Publications
Plasters and mortars from the theatre in Nea Paphos (Cyprus): A multidisciplinary study
A multidisciplinary analysis of plasters and mortars from the Hellenistic-Roman theatre in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveals that local workforces skillfully utilized available raw materials to create durable, high-performance construction mixtures. The study employed petrographic analysis, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy to characterize elemental, mineralogical, and chemical properties of the samples. Findings indicate a strategic selection of plaster and mortar types for specific functions, with natural hydraulic lime (NHL) linked to water-related structures. This demonstrates advanced technological knowledge in ancient Cyprus, enabling the creation of resilient materials that have endured for centuries.
Salinity effects on cultural heritage sites with focus on the tomb of the kings in Paphos, Cyprus
Salt-induced degradation poses a significant threat to coastal cultural heritage sites, particularly those in high-salinity environments. A preliminary study on the UNESCO-listed Tomb of the Kings in Paphos, Cyprus, reveals distinct salinity hotspots that correlate with proximity to seawater spray and geological features. Using a multi-method approach—combining in situ measurements, laboratory analysis, and remote sensing—the research identifies areas of varying salt concentration, suggesting differential vulnerability to degradation. While findings are preliminary, they underscore the need for a risk assessment framework to guide conservation efforts. The study highlights the urgency of further investigation into salinity’s role in heritage deterioration, offering critical insights for protecting Cyprus’ maritime archaeological treasures.
Continuity and Change in the Local Production of Hellenistic and Early Roman Cooking Pottery from Nea Paphos (Cyprus)
A detailed analysis of Hellenistic and Early Roman cooking pottery from Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveals significant transformations in local production over time. These changes—encompassing clay composition, vessel shapes, surface treatment, and firing techniques—correlate with political and social shifts in the region. The study, based on macroscopic examinations of thousands of vessels and laboratory analyses of selected samples, provides a nuanced understanding of how Nea Paphos' development influenced its pottery traditions. This research offers new insights into the interplay between material culture and historical change at this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Exploringchaîne opératoiresof Hellenistic ceramic oil lamps from Nea Paphos, Cyprus
Research on Hellenistic ceramic oil lamps from Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveals dynamic shifts in clay procurement, processing techniques, and firing methods throughout the Hellenistic period. The study, combining macroscopic observations with laboratory analyses, reconstructs the manufacturing sequences (chaîne opératoires) of these lamps, providing insights into their production organization. Notably, evidence suggests that wheel-made lamps were likely produced alongside tableware vessels in shared workshops, offering a deeper understanding of lamp production dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Health, stress, and urbanism in the Hellenistic–Roman metropolis of Nea Paphos, Cyprus: A comparative analysis
A comparative bioarchaeological study of two necropolises in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveals distinct health and stress patterns between urban and suburban populations during the Hellenistic–Roman periods (312 BC–395 AD). The Eastern Necropolis, linked to the capital, showed higher frequencies of porotic hyperostosis (PH) and cribra orbitalia (CO)—indicators of childhood stress—suggesting greater exposure to environmental or nutritional stressors in urban residents. Conversely, Ktima-Upper City exhibited more linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), a marker of developmental stress, hinting at differing social, cultural, or dietary factors. These findings imply subtle but meaningful divisions between the two groups, offering new insights into urban-rural health disparities in ancient Cyprus. The study leverages macroscopic analysis of 372 individuals to advance understanding of Hellenistic–Roman Cypriot populations.
Integrating Numismatic Evidence into the Study of the Urban Landscape of Paphos. From Palaepaphos to Nea Paphos with the Last King
A bronze coin discovered during excavations at Palaepaphos-Hadjiabdoullah, Paphos, offers new insights into the urban landscape and political transition of ancient Paphos. The coin, attributed to Timarchos or his son Nikokles (last king of Paphos), challenges previous assumptions about the mint's bronze coinage under the fourth-century kingship. Contextualized within a workshop complex and compared with findings from Nea Paphos, the discovery suggests that monetized societies may have existed in Nea Paphos before its formal establishment, reopening debates on the site's foundation. The study integrates numismatic evidence, inscriptions, literary sources, and landscape analysis to reconstruct the city's evolution during a pivotal period of political change.
A Selection of Experiments for Understanding the Strengths of Time Series SAR Data Analysis for Finding the Drivers Causing Phenological Changes in Paphos Forest, Cyprus
A delay in the summer phenological peak of Paphos Forest, Cyprus, was linked to increased high temperatures in May 2018, while a single peak observed during November 2014–October 2015 may be attributed to reduced activity of the pine processionary moth due to low November temperatures. The study analyzed SAR data from 1992 to 2021, revealing two main annual blooming peaks—winter and summer—associated with foliage changes and needle regeneration, respectively. Meteorological data helped identify drivers of these phenological shifts. The research also highlighted the challenges in long-term forecasting, noting that seven years of data may be insufficient for accurate trend prediction due to climatic variability.
