Publications
Changes in the Diversity of Herbaceous Layer Under Typical Artificial Forests Along an Altitude Gradient in Mount Taishan
Research on Mount Taishan reveals distinct patterns of herb layer diversity along elevation gradients, differing significantly between Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus acutissima forests. In R. pseudoacacia forests, higher richness and diversity indices are observed at low elevations, reflecting a 'low-elevation advantage' pattern, while Q. acutissima forests show increased diversity at high elevations. The study also identifies contrasting relationships between herb layer richness and biomass: negative in R. pseudoacacia forests, where competitive interactions dominate, and positive in Q. acutissima forests, characterized by complementary interactions. These findings underscore the pivotal role of tree species composition in regulating biodiversity-ecosystem function dynamics.
Digital Preservation of Taishan Shadow Puppetry through Online Museum Design.
An online museum framework for Taishan shadow puppetry effectively addresses challenges of cultural transmission by integrating documentary preservation, interactive learning, and live engagement with inheritors. This approach goes beyond static archiving to foster participation, interpretation, and intergenerational attachment, as demonstrated through qualitative fieldwork in Tai’an, Shandong Province. The study identifies key issues—limited succession, declining audience engagement, cultural dilution, and constrained transmission pathways—and proposes a design that aligns with emotional design principles. This method ensures digital safeguarding supports dynamic heritage preservation while adapting to modern media habits.
Research on Value Activation of Taishan Cultural Ecosystem and Kinetic Energy Transformation Mechanism of Rural Revitalization
Mount Taishan, recognized as a dual natural and cultural UNESCO World Heritage Site, harbors a rich cultural ecosystem that integrates spiritual culture, historical relics, mountain ecology, and rural folk customs. Despite its superior resource endowments—including 15 national cultural relic protection units, 693 municipal intangible cultural heritage items, and a 94.8% forest coverage rate—the surrounding rural areas face challenges such as insufficient cultural value exploration, broken industrial transformation chains, and weak community vitality. This study proposes a three-stage value transformation mechanism—symbolization, scenarization, and productization—to activate the static Taishan cultural heritage into sustainable rural development capital. By leveraging official statistics, questionnaire data, and spatial census results, researchers identify local characteristic cultural genes, summarize typical rural development modes, and construct a multi-agent collaborative guarantee system. The findings aim to address the 'rich poverty' problem in heritage villages, offering theoretical support and practical models for rural revitalization in similar mountainous cultural regions across China.
Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Historic Buildings in the Mount Tai Region: Implications for Tourism Planning
Historic buildings on Mount Tai, China's first UNESCO World Heritage Mixed Property site, exhibit pronounced spatiotemporal distribution patterns shaped by natural and social factors. Research analyzing 451 protected structures reveals an I-shaped temporal fluctuation, with ancient architecture and sites forming the core (60% of total), influenced by preservation conditions, stability, and heritage designation preferences. Spatially, a clustering pattern emerges, shifting from southwest to northeast, transitioning from river basin to mountain belt concentration over 40 kilometers. These patterns stem from hydrological and topographical constraints in early stages, while later periods show stronger associations with fengshan ritual culture, religious activities, economic development, and governance. The study proposes a strategic spatial framework—one cultural pilgrimage ring and four thematic corridors—to guide sustainable tourism planning and heritage conservation, offering actionable insights for Mount Tai's cultural dissemination.
Design and Research of Project-based Teaching Serving Local Development: Construction and Inheritance of Cultural and Creative Products of "Taishan Mountain Picking Workers"
A novel approach to project-based teaching has been successfully applied to preserve and innovate the cultural heritage of Mount Taishan. This study demonstrates how integrating the historical culture of 'mountain-picking workers' into educational curricula can foster both cultural inheritance and creative product design, serving local development. By analyzing the metaphorical nature of cultural allusions and design symbols rooted in Mount Tai's background, researchers defined design themes and constructed two categories of cultural and creative products—daily necessities and decorative articles. This method not only clarifies the convergence between cultural elements and design but also effectively inherits China's traditional culture and spirit, offering a model for project-based teaching that bridges education, heritage preservation, and local economic growth.
Ensemble-Based Susceptibility Modeling with Predictive Symmetry Optimization: A Case Study from Mount Tai, China
A novel ensemble-based susceptibility modeling approach with predictive symmetry optimization achieves superior accuracy (AUC = 0.964) for geological hazard prediction at Mount Tai, China, outperforming individual machine learning models (max AUC = 0.927). This method addresses small-sample constraints by dynamically weighting models (MLP and XGB) based on output symmetry, reducing bias while maintaining robustness across six algorithms (LR, MLP, RF, GBDT, XGB, SVM). Key drivers of geohazards—elevation, slope, topographic wetness index, and road adjacency—were identified, with high-susceptibility zones concentrated in southeastern terrain and road-intensive areas. The approach combines grid search for hyperparameter tuning and SHAP values for factor contribution quantification, offering a scalable solution for small-sample risk assessment.
Exploring the relationship between destination image, tourist satisfaction, and loyalty among overseas visitors to Taishan using structural equation modelling
A study on Mount Taishan reveals that emotional engagement and perceived service quality are critical mediators between destination image, tourist satisfaction, and loyalty. Unlike traditional models, the research shows that these factors significantly enhance satisfaction, which in turn strengthens visitor loyalty more effectively than static branding efforts. The findings were derived from a hierarchical structural equation model (SEM) analyzing 1650 valid responses from international tourists during the 2023 peak season. This approach outperformed alternative methods like PLS-SEM and regression models across key performance indices, emphasizing the importance of experience design in heritage tourism management.
Research on Historical and Cultural Dissemination of Mount Taishan under the New Media Environment
Mount Taishan, a cornerstone of Chinese civilization, faces both opportunities and challenges in disseminating its rich historical and cultural heritage under the new media environment. This research identifies innovative methods to expand the modern dissemination of Taishan's history and culture by leveraging multi-dimensional approaches—'seeing, listening, and touching.' The study explores the laws governing new media dissemination and proposes active innovation in content and means to ensure effective and engaging cultural display. By doing so, it aims to bridge traditional heritage with contemporary digital communication strategies.
Research on the Application of Visual Elements of Taishan Blessing Culture in the Design of Cultural and Creative Products
Designing cultural and creative products using visual elements from Mount Taishan's blessing culture fosters innovation, uniqueness, and sustainable development within the site's industry. The study analyzes blessing culture across four dimensions—cultural explanation, visual element extraction, application conception, and design strategy—to derive principles for culturally rich product design. By integrating traditional motifs with modern creativity, this approach strengthens Mount Taishan's cultural heritage while driving economic growth through authentic, marketable outputs.
Research on the Cultural Connotation and Living Inheritance of Taishan Village Female Red Embroidery Based on Ecological Aesthetics
Female red embroidery from Taishan Village, Mount Taishan, embodies deep cultural connotations and ecological aesthetic value, reflecting natural beauty, regional traditions, and the harmony between humans and nature. The study constructs a theoretical framework based on three interrelated dimensions: natural ecology (using natural materials like cotton, linen, and silk), cultural ecology (preserving local history, customs, and female culture), and aesthetic ecology (embodying simplicity, innovation, and harmonious values). Grounded theory methods—including data collection, coding, and saturation testing—reveal how this craft symbolizes traditional roles while adapting to modern needs. Strategies for dynamic inheritance, such as awareness campaigns, talent cultivation, and industrial integration, are proposed to revitalize the practice, contributing to rural revitalization and ecological protection.
