Induced Vibrations: Real Time Monitoring of Historical Buildings in the Centre of Rome
Researchers have developed a predictive model to estimate the attenuation of vibrations caused by urban trams, addressing concerns about structural stress on historic buildings. The study, conducted in Rome's historic center, identified key parameters influencing tram-induced vibrations and their propagation. By analyzing experimental data, the team derived a transfer function that estimates attenuation levels in historical urban contexts. This model provides valuable insights for preserving cultural heritage sites while managing modern urban infrastructure challenges.
Centenary paper: A brief history of Italian town planning after 1945
Italian town planning after 1945 reflects significant shifts in social and economic contexts, marked by post-war reconstruction, urbanization pressures, and evolving political ideologies. The study highlights how planners from the left grappled with land speculation and real estate markets, particularly in cities like Assisi, Rome, and Bologna. The 1970s saw a center-left realignment and innovation in planning practices, though challenges arose with industrial growth and development pressures on historic urban fabric. From the 1990s onward, EU-linked programs and administrative reforms began to reshape traditional master plan concepts, introducing complexity that tested local governance. The research approach combines historical analysis with case studies, offering insights into how Italian town planning adapted to these dynamic forces.
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