Cultural Shift or Short-lived Fashion? Interpreting the Role of Hellenistic Braziers from the Agora of Nea Paphos, Cyprus
Hellenistic braziers from the Agora of Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveal insights into local production practices and cultural shifts during the 3rd century BCE to Early Roman period. Analysis of fabric and typology indicates that while some braziers were locally made, others were imported, suggesting a dynamic exchange beyond Cyprus. This study deepens understanding of Hellenisation processes in Nea Paphos by examining human practices tied to these artifacts, bridging gaps in material culture research.
Fanari Hill in the Urban Plan of Hellenistic and Early Roman Nea Paphos and the Question of the ‘Two Akropoleis’ of Nea Paphos
Ancient Nea Paphos, now part of UNESCO's World Heritage Site in Paphos, features two prominent hillocks—Fabrika and Fanari—that likely served as significant centers for religious and civil/military functions during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods. While Fabrika has been identified as a sacred area, Fanari Hill remains largely unexplored but is believed to have housed another temple and possibly the administrative seat of Ptolemaic rule. This study re-examines topographical and archaeological evidence to clarify Fanari's role in Nea Paphos' urban plan, addressing the long-standing question of whether the city had 'two akropoleis.' By synthesizing existing data with new insights, the research challenges previous assumptions about the site's political and religious significance.
Hellenistic Coins From the Jagiellonian University Excavations at the Hellenistic-Roman Agora of Nea Paphos ( Paphos Agora Project 2011–2019): Preliminary Observations
Archaeological excavations at the Hellenistic-Roman Agora of Nea Paphos, led by Jagiellonian University from 2011 to 2019, uncovered a significant collection of 480 Hellenistic coins and coin flans. The majority (67%) were Ptolemaic issues, with notable contributions from Cypriot bronzes (20.5%), Syro-Palestinian regions (Seleucid, Hasmonean rulers - over 6%), Macedonian-Antigonid issues (3.8%), and other regions including the south-eastern Aegean and Asia Minor (1.6%). This preliminary analysis provides insights into the chronology and structure of economic activity during the Hellenistic period in Nea Paphos, building upon earlier research conducted by Kyriakos Nicolaou in the late 1960s and 1970s.
Time Series Analysis of Landsat Data for Investigating the Relationship between Land Surface Temperature and Forest Changes in Paphos Forest, Cyprus
A significant increase of 4.6% in land surface temperature (LST) was observed in Paphos Forest, Cyprus, between 2013 and 2018, contrasting with a 2.7% decrease from 1993 to 2000. This study utilized Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 imagery to analyze the relationship between LST and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over two time periods, revealing a negative correlation between these variables. Notable changes in NDVI trends were linked to climatic conditions and biotic factors such as reduced pityocampa attacks and locust invasions. The research highlights the potential of combining LST and NDVI analysis for identifying forest decline, offering valuable insights into environmental monitoring using satellite data.
‘Hellenistic’ House in Nea Paphos, Cyprus – A First Summary of Its Architecture
Preliminary architectural analysis of the 'Hellenistic' House in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveals a sophisticated Roman-era residence characterized by multiple courtyards and rich decorative elements. Despite significant damage from an earthquake—followed by reconstruction that obscured its original layout—the study identifies key structural features, including preserved walls, floors, infrastructure, and decorative fragments. These remnants provide critical insights into the house's spatial organization and functional design, offering a rare glimpse into Hellenistic architecture in Cyprus before its transformation into the Villa of Theseus.
A Weight of Seleucia in Pieria in Nea Paphos
A lead weight unearthed at Nea Paphos, Cyprus, provides a precise dating point for the agora of this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The weight bears a Greek inscription mentioning an agoranomos named Seleukos and referencing year 251 of a civic era, later identified as that of Seleucia in Pieria (starting 109/108 BC). This allows the artifact to be dated to AD 142/143. The study argues that the structure where the weight was found may have been an agoranomeion, or market official's office, of Nea Paphos. The research relies on epigraphic analysis and comparative chronology, offering a rare material link between North Syrian city-states and Cyprus in the 2nd century AD.
Adriatic Wine Amphorae in Nea Paphos
Archaeological analysis reveals the presence of three distinct types of Adriatic wine amphorae—Greco-Italic, Lamboglia 2, and Dressel 6A—in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, dating from the late Hellenistic to early Roman period. These amphorae, characterized by their unique ceramic disk stoppers, were found in small quantities, including at the site of Maloutena. The study, conducted to quantify and classify these imports, highlights their rarity and significance in understanding trade patterns between the Adriatic region and Cyprus during this period.