Research on the Genesis Mechanism of Hot Springs in the Middle Reaches of the Wenhe River
Geothermal clusters in the middle reaches of the Wenhe River, including key sites at Mount Taishan (Daidaoan), Culai Town (Qiaogou), and Feicheng (Anjiazhuang), are governed by distinct yet fault-controlled genetic mechanisms. The study reveals that while all areas share a dual groundwater recharge process—rapid infiltration through fissures and slow seepage with evaporative loss—their hydrochemical types and thermal reservoir temperatures vary significantly. Daidaoan exhibits lower temperatures (53.54–71.26 °C) typical of karst springs, whereas Qiaogou and Anjiazhuang display higher temperatures (up to 101.49 °C), characteristic of gravel or sandy shale springs. Isotope analysis further indicates recharge elevations ranging from 2865.76 to 4126.69 meters, with notable cold water mixing in shallow zones. This research advances the understanding of geothermal system dynamics in karst and sedimentary environments.
Analysis of vertical differentiation of vegetation in Taishan World Heritage site based on cloud model
Mount Taishan's man-made forests exhibit distinct vertical differentiation, with deciduous broad-leaved, temperate coniferous, and mixed coniferous-broadleaved forests showing unique elevation patterns. The study reveals that the core zone of mixed coniferous-broadleaved forests has a narrower height variation range (53.74 m) compared to deciduous broad-leaved (99.63 m) and temperate coniferous forests (121.70 m). Additionally, the fuzziness and randomness in the distribution height of lower extension zones are greater than those in upper extension zones for both deciduous broad-leaved and temperate coniferous forests. The findings also suggest a trend where deciduous broad-leaved tree species may encroach upon coniferous forest habitats. This research employs cloud model analysis, combining digital elevation models (DEM) with vegetation data to quantify uncertainty in vertical distribution, offering a novel method for detailed ecological studies.
Cultural Identity, Experience Quality and Revisit Intention to Mount Tai as A Heritage Tourism Destinations: Mediation Roles of Perceived Value, Perceived Destination Image and Satisfaction
A strong sense of cultural identity emerges as the most significant factor influencing tourists' revisit intentions to Mount Taishan. This study reveals that enhancing experience quality and maintaining a positive destination image are also critical for fostering repeat visitation. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) on data from 438 tourists, researchers found that satisfaction mediates the relationship between perceived value and revisit intention, underscoring its pivotal role in shaping tourist behavior. These insights highlight the importance of cultural connection and experience quality in promoting sustainable tourism at heritage destinations.
Cultural Transmission and Language Strategies in Mount Taishan Cultural Translation
Mount Taishan culture, one of China's oldest and most culturally rich traditions, faces significant challenges in cross-cultural communication due to language differences and cultural barriers. This study identifies effective strategies for accurately conveying the essence of Mount Taishan culture during translation, emphasizing the importance of language selection and the use of cultural symbols. By analyzing specific examples, the research proposes methods to ensure vivid and precise dissemination of this heritage on an international scale, offering valuable insights for its global promotion.
Does Host-Guest Interaction Stimulate Tourists’ Citizenship Behavior? A Combination of Social Exchange Theory and Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Research at Mount Taishan reveals that the quality of host-guest interactions significantly enhances tourist citizenship behavior (TCB), while the quantity does not. The study, combining social exchange and cognitive appraisal theories, found that high-quality interactions boost experiential value, which in turn fosters TCB. Additionally, positive evaluations of these experiences deepen tourists' place attachment to the destination, further encouraging TCB. Data from 499 visitors were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software, offering practical insights for destinations aiming to improve competitiveness and sustainability through optimized host-guest interactions.
Enhancing Emergency Rescue Capability in Scenic Areas Using Big Data Technology: A Case Study of Mount Tai Scenic Area
Big data technology significantly enhances emergency rescue capabilities in scenic areas, improving response efficiency and accuracy. A case study of Mount Tai Scenic Area demonstrates its potential to address shortcomings in current emergency systems. Researchers analyzed big data methods for emergency rescue operations, revealing that integrating real-time data analysis can optimize decision-making during crises. The findings highlight the need for better system design to fully leverage these advancements, offering actionable insights for heritage site management and disaster preparedness.
Gods of Mount Tai: Familiarity and the Material Culture of North China, 1000–2000
A comprehensive analysis of the evolution and material culture of gods on Mount Taishan, North China, from 1000 to 2000 CE reveals how familiarity with these deities shaped their worship over centuries. The study highlights the regional development of divine figures, bridging gaps in historical records and linking material artifacts to spiritual practices. By examining a long-term perspective (longue durée), it offers new insights into the cultural significance of Mount Taishan as both a natural landscape and a sacred site. This work integrates archaeological, textual, and anthropological evidence to demonstrate how gods became embedded in local traditions, influencing North China's material culture.
Research and Practice on the Integration of Taishan Culture into Primary and Secondary School-based Curriculum Development
Integrating Taishan culture into primary and secondary school curricula enhances students' cultural engagement and national pride. This study demonstrates that such integration fosters a deeper appreciation for Taishan's historical and cultural heritage, while also cultivating students' love for their motherland's history and strengthening their cultural self-confidence. The research employs a practical approach to curriculum development, focusing on the content and value of Taishan culture, which is one of China's most revered landscapes. By embedding this cultural education into school-based learning, students experience its powerful charm more directly, bridging academic knowledge with lived cultural experience.
Vertical ozone formation mechanisms resulting from increased oxidation on the mountainside of Mount Tai, China
A study on Mount Taishan, China, reveals that vertical ozone (O3) formation mechanisms differ significantly between the mountainside and ground level. Unlike the VOC-limited regime observed at surface sites, the mountainside exhibits a NOx-limited regime due to lower NO levels, which restrict hydroxyl radical (OH) recycling reactions. This leads to earlier O3 peaks, higher concentrations of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2), and organic peroxy radicals (RO2). The arrival of fresh air masses rich in NO accelerates OH radical cycling, enhancing atmospheric oxidation and impacting surface O3 concentrations through vertical transport. Simulations indicate that considering vertical transport reduces the peak O3 production rate at the surface due to differences in O3 formation sensitivity vertically. This study underscores the significant sensitivity of O3 formation to NO within the boundary layer (BL) and highlights the potential impact of vertical in situ O3 formation on surface-level concentrations, particularly in cities with mountainous terrain.
A common thread between the past and the present
Mount Taishan, along with other UNESCO World Heritage Sites in China, was assessed for its Periodic Report in 2002, marking a pivotal moment for heritage conservation in the country. This evaluation highlighted the growing importance of concepts like heritage routes and cultural landscapes, which were relatively new to China's cultural relic protection field at the time. The process revealed significant pressure on local authorities to meet international standards, underscoring the challenges and opportunities in preserving such sites. The study reflects the evolution of global heritage conservation practices and their adaptation within China, providing a historical perspective on the interplay between past and present in safeguarding cultural treasures.
A Study on Landscape Characteristics of Mount Tai Appearing in Guidebooks†
Mount Tai's landscape is predominantly natural, contradicting previous assumptions that human activities dominate its scenery. This study analyzed guidebooks to identify landscape types and elements, their spatial distribution, and temporal trends. Key findings include the prevalence of topography, structure, architecture, plants, semantics, human beings, and image elements in its landscapes. Notably, 'Fengshan,' 'sacrifices,' and 'legends' were prominent in the 1950s and 1980s, while 'climbing' and 'overlooking' gained prominence post-1990s. Spatial analysis revealed a concentration of landscape elements around Daiding and Dai Temple across all periods, suggesting these areas as critical for future scenic spot development. The study also observed a shift from concentrated to scattered distribution of landscape elements, extending beyond Mount Tai to Tai’an City, offering insights for landscape preservation and guidebook reproduction.
Authority over Death: Two Tales Related to the Lord of Mount Tai in Konjaku Monogatarishū
Two tales from the 12th-century Japanese setsuwa collection Konjaku Monogatarishū reveal how Daoist elements and traditional Chinese philosophical principles were reshaped into an integral part of Japan's orthodox structure by the late Heian period. Focusing on the Lord of Mount Tai, this study demonstrates that despite Daoism's rejection as a formal religion in Japan, its influence persisted deeply in Japanese esoteric cosmology and folk beliefs, contributing to the development of a more organized form of government. The research adopts a comparative Japan–China perspective, analyzing textual transformations within their historical and religious contexts.
Character Analysis of the Cognition, Willingness and Behavior of Tourists on Low-carbon Tourism—A Case Study of Mount Tai Scenic Spot
Tourists at Mount Taishan, a renowned UNESCO World Heritage Site and 5A-level scenic area, exhibit strong cognitive awareness of low-carbon tourism but show limited actual engagement due to prioritization of comfort, convenience, and economic factors. While education level and income significantly influence tourists' willingness to adopt low-carbon practices, their behavior remains constrained by practical considerations. The study highlights a disconnect between intention and action, offering insights for policymakers and businesses to bridge this gap through targeted strategies. This research provides a framework for promoting sustainable tourism while balancing visitor preferences with environmental goals.
Design of Air Environmental Monitoring System in Mount Taishan Scenic Spot
A stable and efficient air environmental monitoring system for Mount Taishan, leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded technologies, has been successfully implemented. The system, comprising a master station, substations, and a robust communication module using CAN bus technology, ensures reliable data acquisition, transmission, and processing of key air quality parameters such as PM2.5, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and carbon monoxide concentration. Extensive testing demonstrated the system's accuracy and timeliness in providing actionable data for environmental management, addressing critical concerns about air quality in scenic areas like Mount Taishan.
Evaluation of Tourism Climate Resources in Taishan Scenic Spot
The optimal travel period for Taishan Scenic Spot spans from April to October, with peak comfort conditions between May and September. This finding is derived from an evaluation of tourism climate resources using linear regression models that integrate temperature, humidity, cold index, clothing requirements, and comprehensive comfort metrics. The study identifies March to November as the suitable travel window, while January, February, and December are deemed unsuitable due to adverse climatic conditions. By establishing a climate tourism index, researchers provide actionable insights for tourists and site managers, balancing visitor experience with environmental sustainability.
Exploration of the Transformational Design of Mount Tai Cultural Intellectual Property (IP) Image
Mount Tai, China's first dual heritage site of culture and nature, faces urgent needs for cultural intellectual property (IP) image development due to the integration of culture and tourism. This study identifies transformative design patterns that can convert Mount Tai's rich cultural resources into valuable IP images. By analyzing existing cultural assets, the research provides a framework for similar transformations in other heritage sites, aiming to boost the cultural and tourism industry. The approach combines thorough resource review with innovative design strategies, offering practical insights for sustainable heritage development.
Gods of Mount Tai: Familiarity and the Material Culture of North China, 1000–2000 by Susan Naquin (review)
A monumental study reveals the evolution of the Jade Maiden, a deity worshipped at Mount Taishan (Tai Shan), from her modest origins to widespread cult status across North China between 1000 and 2000 CE. Susan Naquin's work demonstrates that the goddess's success stemmed not from bold innovation but from gradual adaptation to local material conditions, ensuring her familiarity through varied representations in stone, wood, clay, bronze, and iron. Naquin's meticulous analysis of temple architecture, material sources, and technical skills offers a novel framework for understanding religious change over time. The study challenges conventional narratives by emphasizing the role of material culture in shaping divine familiarity, providing a methodologically rigorous approach to studying religious diffusion.
On the Historical Data Collection and Study of the Culture of Mountain Tai Heaver
The culture of Mount Tai Heaver, a significant yet endangered component of Mount Tai's cultural heritage, is at risk of disappearing due to changing historical conditions. This study highlights the urgent need to rescue and consolidate this tradition through systematic data collection and analysis. By employing oral interviews, field investigations, and archival research, the authors identified key elements of heaver culture that are crucial for its preservation. The findings underscore the importance of government and societal involvement in safeguarding this cultural practice, which is vital for maintaining the integrity of Mount Tai's heritage. Recommendations are provided to address the endangered status of this tradition and ensure its survival for future generations.
The Structural Relationships between Storytelling of the World Heritage Site, Place Attachment, Eco-Friendly Activity Intention : Focused on China Mount Tai Shan
A study on Mount Taishan reveals that storytelling significantly enhances place attachment and eco-friendly behavior intentions among Chinese tourists. The research found that storytelling characteristics—uniqueness, educational value, interest, and ease of understanding—positively influence both place dependence and identity, which in turn foster pro-environmental intentions. Conducted through an online survey of 262 respondents with prior visit experience, the study highlights the potential for storytelling to strengthen emotional bonds between tourists and heritage sites, promoting voluntary environmental consciousness. These findings contribute valuable insights for environmental conservation strategies at Mount Taishan and offer a framework for activating other World Heritage Sites.
Tree Ring Width Responses of Pinus densiflora and Robinia pseudoacacia to Climate Variation in the Mount Tai Area of Northern China
Rising temperatures and fluctuating precipitation are significantly constraining tree ring growth in two dominant species, Pinus densiflora and Robinia pseudoacacia, at Mount Taishan. The study, spanning 1972–2022, reveals that while P. densiflora exhibits a declining trend in basal area increment, R. pseudoacacia shows initial stability followed by reduction. Tree ring width correlations with climate variables indicate complex dependencies: P. densiflora responds positively to warmer February–July temperatures and specific precipitation periods, whereas R. pseudoacacia is influenced by temperature shifts in October (previous year) and May–July (current year), with notable sensitivity to moisture conditions. Critical periods of growth restriction coincide with extreme climate events (1987–2019). Moisture indices emerge as the primary determinant of tree ring dynamics, underscoring the vulnerability of these species to climate change.
A Study on Landscape Characteristics of Mount Tai in Big Data
Mount Tai, while not the tallest mountain in China, holds significant cultural prestige. A study analyzing landscape experience data from social media revealed that elements like 'Mount Tai summit', 'ascension', and 'auspicious views' dominate public perception. Post-2020, there's a notable rise in 'ascension' mentions, indicating growing demand for outdoor activities and landscape experiences. The research also found that human activity remains the most important factor across time, but recent trends show a shift towards preferring natural landscapes. Spatial analysis showed that landscape elements are concentrated around the summit, with sparse distribution near sites like Lingyan Temple and Gaolishan. This study provides theoretical support for future conservation and improvement efforts of Mount Tai's landscape.
Characteristics of Ozone Pollution in Tai’an and Topographic Effects of Mount Tai
Ozone pollution in Tai'an, near Mount Taishan (Mount Tai), is significantly influenced by the mountain's topography. Analysis of data from 2016 to 2021 revealed that ozone concentrations frequently exceeded 180 μg/m³ during May to September, with peak pollution in June. The study found that higher temperatures (>30°C), low humidity (20-40%), and light winds (1-3 m/s) increased the likelihood of ozone exceedances, often accompanied by southerly winds. Monitoring stations at varying distances from Mount Tai showed that proximity to the mountain elevated ozone levels by 13-15 μg/m³, likely due to topographic obstruction. Simulations using the WRF-CMAQ model further demonstrated that reducing the mountain's height could decrease average ozone concentrations by up to 7.5 μg/m³ during pollution events in 2021.