In Search of the Module in the Architectural Design of the ‘Hellenistic’ House in Nea Paphos, Cyprus
Research reveals that the 'Hellenistic' House in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, exhibits architectural design principles rooted in mathematical harmony, specifically adhering to Ptolemaic artistic traditions despite its Roman-era construction. By applying metrology studies and cosine quantograms, the study identifies a module system governing both the general layout and decorative elements of the residence. This dual analytical approach clarifies the predominant stylistic influence within a multicultural archaeological context, offering insights into the origins and evolution of Graeco-Roman architectural traditions.
Production and Supply of Ceramic Oil Lamps in Hellenistic and Early Roman Nea Paphos, Cyprus: Integrated Typological, Chronological and Provenance Studies
A multi-faceted study of ceramic oil lamps from Hellenistic and Early Roman Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveals significant transformations in local production over time. These changes, observed in lamp shapes, manufacturing techniques, and clay recipes, correlate with shifts in the origin of imported lamps and the influence of other production centers. The findings suggest that these patterns are likely linked to political transformations and urban development in the region. The research integrated macroscopic analysis with advanced techniques such as WD-XRF spectroscopy, thin section petrography, and refiring tests to provide a comprehensive understanding of lamp production and supply dynamics.
Terracotta Pipelines at Maloutena: Remarks on the Water System in the Residential District of Ancient Nea Paphos, Cyprus
Archaeological excavations in the Maloutena district of Nea Paphos, Cyprus, have uncovered an ancient terracotta pipeline system that provides unprecedented insights into water management during the Hellenistic-Roman period. Analysis reveals a sophisticated network comprising various pipe types, designed for both construction and maintenance efficiency. The study identifies key structural interrelations and chronology, suggesting these pipelines played a pivotal role in supplying water to the residential district of Nea Paphos over centuries. This discovery enhances our understanding of ancient urban infrastructure and its evolution.
The House of Aion in Nea Paphos: seat of an artistic synodos?
New evidence suggests that the 'House of Aion' in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, was not a residential structure but likely served as the seat of a Roman association, possibly a synodos of Dionysiac artists. The study, based on archaeological observations and in situ surveys, dates the building's last phase to the 320s, its partial destruction to an earthquake around 332/342, and its final annihilation by another quake in 365. The presence of a triclinium at the entrance, two rooms with wooden floors over a converted cistern (possibly a treasury), and proximity to the governor's praetorium support this interpretation. The building's decorative elements, including mythological mosaics and wall paintings featuring Apollo and the Muses, align with late antique Roman elite aesthetics but indicate a non-residential function. These findings propose renaming the structure as the 'Synodeion of Late Roman Cyprus.'
The iconography on the Paphos IAEW-amulet may draw upon the apotropaic ‘All-Suffering Eye’ motif
A 5th–6th century CE magical amulet from Nea Paphos, Cyprus (Inv. no. PAP/FR 44/2011), features Egyptian-style iconography that may derive from the apotropaic 'All-Suffering Eye' motif—a protective symbol against the Evil Eye. This discovery suggests continuity in magical practices across cultures and time periods, bridging ancient Egyptian traditions with late antique Cypriot ritual objects. The study employs iconographic analysis to compare the amulet's design with known representations of the 'All-Suffering Eye,' offering new insights into the symbolic language of late antique amulets.
Understanding changes in the supply pattern of Roman cooking pottery from Morphou Bay to Nea Paphos: evidence from the Paphos Agora Project
A new analysis of Roman cooking pottery from Morphou Bay, Cyprus, reveals a continuous supply to Nea Paphos over several centuries, suggesting both specialized social demand and economic factors. Researchers examined macroscopic characteristics, shapes, and chronological data from the Paphos Agora Project, demonstrating that this pottery group maintained consistent presence in Nea Paphos despite broader changes in Roman Cyprus. The study highlights how material culture can reflect complex social and economic dynamics at UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Paphos.
Wall Paintings in Ancient Cyprus: The Hellenistic and Roman Tombs of Paphos and Its Region
A comprehensive analysis of Hellenistic and Roman tomb wall paintings in Paphos, Cyprus, reveals diverse themes and advanced manufacturing techniques. This study compiles all known painted tombs—both published and unpublished—using in-situ observations and laboratory examinations at the Paphos District Museum. A detailed catalogue and geographic map were created to document these artifacts. The research also examines the production technology of a sample of wall paintings using non-contact and analytical tools, providing new insights into ancient artistic practices on Cyprus.
Architecture of the Official Spaces of Selected Residences in Nea Paphos, Cyprus
Ancient residences in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveal sophisticated architectural strategies that underscored the social status of their owners during the Graeco-Roman period. A study analyzing three prominent houses—the 'Hellenistic' House, the Villa of Theseus, and the House of Aion—demonstrated how specific layouts and decorative elements in public zones like entrances, courtyards, and main rooms served as markers of prestige. The research highlights that these architectural features were not merely functional but also symbolically significant, reflecting the cultural and political importance of the residents.