Effects of Forest Gap and Seed Size on Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Quercus acutissima Plantation in Mount Tai, China
Research on Mount Taishan reveals that soil moisture regulation in forest gaps and seed size adaptability are critical factors influencing the germination and early growth of Quercus acutissima seedlings. The study found that larger seeds exhibit significantly higher emergence rates, ground diameter, biomass, and root development compared to smaller seeds. Seedlings in gap II demonstrated superior growth metrics than those under the understory (gap III), with precipitation and soil moisture playing pivotal roles in these outcomes. Correlation analysis highlighted strong positive relationships between seedling biomass and root surface area/volume, while negative correlations were observed with specific root length and surface area. These findings underscore the importance of environmental conditions and genetic traits in natural forest regeneration.
Effects of Precipitation and Soil Moisture on the Characteristics of the Seedling Bank under Quercus acutissima Forest Plantation in Mount Tai, China
A significant decline of 38.37% in the density of Quercus acutissima seedlings was observed between 2010 and 2017, particularly among seedlings measuring 20–40 cm in height. This reduction correlates with periods of high precipitation and soil moisture, notably in 2011 and 2013. The study found that while younger seedlings (2–4 years) exhibited no significant differences in biomass or root morphology, older seedlings (5–6 years) demonstrated greater biomass accumulation. Principal component analysis revealed that drought adaptation in these seedlings involved changes in root morphology, nonstructural carbohydrate content, and biomass allocation. These findings suggest that drought stress, combined with seedling adaptation mechanisms, plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the seedling bank under Q. acutissima plantations.
Gods of Mount Tai
A novel approach to studying Chinese gods and sacred sites reveals how the Lady of Mount Tai, North China's preeminent female deity, emerged as a flexibly gendered figure while her male predecessor faded. Susan Naquin's work, blending art history with religious scholarship, uncovers overlooked visual representations—statues, prints, murals, and paintings—from museums, auctions, and fieldwork to demonstrate the deity's enduring cultural significance despite historical neglect. This generously illustrated study highlights Mount Tai's resilience as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and China's most visited tourist destination, offering fresh insights into the materiality of regional worship practices.
Optimum Phenological Phases for Deciduous Species Recognition: A Case Study on Quercus acutissima and Robinia pseudoacacia in Mount Tai
Spring (12 May) emerges as the optimal phenological phase for distinguishing between Quercus acutissima and Robinia pseudoacacia on Mount Taishan, with recognition accuracy reaching 89.25%—significantly higher than in autumn or winter. The study leveraged multispectral imagery from Ziyuan-1 02C and Ziyuan-3 satellites, applying Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Maximum Likelihood models to analyze spectral differences across three phases. Band 4 proved the most sensitive for species recognition, while SVM outperformed MLE, achieving up to 93.59% accuracy for Q. acutissima and 85.44% for R. pseudoacacia when using sensitive spectral indices. These findings advance precision in remote-sensing forest monitoring, offering critical insights for UNESCO World Heritage Site management on Mount Taishan.
Research on ecological restoration strategies of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes and grasses in Mount Tai
A significant advancement in ecological restoration, this study provides actionable strategies for the comprehensive management of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, and grasses (M-R-F-F-L-G) ecosystems at Mount Taishan. As part of China's national pilot projects for M-R-F-F-L-G ecological protection, the research analyzes the implementation of the Taishan project and identifies key challenges. By proposing targeted solutions, it offers scientific guidance to enhance systematic restoration efforts, contributing to broader ecological conservation in critical areas like the Yellow River basin.
Rethinking the consequences of postmodern authenticity: the case of a World Cultural Heritage in Augmented Reality
Postmodern authenticity significantly enhances visitor satisfaction and travel intention at UNESCO World Heritage Sites, particularly when experienced through Augmented Reality (AR). A study on Mount Taishan, China, found that postmodern authenticity positively influences both Sense of Presence and Telepresence, with a stronger impact on the former. Both types of presence further boost satisfaction and travel intention, with Sense of Presence having a more pronounced effect. The research draws on presence theory and postmodernist perspectives to rethink the consequences of authenticity in digital tourism experiences.
Study on the Development and Protection Strategy of Geopark of Geological Relics Based on the Idea of Sustainable Development
Mount Taishan, the world's first 'World Natural and Cultural Heritage' site, offers significant potential for sustainable development through its rich geological relics, environmental landscapes, and ecological systems. A study proposes a strategy to balance tourism-driven economic growth with the preservation of these resources, emphasizing standardized management, interdepartmental coordination, and professional training. By integrating geopark development with broader regional tourism strategies, the research suggests that Taishan can achieve a harmonious, prosperous economy while enhancing the scientific and cultural quality of life for local residents. The approach involves fostering collaboration across industries to address gaps in knowledge and experience, ensuring long-term sustainability.
The Evaluation and Key-Factor Identification of the Influence of Tourism on the Soil of Mount Tai
Tourism significantly disrupts soil quality and accelerates heavy metal accumulation at UNESCO World Heritage Site Mount Taishan, according to new research. The study used a complex network method to analyze 10 scenic and control soil samples, revealing that tourism increases organic matter (OM), alkali-dissolved nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP) while reducing available potassium (AK). Heavy metal concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) also rose notably. Soil microbial activity and diversity slightly declined, and network analysis showed reduced connectivity among soil variables, destabilizing the ecosystem. Prioritizing OM and AN enhancement alongside Cd pollution control is critical to mitigating tourism's impact. The study highlights the potential of complex networks in assessing soil degradation mechanisms.
Towards a Buddhist History of Mount Tai
A significant gap in the understanding of Mount Tai, China's Sacred Peak, has been addressed by uncovering its Buddhist history, which was previously overshadowed by state cult and Daoist traditions. This study reveals that Buddhist establishments on Mount Tai began as early as the late fifth century, with monk Senglang (ca. 315–400) credited with establishing the 'first monastery.' The research integrates archaeological evidence with textual sources, including a notable Northern Qi dynasty artefact—the giant Diamond Sutra inscribed in Sutra Stone Valley—situating it within a broader network of early Buddhist sites. This approach provides a nuanced perspective on the acculturation of Buddhism on Mount Tai, enriching our knowledge of its religious and cultural significance.
A Study on the Landscape Elements and Distribution Characteristics of Mount Tai Appearing in Poems
Mount Tai's landscape elements, particularly 'sunrise,' 'cyan,' 'towering,' and 'majestic,' along with the symbol of the 'Divine Dragon,' are found to embody cultural significance representing hope, vitality, and national stability. Unlike previous research focusing on natural landscapes, Mount Tai is characterized by human activities. The study also reveals a shift in landscape elements from belief-based in Pre-Qin, Sui, and Tang dynasties to experience-based in modern times, marked by actions like climbing and looking into the distance. Spatial distribution analysis shows a transition from a widely scattered distribution centered around Daiding to a narrow linear distribution focused on Mount Tai's summit, providing key insights for future landscape protection and restoration efforts.
Analysis on the Layout Evolution and External Space Characteristics of the Red Gate Palace in Taishan
The Red Gate Palace on Mount Taishan exemplifies a harmonious integration of architecture and natural surroundings, creating a dynamic spatial sequence that blends yin-yang aesthetics with functional design. Its layout, featuring guided pathways like the climbing route and Feiyun Pavilion, along with meticulously proportioned courtyards—including the east-west courtyards and Little Taishan Temple—demonstrates ingenious spatial organization. The structure leverages Mount Tai’s forest environment to evoke a negative yin-yang impression, balancing waterfront views with rear hills while maintaining rhythmic progression. This study analyzes the palace’s historical evolution and current state, highlighting its artistic and functional brilliance as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Constraining Emission Estimates of CFC-11 in Eastern China Based on Local Observations at Surface Stations and Mount Tai
A study reveals that eastern China, particularly Shandong province, has been emitting significantly more trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) than previously estimated. Using local observations from 2012 to 2018 at five sites—including rural areas and background stations like Mount Tai and Tuoji Island—the research found CFC-11 mixing ratios 17–23% above global background levels, with even larger enhancements in air masses passing through the Shandong Peninsula's polyurethane foam industry. Tracer-based estimates using carbon monoxide (CO), chloroform (CHCl₃), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) suggest CFC-11 emissions in eastern China ranged from 12.0 ± 1.6 to 20.8 ± 3.9 gigagrams per year, averaging 14.7 ± 4.3 Gg/year between 2014 and 2018. These findings indicate that actual emissions may be higher than global models suggest.
Impact of Robinia pseudoacacia stand conversion on soil properties and bacterial community composition in Mount Tai, China
Converting Robinia pseudoacacia stands from seedling to coppice plantations significantly reduces soil quality and alters bacterial community composition, potentially undermining the species' role in soil restoration. The study found that while total carbon and nitrogen decreased in rhizosphere soils, nutrient availability increased, with notable shifts in bacterial diversity and structure. Proteobacteria and Rhizobium abundance rose, while Actinobacteria declined, correlating with reduced nutrient availability. Nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) emerged as a key factor influencing bacterial distribution, explaining 15.12% of the variation. These changes suggest spatial-temporal homogenization in microbial communities, which may accelerate the decline of R. pseudoacacia and its effectiveness in restoring barren mountain lands.
Modelling tree height-diameter relationship of Quercus acutissima in a coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Mount Tai, China
Researchers identified the Logistic model as the most accurate for predicting tree height and diameter relationships of Quercus acutissima in Mount Tai's coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests. The study analyzed data from a 0.6-hectare permanent forest plot, applying six empirical models—Linear, Power, Chapman-Richards, Logistic, Korf, and Weibull—to assess their predictive power. While all models performed well, the Logistic model demonstrated superior fitting effects, offering a reliable tool for simulating tree growth in this unique ecosystem. This finding provides valuable insights for forest management and conservation efforts at Mount Taishan.
Mysteries of the Epicenter and Magnitude of China’s Mount Taishan Earthquake Solved
Scientists have solved the long-standing mystery of China's earliest recorded earthquake, the Mount Taishan event from 1831 BCE. By analyzing seismic and geological data from the Anqiu area, approximately 200 km away from Mount Taishan, researchers identified soft-sediment deformation structures in the Holocene Heituhu Formation (Q4H). These structures, including seismic subsidence synclines, pinch-and-swell formations, and co-seismic micro-faults, provided evidence of the earthquake's epicenter and magnitude. This groundbreaking discovery sheds light on one of history's most enigmatic seismic events.
Planning the Protection and Digital Construction of Mount Tai Stone Inscriptions
A digital heritage protection system for Mount Tai's stone inscriptions has been developed, integrating spatial information technologies to address environmental risks and ensure sustainable preservation. The system enables 3D visualization, remote monitoring, and innovative cultural transmission models while improving risk assessment and protective measures. By leveraging digital archiving and modeling, the approach supports both the conservation of these immovable cultural relics and the enhancement of cultural tourism products.
Regeneration Characteristics and Spatial Pattern of Platycladus orientalis in Mount Tai, China
Research on Platycladus orientalis at Mount Taishan reveals that while the species exhibits strong natural regeneration capabilities and an aggregated spatial distribution pattern, understory regeneration alone is insufficient for long-term forest stability. The study, conducted in a 30 m × 20 m sample plot, found that parent trees promote seedling growth within a certain scale but that artificial intervention—such as thinning and structural adjustments—is necessary to align with near-natural forest management principles while ensuring sustainable development. These findings underscore the need for balanced human intervention to optimize ecological outcomes without compromising long-term biodiversity.
Rhizoma polygonati from Mount Tai: nutritional value and usefulness as a traditional Chinese medicine, source of herbzyme, and potential remediating agent for COVID-19 and chronic and hidden hunger
Research highlights the potential of Rhizoma polygonati (Huangjing) from Mount Taishan as a multifunctional traditional Chinese medicine with anti-COVID-19, antidiabetic, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. The study reveals that processed Rhizoma polygonati contains nanoflower structures, which exhibit herbzyme activity—enhancing enzymatic efficiency at the nanoscale. These findings suggest novel applications for Mount Taishan-Rhizoma polygonati in addressing chronic hunger, food shortages, and clinical nanomedicine. The mild climate and dense forests of Mount Taishan contribute to its unique medicinal value and nutritional benefits, positioning it as a promising source for developing functional foods and emergency rations with quality markers for anti-COVID-19 potential.
Source Apportionment of Regional Ozone Pollution Observed at Mount Tai, North China: Application of Lagrangian Photochemical Trajectory Model and Implications for Control Policy
A significant increase in ozone pollution over the North China Plain (NCP) has been identified, with Mount Tai serving as a key indicator for regional air quality. The study found that ozone pollution days rose sharply from 2006–2009 to 2018, particularly during warm seasons (April–September), where concentrations exceeded 75 ppbv on 59%–92% of days. Using a Lagrangian photochemical trajectory model, researchers traced the NCP as the primary source region, contributing 74% ± 27% to ozone levels during pollution episodes. The study revealed distinct regional sensitivities: southern air masses were highly sensitive to NOx emissions, while northern ones were limited by anthropogenic hydrocarbons, especially alkenes. Emission reductions from transportation and industry sectors could significantly mitigate ozone levels. Additionally, biomass burning influenced regional ozone under certain conditions. This research underscores the importance of mountaintop observations in assessing surface-level pollution and provides actionable insights for regional emission control policies.
Study on Mountain Space in Mount Tai Region Based on GIS Spatial Data Analysis
A comprehensive analysis of Mount Taishan's mountain space, leveraging advanced GIS and remote sensing technologies, reveals significant insights for landscape planning. The study identifies critical spatial patterns, including road networks, water systems, and the sensitivity of hogback mountains in the region, using SPOT satellite imagery and big data analytics. These findings establish a robust geographic information database that enhances decision-making for future landscape, forest, lake, field, grassland, and community development. This approach not only improves the scientificity and feasibility of spatial planning but also provides essential data support for sustainable development in the Mount Tai region.
The Effect of Different Afforestation Tree Species on Plant Diversity after 50 Years on Mount Tai, China
After 50 years, afforestation with Robinia pseudoacacia significantly reduces tree layer richness and diversity compared to other species on Mount Tai. Pinus tabulaeformis and larch plantations show lower shrub layer diversity, while Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis plantations exhibit reduced herb layer richness. Notably, Mount Tai's plantations outperform those of Mount Meng and Mount Yi in herb layer diversity metrics. These findings highlight the long-term impact of tree species selection on plant biodiversity, offering critical insights for future forest restoration strategies.
The effect of Robinia pseudoacacia expansion on the soil particle size distribution on Mount Tai, China
Robinia pseudoacacia expansion on Mount Tai significantly alters soil particle size distribution (PSD), increasing clay and silt content while reducing sand, thereby lowering soil heterogeneity. Using fractal theory, the study found that R. pseudoacacia growth decreases capacity dimension, entropy dimension, and correlation dimension but expands the PSD range and density. These changes suggest that clonal spread of R. pseudoacacia homogenizes soil structure, with implications for ecosystem restoration and soil quality management in artificial afforestation settings.