New research in the sacred zone of the Fabrika Hill in Nea Paphos, Cyprus
New research on Fabrika Hill in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveals that the southern part of this rocky hillock, long suspected to have cultic significance, was indeed an early sacred zone. The study, conducted by a joint team from Université d’Avignon and other institutions, identified rock-cut outlines of what may be a temple dedicated to Aphrodite Paphia near the top of an Early Hellenistic theatre. Through two seasons of fieldwork (2018-2019), researchers uncovered evidence of both the original Hellenistic arrangement of this sacred area and its subsequent use during Late Roman, Byzantine, and Medieval periods. The findings also provide new insights into the topographical details of the region, addressing challenges posed by the hill’s geology and long history of human activity.
Tomb architecture and distribution in the Eastern Necropolis of Nea Paphos, Cyprus
A significant expansion of the Eastern Necropolis in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, has been revealed through unpublished data from 1980s rescue excavations. This funerary landscape, crucial for understanding the island's capital during Hellenistic and Roman periods, shows complex tomb architecture and distribution patterns that hint at dynamic interactions with nearby necropolises and potential satellite habitation sites. The study reconstructs burial practices, offering new insights into the archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean.
Documenting Nea Paphos for Conservation and Management
A comprehensive documentation project of Nea Paphos, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its significant mosaic pavements, has been conducted to support conservation and management efforts. The study, led by the Getty Conservation Institute in collaboration with Cypriot authorities and experts, employed advanced digital workflows including field measurements, data processing, GIS integration, and external data synthesis. This rigorous approach not only aids custodians, managers, and conservators in decision-making but also serves as a long-term archival and monitoring record. The project's deliverables, produced using cutting-edge technology and equipment, provide a robust framework for interpreting the site and preserving it for future generations, even in the event of catastrophic or gradual loss.
Purple dye production under royal management: Evidence from the Cypro-Classical citadel of Ancient Paphos
A remarkable discovery of 430 kg of murex shells, concentrated in the West Complex of Ancient Paphos' citadel, provides unprecedented evidence for large-scale purple dye production under royal management during the Cypro-Classical period. This finding challenges previous assumptions about the scale and organization of this industrially significant process on Cyprus. The research, conducted by the University of Cyprus in collaboration with INSTAP, involved a detailed analysis of shell concentrations within an industrial complex adjacent to a 'palace' structure, suggesting centralized control and sophisticated production techniques. The study highlights the strategic importance of purple dye, a luxury commodity, in ancient Cypriot society and its broader implications for understanding economic and political structures during this era.
Sound Archaeology: A Study of the Acoustics of Three World Heritage Sites, Spanish Prehistoric Painted Caves, Stonehenge, and Paphos Theatre
Ritual sites across human cultures, from prehistoric caves to ancient theatres, exhibit unique acoustic properties that contribute to their ritual significance. This study reveals that the Spanish Prehistoric Painted Caves (up to 40,000 years old) demonstrate diverse natural acoustics, including strong reverberation and bass effects, while Stonehenge's acoustics evolve with its design, creating noticeable changes as one moves toward the circle's center. In contrast, Paphos Theatre in Cyprus (2,000 years old) showcases intentional acoustic design, with optimal sound quality varying from front to back rows. The research employs a range of methods to address challenges in standard acoustic analysis, highlighting how sound shapes ritual spaces and enhances their contextual meaning.
Terracottas in a Domestic Context: The Case of the House of Orpheus in Nea Paphos, Cyprus
A significant assemblage of terracottas from the House of Orpheus in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, spanning the Hellenistic to Roman periods, reveals insights into domestic contexts and social practices during these eras. The study highlights the importance of systematic analysis combining stylistic, compositional, experimental, computational, and theoretical methods to understand the terracotta assemblage's cultural and historical significance. This ongoing project aims to provide a comprehensive overview, contributing valuable data to the understanding of Roman-period terracottas in Cyprus.
The City of Paphos in Cyprus in Roman Times
Paphos, Cyprus, emerged as the island's dominant city during Roman times, primarily due to its association with the cult of Aphrodite Paphia, which held significant influence across the Mediterranean. The city was divided into Paleo Paphos, a religious center, and Neo Paphos, the administrative hub, connected by a 60-stadium Sacred Way. Key Roman structures, including the Agora, Odeon, Asklepieion, and a forum, were built in Neo Paphos, alongside notable urban villas with mosaic floors, such as the House of Theseus (residence of the proconsul). By the 4th-5th centuries, Paphos became a pivotal Christian center, hosting two large basilicas and serving as a stop on the apostles' Paul and Barnabas' route. Despite severe damage from mid-4th-century earthquakes that led to the capital's relocation to Salamis, Paphos remained a significant religious hub within the autokephalous Cypriot Church by 431 AD.