Design of Tourism Intelligent Recommendation Model of Mount Tai Scenic Area Based on Knowledge Graph
A novel tourism intelligent recommendation model for Mount Taishan (Mount Tai) leverages knowledge graph technology to deliver precise, personalized recommendations. The model integrates diverse tourism data, constructs a knowledge graph of scenic spots, and performs clustering analysis to assess user preferences. By calculating correlations between users and specific attractions, it generates tailored recommendation lists and service schemes, focusing on high-potential visitors. This approach enhances the accuracy and attractiveness of tourism services, supporting targeted marketing strategies for Mount Taishan's sustainable development.
Sources of nitrous acid (HONO) in the upper boundary layer and lower free troposphere of the North China Plain: insights from the Mount Tai Observatory
A study conducted at the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mount Taishan (Mt. Tai), reveals that nitrous acid (HONO) acts as a significant source of atmospheric OH radicals, crucial for tropospheric chemistry, particularly in the upper boundary layer and lower free troposphere of the North China Plain (NCP). Unlike ground-level observations, HONO at Mt. Tai exhibited distinct diurnal patterns with broad noontime maxima and lower nighttime concentrations, attributed to planetary boundary layer evolution and valley breeze effects. The research identified a strong unknown daytime HONO source, with production rates of 0.45±0.25 ppb h⁻¹ in winter and 0.64±0.49 ppb h⁻¹ in spring, suggesting photo-enhanced heterogeneous conversion of NO₂ to HONO on aerosol surfaces as a dominant process. The findings highlight the critical role of HONO photolysis in OH radical production and atmospheric oxidation capacity, challenging models that rely solely on homogeneous sources.
The Effect of Topographic Correction on Forest Tree Species Classification Accuracy
Topographic correction significantly enhances the accuracy of forest tree species classification using remote-sensing data, with the SCS+C model and empirical rotation model outperforming others. These models reduce band standard deviation, adjust reflectance distribution, and improve image quality, particularly in shaded areas. While total accuracy increased by 4% with full-coverage training areas and nearly 13% with shadowless training areas when using the SCS+C model, inconsistency rates decreased notably within an illumination condition interval of 0.4–0.6 but rose with higher values. The study, conducted at Mount Taishan forest farm using Landsat 8 OLI data and random forest classification, demonstrates that topographic correction is a valuable pretreatment method for classifying dominant tree species in low-light intensity areas.
The Optical Properties of Aerosols at the Summit of Mount Tai in May and June and the Retrieval of the Complex Refractive Index
Aerosols at the summit of Mount Tai exhibit strong absorption and weak scattering properties, with a complex refractive index (n = 1.38 ± 0.27, k = 0.040 ± 0.056) that differs from other aerosol types. Researchers analyzed data collected between May and June 2017 to determine the optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in East China. The study found a strong correlation between the imaginary part (k) of the refractive index and environmental factors like wind speed and temperature, providing new insights for regional aerosol modeling. This research advances understanding of aerosol behavior in a UNESCO World Heritage Site, offering critical data for future climate studies.
Tree Species Distribution Change Study in Mount Tai Based on Landsat Remote Sensing Image Data
A significant shift in tree species distribution at Mount Tai was identified over 16 years using advanced remote sensing techniques. The study revealed that while the dominance of pine species declined by 5.47%, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) expanded notably, increasing its share from 10.15% to 13.75%. This expansion reflects broader ecological changes in the region's forest composition. Researchers employed Landsat multispectral remote sensing data from 2000 and 2016, processed on Google Earth Engine (GEE), alongside field surveys and topographic correction using an empirical rotation model. The random forest classifier achieved high accuracy in species classification, providing robust data for analysis. These findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring in understanding and conserving biodiversity at UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Assessment of Carbonaceous Aerosols at Mount Tai, North China: Secondary Formation and Regional Source Analysis
Aerosol concentrations at Mount Tai, North China, reveal significant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, particularly during cloud/fog events, with OC and EC levels exceeding those recorded at other domestic or international sites. The study identified three primary emission sources—diesel vehicle exhaust, biomass burning, and a mix of gasoline vehicle emissions with coal combustion—contributing 26.4%, 19.0%, and 54.5% to carbonaceous aerosols, respectively. Regional sources in the northwest, southwest, and east coastal areas also significantly impacted PM2.5 loading. The research employed thermal-optical reflectance (TOR) analysis and source apportionment techniques like PSCF and PMF to characterize these patterns.
Effects of leaf litter decomposition on bacterial community structure in the leaf litter of four dominant tree species in Mount Tai
Leaf litter decomposition rates vary significantly among four dominant tree species at Mount Taishan, with Robinia pseudoacacia exhibiting the fastest decomposition. This study used decomposition bags and Illumina Miseq sequencing to analyze bacterial community structure and diversity in leaf litter from R. pseudoacacia, Quercus acutissima, Pinus tabulaeformis, and Pinus densiflora over one year. Results showed that decomposition rates and chemical changes (e.g., reduced carbon and lignin content, increased nitrogen and phosphorus) influenced bacterial diversity, with broadleaf species supporting higher bacterial richness than coniferous ones. Notably, initial C/N and lignin/N ratios correlated strongly with bacterial community structure, highlighting the role of litter chemistry in shaping microbial dynamics. These findings advance understanding of how tree species identity affects forest ecosystem processes.
Exploring parameter selection for carbon monitoring based on Landsat-8 imagery of the aboveground forest biomass on Mount Tai
A novel feature selection method using support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) significantly enhances the accuracy of estimating aboveground forest biomass on Mount Taishan, outperforming traditional stepwise regression techniques. This approach leverages Landsat-8 imagery to identify optimal parameter subsets for biomass estimation, addressing critical challenges in global carbon monitoring under the United Nations' REDD+ mechanism. The study demonstrates that integrating single-band information, vegetation indices, texture features, and terrain factors can improve AGB estimation precision, offering a robust tool for environmental protection and climate stabilization efforts.
Mount Taishan Forest Ecosystem Health Assessment Based on Forest Inventory Data
A significant portion of Mount Taishan's forest ecosystem is in sub-health or unhealthy conditions, with 60.5% classified as sub-healthy and 16% as unhealthy, including 98 hectares in extremely poor health. This assessment, conducted using GIS spatial analysis and a comprehensive indicator system based on local forest inventory data, reveals that only 23.5% of the total forest area is of high or healthy quality. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted measures to improve forest health and support sustainable development in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The evolution and identification of cultural landscape value in protected areas: A case of Mount Tai
Mount Tai's cultural landscape value evolves through five distinct stages, transitioning from natural reverence to political symbolism, religious significance, folk customs, and finally conservation. This study identifies a pattern of value transformation—from singular to comprehensive, from elite to public, and from separation to integration—shaped by historical, social, and aesthetic factors. The findings highlight the dynamic interplay between nature and culture, with four key elements: ideas, conditions, behaviors, and spatial results, emphasizing integrity, systematicness, and adaptability. Strategies for identifying cultural landscape value should prioritize continuity, authenticity, and a scientific assessment framework. This research provides a model for managing protected areas, offering insights applicable to UNESCO World Heritage Sites and national parks globally.
The Sacred Mount Taishan in the Profane Space of the Contemporary Culture Industry of PRC
A study reveals the tension between Mount Taishan's sacred heritage and its commodification within China's contemporary culture industry, particularly through projects like the "Culture Industry Park of Mount Taishan" initiated in 2009. The research examines how the landscape spectacle "Chinese Taishan: The Great Sacrifice to Heaven and Earth" blends historical reverence with economic goals, raising concerns about the potential dissonance between symbolic Chineseness and profit-driven exploitation. By analyzing official media coverage and spectator feedback, the study highlights the fragile balance between preserving cultural significance and commercializing it for state benefit.
The Stone of Mount Tai: Shigandang Worship in Northern China and the Power of Symbols
A groundbreaking study on Mount Taishan challenges the conventional separation of symbolic meaning and material agency, demonstrating how stones from the holy mountain are perceived and worshipped as interconnected entities. The research reveals that the symbolic power of these stones is intricately linked to human perception and bodily experience, reflecting a local understanding of networks and associations akin to Latourian perspectives. Ethnographic evidence and theoretical analysis were employed to explore this phenomenon, offering new insights into the relationship between material objects, symbols, and human agency in Northern Chinese culture.
Effects of fine root decomposition on bacterial community structure of four dominated tree species in Mount Taishan, China
Fine root decomposition rates vary significantly among tree species on Mount Taishan, with broad-leaved species like Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus acutissima decomposing faster than coniferous species such as Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus densiflora. This study used high-throughput sequencing to analyze bacterial community structure during decomposition, revealing that broad-leaved species exhibit lower bacterial diversity compared to conifers. The findings highlight how substrate characteristics influence microbial communities, providing insights into ecosystem function dynamics in terrestrial environments.
Numerical simulation of groundwater age distributions in the hierarchical subsurface flow system: a case study of Jinan in northern China
Groundwater age distributions in Jinan, northern China, reveal a hierarchical subsurface flow system influenced by topography and aquifer lithology. This study identifies nested local, intermediate, and regional flow systems from Mount Taishan's piedmont to the Qiguang Fault, with groundwater age increasing along flow paths and abruptly near stagnation points—a key boundary between different flow hierarchies. Using a coupled groundwater flow and age transport model, researchers simulated these dynamics, providing critical insights for aquifer management and rational groundwater resource development in Jinan.
Research on Scenic Distributing Flow Scheduling and Security Application Based on Matlab
A novel gravity-distribution dispatching model, developed using Matlab and mathematical modeling, effectively addresses the challenges of high tourist traffic and crowding intensity at Mount Taishan during peak periods. This approach optimizes the allocation of diversion resources based on scenic spot load rates, prioritizing attractions with higher demand to mitigate congestion and ensure smoother tourist movement. The study leverages comprehensive data analysis, including passenger flow trends, online sales, and reservation records, to formulate a detailed diversion plan that not only distributes resources more rationally but also provides actionable measures for security. By integrating spatial-temporal dimensions, the model offers a scientifically grounded solution to the 'head-on collision' problem of tourists moving in opposite directions on downhill paths, enhancing both visitor experience and safety at this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Chemical composition and droplet size distribution of cloud at the summit of Mount Tai, China
A significant increase in cloud water acidity at Mount Taishan, China, was observed between 2014 and previous studies (2007–2008), with pH levels rising from 3.86 to 5.87. This shift was attributed to higher nitrate and ammonium concentrations, particularly the overcompensation of ammonium, which neutralized acidity. The study also revealed that cloud droplets at Mount Taishan were predominantly smaller than 26.0 µm, with most ranging between 6.0–9.0 µm, peaking at 7.0 µm. High liquid water content (LWC) broadened droplet size distribution and facilitated the formation of larger droplets. Additionally, higher PM2.5 levels correlated with increased soluble ion concentrations, smaller droplet sizes, and greater droplet numbers, suggesting a strong interaction between cloud droplets and atmospheric aerosols. The research highlights clouds as an important sink for soluble atmospheric materials and emphasizes the need to consider the dilution effect when estimating cloud-phase component concentrations.
Forest Above Ground Biomass Estimation from Remotely Sensed Imagery in the Mount Tai Area Using the RBF ANN Algorithm
A novel approach using radial basis function artificial neural networks (RBF ANNs) significantly enhances the accuracy of estimating forest above-ground biomass (AGB) from remotely sensed imagery, outperforming traditional methods like multivariate linear regression and other neural network models. This study applied Landsat 8 OLI imagery and field data to model AGB in Mount Tai, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Shandong Province, China. The RBF ANN demonstrated superior precision compared to k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and backpropagation artificial neural networks (BP ANNs), offering a more efficient and reliable tool for assessing forest productivity and carbon cycling dynamics. This advancement supports better-informed forest management and scientific planning.
Influence of Cloud/Fog on Atmospheric VOCs in the Free Troposphere: A Case Study at Mount Tai in Eastern China
Cloudy and foggy conditions at Mount Tai in eastern China significantly increase the accumulation of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with oxy-VOCs (OVOCs) contributing 67% to total VOCs on cloudy/foggy days compared to 72% on non-cloudy days. Acetone emerged as the most abundant compound, reaching 18 ppb under cloudy conditions versus 15 ppb otherwise. Surprisingly, while overall VOC concentrations rose in cloudy/foggy weather, most OVOCs were more prevalent during non-cloudy periods, suggesting atmospheric photochemical reactions play a role in their depletion. Air mass trajectory analysis linked increased VOC levels to pollution from heavily industrialized regions. The study highlights that VOC dynamics at Mount Tai are influenced by a complex interplay of factors including cloud/fog presence, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and direction, with OVOCs and aromatics being key contributors to ozone formation potential.
Study on quantitative terrain analysis based on DEM
A novel method for quantitatively analyzing topographic relief in small areas, such as Mount Tai (Taishan), has been developed. This approach combines Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) and the Minimum Bounding Rectangle technique to create moving windows, enabling precise spatial analysis using 30-meter resolution DEM data from Taishan District. The study reveals a strong correlation between Relief Amplitude and contour frequency distribution, offering a new algorithm for classifying topographic relief degrees. This method enhances the understanding of terrain characteristics in UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Mount Taishan, providing valuable insights for conservation and management efforts.
Altitudinal Patterns of Species Diversity and Phylogenetic Diversity across Temperate Mountain Forests of Northern China
Plant diversity and phylogenetic structure vary distinctly along elevation gradients on Mount Tai and Mount Lao, revealing complex patterns driven by environmental factors. Total species richness decreases monotonically with altitude, while tree richness follows a unimodal pattern. Shrub and herb richness show inconsistent trends between the two mountains, with anthropogenic disturbances increasing understory diversity at low elevations. Phylogenetic structure on Mount Tai exhibits an inverted hump-shaped pattern, suggesting environmental filtering dominates at high and low elevations, whereas competition drives middle-elevation assembly. Mount Lao's milder climate obscures clear phylogenetic patterns. Both phylogenetic and species beta diversity increase with altitudinal divergence, but these do not fully mirror species richness patterns. Conservation efforts should prioritize areas balancing high species richness and phylogenetic diversity to enhance future diversification potential.
Applied research on virtual reality technology in digital display design
Virtual reality (VR) technology shows significant potential but varying effectiveness in enhancing digital displays of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. A study using BP neural network theory and questionnaire surveys evaluated VR's impact on four sites: Mount Huangshan, Mount Taishan, the Forbidden City, and Wuzhen Town. The research found that while VR effectively improved digital display effects for Mount Huangshan and the Forbidden City, its performance was less optimal for Mount Taishan and Wuzhen Town, aligning with real-world observations. This suggests that the applied evaluation model used in the study is both reasonable and effective in assessing VR's role in cultural heritage preservation.