The Use of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Images and Open-Source Software for Cultural Heritage: An Example from Paphos Area in Cyprus for Mapping Landscape Changes after a 5.6 Magnitude Earthquake
A 5.6 magnitude earthquake in Cyprus's Paphos region, captured via Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, revealed significant landscape changes with a maximum uplift of 74 mm and subsidence of 31 mm. This study demonstrates the potential of open-access Copernicus datasets and open-source software like SNAP and SNAPHU to monitor seismic impacts on cultural heritage sites, including those listed by UNESCO. By employing Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (D-InSAR), researchers mapped ground deformations triggered by the 2015 earthquake, offering a scalable approach for assessing geological risks in heritage-rich areas.
Cooking Ware pottery from the “Hellenistic” House at Nea Paphos. Seasons 2014 and 2016
A selection of cooking ware pottery, primarily dating to the early Roman period and predominantly produced on Cyprus, was excavated from the fill under the main courtyard of the 'Hellenistic' House at Nea Paphos–Maloutena during seasons 2014 and 2016. The study reveals that while Cypriot production dominated, imports were also present, originating from the Aegean, Italy, the Levant, and Egypt. This suggests a diverse trade network and cultural exchange in the region during this period. The research approach involved detailed excavation and analysis of pottery fragments, providing insights into the material culture and economic interactions of Nea Paphos during the early Roman era.
Integrated Investigation of Built Heritage Monuments: The Case Study of Paphos Harbour Castle, Cyprus
A novel approach combining non-destructive image processing with material sampling and laboratory analyses has successfully mapped degradation patterns on the masonry walls of Paphos Harbour Castle, Cyprus, without compromising its preservation. This multi-disciplinary methodology minimized invasive techniques while providing comprehensive insights into the monument's state of preservation across all external façades. The study demonstrated that rectified images, when paired with analytical methods, can offer a semi-automatic evaluation of deterioration on larger scales, enhancing our understanding of built heritage conservation.
Le Succès d’Harpocrate à Nea Paphos
Amulet discovery in Nea Paphos sheds light on widespread yet understudied cult of Harpocrates. Analysis reveals his significant presence in Cyprus, particularly at Nea Paphos, contrasting with scarce representations elsewhere (e.g., Amathontes, Salamine). The study interprets the amulet's significance and examines the god's societal reach across material classes through terracotta, glass, bronze, silver, and gold artifacts. Methodology includes epigraphic analysis and artifact examination, highlighting Harpocrates' cultural importance during the Graeco-Roman period.
The Late Roman Insula in Nea Paphos in the Light of New Research
New research on the late Roman insula in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveals unprecedented architectural and functional insights into the House of Aion and the North-Eastern House. This study, based on reanalyzing excavation data from 1982–2008 and fieldwork conducted between 2014–2016, identifies unique features not observed in other buildings from this period, significantly advancing our understanding of Nea Paphos during the late Roman era. Findings highlight the insula's longevity and its role in reflecting social, administrative, and economic transformations, while also contributing to the broader knowledge of residential and public architecture on Cyprus. The study addresses a critical gap in published literature by providing detailed observations of walls, floors, mosaics, paintings, and architectural decorations.
The Use of Photogrammetry in Archaeology and Multimedia Open-Air Performance in the Castle Square of Kato Paphos
Modern photogrammetry techniques, when applied to archaeological sites, not only facilitate detailed exploration and reconstruction of public spaces but also enable innovative interpretations of cultural heritage. A multimedia open-air performance in the Castle Square of Kato Paphos, Cyprus, demonstrated how 3D photogrammetric models can bridge archaeology with contemporary artistic expression, offering a dynamic way to disseminate findings to both academic and general audiences. The study outlines the methodology for capturing, processing, and publishing these models, highlighting their potential to enhance public engagement with UNESCO-listed sites like Paphos, which was inscribed in 1980.
Wall Paintings in the House of Aion at Nea Paphos
A rare reconstruction of figural wall paintings from the House of Aion in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveals a 4th-century AD ensemble featuring three Muses (Thalia, Urania, and Euterpe) and Apollo, typical of Mediterranean Roman domestic decoration. Excavated between 1984 and 1989, fragments from Room 7 allowed for the identification and hypothetical positioning of these figures, providing insight into their iconographic context. The study situates Paphos within broader Mediterranean artistic traditions, drawing parallels with sites like Ephesos (east) and Vichen (Luxembourg). The house's brief lifespan—constructed mid-4th century and demolished by an earthquake shortly after—offers a snapshot of Roman artistry during late antiquity.
Impact of Land Use Change to the Soil Erosion Estimation for Cultural Landscapes: Case Study of Paphos District in Cyprus
Land use changes significantly impact soil erosion and loss rates in cultural landscapes, with urban areas exacerbating runoff while natural vegetation mitigates water erosion. A study of Paphos District, Cyprus, used Earth Observation (EO) data from Landsat 5 TM and Sentinel-2 to assess land cover changes between the 1980s and present, comparing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values. The research found that urban expansion and agricultural activities increase soil erosion, particularly in areas of cultural heritage value. By analyzing the cover factor—measuring the effect of vegetation, crops, and human activity on soil stability—the study highlighted how land use shifts alter erosion dynamics, posing risks to both natural and archaeological landscapes.