Impact of biomass burning on soil microorganisms and plant metabolites: A view from molecular distributions of atmospheric hydroxy fatty acids over Mount Tai
Biomass burning events (BBEs) significantly impact soil microorganisms and plant metabolites, as evidenced by increased concentrations of hydroxy fatty acids (FAs) during high BBE periods over Mount Tai. The study found that BBEs enhance the atmospheric presence of epicuticular waxes, soil microbes, and biomass combustion tracers like levoglucosan and endotoxin. While relative abundances of hydroxy FAs remained consistent between high and low BBE periods, their absolute concentrations spiked during intense burning, indicating a strong association with agricultural waste combustion and dust re-suspension. Back trajectory analysis further revealed the role of BBEs in transporting bacteria and plant metabolites across regions. This research highlights the complex interactions between biomass burning, microbial activity, and atmospheric chemistry, offering insights into the broader environmental impacts of agricultural practices.
Shandong Province and tourism: an examination of World Heritage Sites
Shandong Province, China, is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS): the temple and cemetery of Confucius and the Kong family mansion in Qufu, and Mount Taishan. The study evaluates these sites against UNESCO's ten criteria for WHS designation, finding that Mount Taishan meets seven criteria, including its role as a masterpiece of human creativity, its significance in landscape design, and its representation of traditional human settlement. Both sites are also linked to living cultural traditions with universal significance. While Shandong Province promotes tourism through a Mandarin-language website, the study highlights the need for strategic efforts to maximize the benefits of these WHS for the region. The research focuses on the criteria met by each site and suggests targeted strategies to enhance their impact on local tourism.
Significant increase of summertime ozone at Mount Tai in Central Eastern China
A significant increase in summertime ozone (O₃) levels has been observed at Mount Tai, the highest mountain over the North China Plain, with rates of 1.7 ppbv per year in June and 2.1 ppbv per year for July–August averages from 2003 to 2015. This finding, supported by a global chemistry-climate model (GFDL-AM3), attributes the rise primarily to increased emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), despite a decline in nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) since 2011. The study highlights that controlling NOₓ alone is insufficient for reducing regional O₃ levels in North China, emphasizing the need for concurrent VOC emission controls. Researchers analyzed long-term surface O₃ measurements and satellite data to quantify decadal changes and identify key precursors driving ozone production.
Analysis of factors affecting mountainous land surface temperature in the summer：a case study over Mount Tai
Mount Taishan's land surface temperature (LST) is primarily influenced by elevation and surface moisture, with elevation showing a natural logarithmic decrease in LST as it increases. A study using Landsat 5 TM6 data and single-window algorithm-derived LST found that while slope, aspect, and solar radiation had minimal impact, normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) was more effective than normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in expressing LST, especially in non-aquatic areas. NDMI exhibited a linear negative correlation with LST, whereas NDVI showed a quadratic relationship. Stepwise regression analysis confirmed that surface moisture characteristics were the dominant factor, followed by elevation. These findings provide scientific insights into the spatial variability and mechanisms of mountain LST.
Determination of gaseous and particulate carbonyls (glycolaldehyde, hydroxyacetone, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, nonanal and decanal) in the atmosphere at Mt. Tai
Researchers found that gaseous carbonyl compounds, particularly glyoxal and methylglyoxal, dominate the atmospheric composition at Mount Taishan (Mt. Tai), with concentrations significantly higher than particulate counterparts—up to 20 times more abundant. These findings suggest a strong influence of biomass burning from agricultural waste on the site's atmosphere, supported by correlations with levoglucosan, a tracer for such activities. The study employed a two-step filter cartridge system to measure semi-volatile carbonyls every three hours over several days in June 2006, revealing that glycolaldehyde and hydroxyacetone also exhibit distinct phase distributions. While no clear diurnal pattern emerged for most compounds, upward transport of pollutants from the North China Plain was identified as a key process shaping atmospheric conditions at this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Overview of the Mount Tai Experiment (MTX2006) in central East China in June 2006: studies of significant regional air pollution
A significant increase in regional air pollution, particularly ozone (O3) and aerosol concentrations, was linked to open crop residue burning after winter wheat harvesting, combined with photochemical aging. This discovery emerged from the Mount Tai Experiment (MTX2006), conducted at the summit of Mount Taishan in central East China during late May to June 2006. The study utilized intensive field measurements to analyze seasonal maxima of O3 and its precursors, as well as aerosols. Key findings included the strong impact of regional-scale agricultural burning on pollutant levels, interactions between O3 and aerosols, validation of satellite observations of tropospheric NO2, and behaviors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aerosol species. The observed black carbon (BC) levels were noted for their potential significant influence on regional climate.
Diurnal variations of organic molecular tracers and stable carbon isotopic composition in atmospheric aerosols over Mt. Tai in the North China Plain: an influence of biomass burning
Crop-residue burning significantly enhances organic aerosol loading and alters the composition and stable carbon isotopic signature of atmospheric particles over Mount Taishan (Mt. Tai) in the North China Plain, according to a study published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Researchers analyzed aerosol samples collected during the Mount Tai eXperiment 2006, identifying over 130 organic compounds, including biomass burning tracers like levoglucosan and biogenic secondary organic aerosol markers. During peak biomass-burning periods in early June, organic concentrations doubled compared to late June, with levoglucosan dominating, while phthalate esters were more abundant later. Diurnal patterns revealed that biomass burning smoke plumes uplifted aerosols, which were transported to Mt. Tai during nighttime. Stable carbon isotope analysis (δ13C) showed lower values in early June, correlating inversely with levoglucosan levels, confirming the influence of crop-residue burning on aerosol composition and isotopic signatures.
Impact of open crop residual burning on air quality over Central Eastern China during the Mount Tai Experiment 2006 (MTX2006)
Open crop residual burning (OCRB) significantly impacts air quality over Central Eastern China, particularly during the Mount Tai Experiment 2006 (MTX2006). The study found that OCRB contributed substantially to concentrations of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) at the summit of Mount Taishan. Using a regional chemical transport model, researchers demonstrated that daily OCRB emissions were crucial for accurately capturing pollutant variations, with OCRB accounting for 26% of O3, 62% of CO, 79% of BC, and 80% of OC during high-pollution episodes. The findings highlight the importance of considering OCRB in air quality assessments, as it affects both primary and secondary pollutants, including ozone, over northeastern Asia.
Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the middle of Central East China during Mount Tai Experiment 2006 (MTX2006): observation of regional background and impact of biomass burning
Research at Mount Taishan during the Mount Tai Experiment 2006 (MTX2006) revealed significant differences between daytime and nighttime volatile organic compound (VOC) mixing ratios, highlighting the site's unique ability to measure both regional polluted air and free troposphere background air quality. The study found relatively low VOC levels compared to more polluted sites in China but noted higher acetylene and benzene concentrations than expected for a remote location. Extensive biomass burning emissions, particularly from agricultural residue burning, were identified during the first half of the campaign using fire spot data and backward trajectory analysis. This research provides insights into regional air quality dynamics and the impact of biomass burning on atmospheric chemistry in Central East China.
PTR-MS measurements of non-methane volatile organic compounds during an intensive field campaign at the summit of Mount Tai, China, in June 2006
A study conducted at the summit of Mount Tai, China, in June 2006 revealed that oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were predominant among non-methane VOCs (NMVOCs), contributing significantly to tropospheric ozone chemistry. Using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), researchers detected over thirty types of NMVOCs, including alkenes, aromatics, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones, with notable diurnal variations driven by local photochemistry. An episode of high NMVOC concentrations on the night of June 12 was attributed to agricultural biomass burning. The study compared ΔNMVOCs/ΔCO ratios from this event and a period without biomass burning plume to emission ratios from various sources, providing insights into VOC dynamics in industrialized regions.
You are here:
World Heritage Explorer > World Heritage Research > World Heritage Sites > Mount Taishan