Searching for the Kitchen in the Early Roman Phase of the ‘Hellenistic’ House at Nea Paphos (Cyprus)
Archaeological evidence from the Nea Paphos site in Cyprus reveals that rooms 22 and 23 likely served as a kitchen during the early Roman phase of destruction. A collection of fifteen cooking vessels, primarily deep globular pots from Cyprus, along with Italian lids and an orlo bifido pan, were found in situ within these rooms. Additionally, two Aegean cooking vessels—a globular pot and a baking dish—were discovered in room 23. The significant quantity and variety of cooking pottery suggest that these rooms functioned as a kitchen space, providing new insights into the domestic architecture and culinary practices of the period.
Un autre dispositif portuaire à Paphos ?
Recent archaeological evidence at Paphos, Cyprus, challenges the traditional understanding of its Hellenistic-era port infrastructure. While the New Paphos harbour, established by the end of the 4th century BCE and described in ancient texts, is widely believed to be located south of the modern city, new observations suggest additional maritime installations existed northwest of the city's gate. These structures, potentially careenage docks for military fleet maintenance, may have been constructed during the 2nd century BCE or after 145 BCE when Paphos became a key Ptolemaic naval hub. Their eventual burial under rubble, likely due to sediment deposition and seismic activity in the late 1st century BCE, aligns with the reconstruction of the southern harbour and the introduction of new wall towers during the Roman Imperial period. This discovery sheds light on Paphos' strategic maritime role and its evolving port infrastructure.
A Bronze Steelyard with an Acorn-Shaped Counterweight from the Paphos Agora
A Bronze Steelyard with an Acorn-Shaped Counterweight from the Paphos Agora reveals evidence of a local island weighting system distinct from the Roman pound (libra). The discovery, made during excavations at Nea Paphos' agora by the Department of Classical Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, includes a bronze steelyard, an acorn-shaped counterweight, and fragments of chain and hooks. This Pompeian-type steelyard, dated to the 1st century AD by analogy with other examples, demonstrates the use of a lever-based weighing device in Roman and Byzantine periods, offering insights into ancient trade practices and measurement standards.
Natural and human hazard assessment of the archaeological sites of Paphos area (Cyprus) with the use of remote sensing and GIS.
A significant portion of archaeological sites in the Paphos region, Cyprus, are located on areas prone to erosion and landslides, posing substantial risks to their preservation. This was revealed through an innovative risk assessment model that integrated remote sensing and GIS technologies, addressing limitations of traditional monitoring methods which are time-consuming and cost-inefficient. The study demonstrated how these modern tools can provide comprehensive spatial data analysis, enabling scientists to monitor both natural and anthropogenic hazards more effectively. Additionally, the research highlighted extensive construction activity in the broader area, further exacerbating risks to cultural heritage sites.
Nea Paphos. Seasons 2012 and 2013
Excavations at the Hellenistic House in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, revealed significant architectural and artifactual evidence from the 2nd century AD. The site, which collapsed due to an earthquake, yielded oblong tumble blocks, including entablature fragments of the eastern peristyle and acroteria depicting Dioskouroi symbols. A cistern beneath the courtyard contained two successive well-heads, one of which had collapsed into it. Notably, the disturbed fill from the courtyard surface included a sling bullet mold with scorpion relief decoration and fragments of 'Nabatean' capitals featuring schematic volutes. These findings provide insights into the architectural style and craftsmanship of the period, as well as the functional use of the space.
Reconstruction of a Façade of the House of Aion, Nea Paphos, Cyprus
A reconstruction of the façade of the House of Aion in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveals a cantilevered blind arcade with five spans, each featuring engaged columns supporting arches and shallow niches. This architectural design, inferred from excavated fragments including an arch, lintel, and consoles, draws parallels to similar structures such as the Porta Aurea at Diocletian's Palace in Split and the western façade of the Felix Romuliana Palace in Gamzigrad. The reconstruction provides insight into the decorative and structural sophistication of Roman architecture in Cyprus during the 1st century AD.
Aphrodite at the House of Orpheus in Nea Paphos
Thousands of terracotta fragments and complete figurines unearthed at the House of Orpheus in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveal a rich iconographic diversity centered on Aphrodite, the most depicted deity in this UNESCO World Heritage Site. This study, part of the 'Moulding Expressions of Culture' project, analyzes these artifacts—dated from the Hellenistic and Roman periods—to explore their typology, dating, distribution, composition, and coloration. The research highlights a striking variety of Aphrodite representations, offering new insights into ancient religious practices and artistic expression in Paphos.
Cultural heritage management and monitoring using remote sensing data and GIS: The case study of Paphos area, Cyprus
A multidisciplinary approach combining remote sensing and GIS analysis effectively assesses the risk to cultural heritage sites in Paphos, Cyprus. The study maps natural and anthropogenic hazards using satellite data and evaluates their impact on monuments, some of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. By integrating these hazards into a GIS environment and applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology, researchers can understand current conservation challenges and predict future risks. This cost-effective method provides valuable insights for preserving Paphos' rich archaeological landscape.
Geoarchaeological Studies in Paphos – First Results
A geoarchaeological study of Paphos, Cyprus, reveals that the ancient town's agora was likely fully built-up, with walls extending into undiscovered sections. The research used ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to map 95 north-south and 51 east-west profiles across Nea Paphos and its harbor area, overcoming challenges like pebble layers that obscured stone structures. Additionally, the study identified morphogenetic processes shaping coastal plains, contributing to a hypothesis explaining the bay's shrinkage and harbor decline. This approach combines geomorphological prospecting with advanced geophysical techniques to unravel the region's archaeological and geological history.
Impact of modern evolution of Paphos town to its ancient necropoleis: a multi-temporal GIS and earth observation analysis
Modern urban development in Paphos, Cyprus, poses significant risks to ancient Hellenistic and Roman necropoleis, which are primarily underground rock-hewn tombs. These sites, often discovered accidentally during infrastructure projects, suffer damage due to tight time constraints and lack of systematic excavation. To address this, the study employs multi-temporal GIS and earth observation techniques to monitor and sustainably plan for the preservation of these funerary landscapes. By leveraging remote sensing, researchers aim to mitigate the impact of modern urbanization on archaeological heritage, offering a proactive approach to conservation.
Moving to a new place: the cult of Paphia Aphrodite in Hellenistic Nea Paphos
Archaeological evidence confirms that the Hellenistic city of Nea Paphos, founded in the late 4th century BCE, continued to honor Aphrodite Paphia, the divine patroness also worshipped in the older city of Palaia Paphos. Epigraphic material from the site provides substantial proof of her cult's presence in the new settlement, shedding light on the continuity of religious practices during urban relocation. The study examines the identity and visual representation of the goddess—likely through a cult statue—and the probable location of her sanctuary within Nea Paphos.
Preliminary results of the organic residue analysis of 13th century cooking wares from a household in Frankish Paphos (Cyprus)
A pioneering organic residue analysis of 13th-century cooking wares from Frankish Paphos, Cyprus, reveals that glazed ceramics absorb and preserve food residues, offering a rare window into medieval Eastern Mediterranean foodways. The study, part of the POMEDOR Project, examined 11 vessels—including glazed pans/baking dishes, unglazed pots, and jugs—using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to identify animal products and potential wine derivatives. This confirms that ceramic analysis can reconstruct original vessel contents, advancing our understanding of medieval culinary practices through interdisciplinary historical, archaeological, and archaeometric research.
Some Initial Observations on a Building Excavated on Fabrika in Nea Paphos in Cyprus by the Australian Archaeological Mission
Recent excavations on Fabrika hill in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, reveal a substantial post-medieval stone building constructed from materials repurposed from the ancient theatre's ruins. This structure suggests industrial activity, potentially linked to the hill's name, and underscores the need for further investigation into its function and the urban dynamics between Fabrika and the theatrical precinct during Hellenistic and Roman periods. The study highlights gaps in understanding Nea Paphos' recent history and calls for a reassessment of this area's significance.
Vertebrate tracks in Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene (?) carbonate aeolianites, Paphos, Cyprus
A significant discovery of vertebrate tracks, including those likely made by dwarf hippopotami and dwarf elephants, was uncovered in Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene carbonate aeolianites near Paphos, Cyprus. These tracks, ranging from 5 to 23 cm in diameter, provide a rare opportunity to correlate fossilized footprints with the island's endemic fauna, which included the dwarf hippopotamus Phanourios minor and the dwarf elephant Elephas cypriotes. The study examined cross-bedded aeolianite exposures near Agia Solomoni Church and within the Tombs of the Kings, analyzing sedimentary structures to reconstruct ancient coastal dune environments. While absolute dating remains pending, the tracks' size and morphology strongly suggest they were made by these now-extinct species, offering insights into Cyprus's late Pleistocene ecosystem.
THz imaging studies of painted samples to guide cultural heritage investigations at the Enkleistra of St. Neophytos in Paphos, Cyprus
Terahertz (THz) imaging demonstrates potential to reveal concealed Byzantine wall paintings beneath layers of lead white, addressing limitations faced by traditional imaging techniques. This study repurposed a THz medical imaging system, originally designed for tissue hydration sensing, to achieve high-contrast imagery of painted plaster samples. The findings show sufficient contrast for feature identification even when obscured by thin layers of lead white or chalk, suggesting the technique's viability for in situ analysis at the Enkleistra of St. Neophytos in Paphos, Cyprus. Preliminary results highlight THz imaging's ability to probe beneath visible surfaces, though further research is needed to optimize spatial resolution and penetration depth.
Hero or God Comes to Nea Paphos
A bust of a young man with curly hair and a conical cap was unearthed during excavations at the Early Roman House in Nea Paphos, Cyprus. The discovery sparks debate over its identification, with strong evidence suggesting it could represent one of the Dioskouroi (divine twins) or Attis, a figure from Phrygian mythology. While both theories are compelling, the study does not conclusively resolve the ambiguity, highlighting the interpretative challenges in ancient iconography.
Magical Amulet from Paphos with the ιαεω- Palindrome
A significant archaeological discovery from Paphos, Cyprus, reveals a late Roman amulet (6th century AD) featuring a unique ιαεω- palindrome inscribed on its reverse. The amulet, unearthed during the 2011 Paphos Agora Project excavation, measures 39.41 x 41.32 x 4.81 mm and is crafted from siltstone. Its obverse depicts Harpocrates, Osiris, a crocodile, rooster, snake, half-moon, and star, while the reverse bears an eight-line Greek text translating to 'Yahweh is the bearer of the secret name, the lion of Re secure in his shrine.' The palindrome's 59 letters and the amulet's symbolism suggest a fusion of Eastern influences and solar motifs. Dated via Cypriot Red Slip Ware (AD 450-550), this artifact offers rare insight into late Roman magical practices and religious syncretism in Paphos.
The ‘Ephesian’ Terracotta Oil Lamps from the Agora of Nea Paphos
Archaeological evidence from the Paphos Agora Project suggests that Nea Paphos may have been a production site for 'Ephesian' terracotta oil lamps, a distinctive Hellenistic artifact widespread across the Mediterranean. These mould-made lamps, characterized by their unique form, clay composition, and ornamentation, date to the last two centuries BC and possibly the 1st century AD. The study examines specific findings that imply local manufacturing, contributing new insights into the economic and cultural significance of Nea Paphos during this period.
A London Charter's Visualization: The Ancient Hellenistic-Roman Theatre in Paphos
Virtual reconstruction of the ancient Hellenistic-Roman theatre in Paphos, Cyprus, successfully applies the principles of the London Charter to trace its architectural evolution. This approach combines digital modeling with historical analysis to visualize the theatre's development over time, providing a new method for studying complex heritage sites. The study highlights how virtual techniques can preserve and interpret cultural heritage while adhering to internationally recognized standards.
The contribution of Kraków archaeologists to excavating Nea Paphos, the ancient capital of Cyprus
Archaeological research at Nea Paphos, Cyprus, introduced a revised five-phase chronology for Hellenistic pottery, challenging prior architectural hypotheses. Ceramological studies by Kraków archaeologists, part of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology's excavation led by Wiktor Andrzej Daszewski, provided critical data supporting some theories while prompting re-evaluations in others. The study also marked the 40th anniversary of Daszewski's excavations and announced the launch of the Paphos Agora Project under new direction.
The Importance of Accounting for Atmospheric Effects in the Application of NDVI and Interpretation of Satellite Imagery Supporting Archaeological Research: The Case Studies of Palaepaphos and Nea Paphos Sites in Cyprus
Atmospheric correction significantly impacts NDVI values derived from satellite imagery, particularly in agricultural seasons, with relative differences reaching up to 50% if atmospheric effects are ignored. This study analyzed eleven Landsat TM/ETM+ images from 2009–2010 over archaeological and agricultural areas in Paphos, Cyprus, applying the modified Darkest Pixel (DP) algorithm for atmospheric correction. Results demonstrated that while absolute NDVI changes were small (0.06), they were statistically significant when assessed via Student’s t-test. The findings underscore the critical role of atmospheric correction in enhancing image interpretation and detecting archaeological crop marks, especially under conditions of minimal water vapor optical thickness. This research highlights a key consideration for multi-temporal satellite imagery analysis in archaeology.
Smart monitoring of water quality in Asprokremmos Dam in Paphos, Cyprus using satellite remote sensing and wireless sensor platform
A high correlation (R² = 0.83) between satellite reflectance data from Landsat TM band 3 and water turbidity was identified, demonstrating the potential for accurate, real-time water quality monitoring using remote sensing combined with autonomous sensor platforms. This study addresses a key challenge in water resource management by integrating wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with satellite data to reduce reliance on costly in-situ sampling. The research deployed an energy-autonomous floating buoy equipped with spectroradiometers and turbidity sensors at the Asprokremmos Dam in Paphos, Cyprus, collecting continuous measurements alongside Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery. Regression analysis revealed that TM band 3 provided the strongest correlation with turbidity, offering a scalable solution for monitoring water quality in dams across Cyprus.
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