Publications
Cyrtomium lacrimipinnum (Dryopteridaceae), a new sexually reproducing fern from Phong Nha–Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam
Researchers have identified and described a new fern species, Cyrtomium lacrimipinnum, from the limestone ridges of Phong Nha–Ke Bang National Park in central Vietnam. This discovery stands out due to its unique combination of morphological traits, including pinnae with acute and attenuate apices and distinctive black or dark brown microscales on both surfaces of the pinnae. Unlike its closest relative, C. pachyphyllum, this species also exhibits a sexual reproductive mode, as evidenced by spore counts of 64 per sporangium. The study employed detailed morphological analysis to distinguish this new species from related taxa, contributing valuable insights into the biodiversity of UNESCO-listed Phong Nha–Ke Bang National Park.
Cyrtomium lacrimipinnum Yoneoka, T. Fujiw., V. S. Dang & Tagane 2026, sp. nov.
A new species of fern, Cyrtomium lacrimipinnum, has been discovered in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park, Vietnam. This species is distinguished by its teardrop-shaped lateral pinnae, black or dark brown microscales on both surfaces of the pinnae, and unique venation patterns. It closely resembles Cyrtomium pachyphyllum and C. hemionitis but differs in key morphological traits such as pinnae apex shape and margin characteristics. The discovery was made through herbarium surveys and fieldwork, with specimens collected from limestone outcrops and crevices within shrubby moist forests. Notably, this species is believed to reproduce sexually, a rare trait among Cyrtomium ferns, which are predominantly apogamous. Further cytological studies are planned to clarify its biological characteristics.
Perilimnastes dongchauensis C. H. Nguyen, D. V. Nam & C. W. Lin 2026, sp. nov.
A new species of plant, Perilimnastes dongchauensis, has been discovered in the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park, Vietnam. This lithophytic shrublet, characterized by its setose stems, adaxial surface, hypanthia, and notably large petals measuring 20 × 18 mm, differs significantly from its closest relative, P. suberalata, in several key morphological traits. The discovery was made through field surveys conducted in primary and old secondary evergreen broad-leaved forests at elevations ranging from 100 to 750 meters above sea level. Perilimnastes dongchauensis is locally common along streams and stream valley slopes with humus-rich soil, flowering from June to November and fruiting from July to December. Preliminary assessment suggests that the species is of least concern (LC) according to IUCN Red List criteria, as it thrives in both secondary and primary forests within protected areas.
Phát triển du lịch dựa vào thiên nhiên tại vườn quốc gia Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng
Nature-based tourism in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its biodiversity and cultural significance, has been identified as a sustainable pathway for economic growth while preserving ecological integrity. A study analyzing survey data from 105 visitors through linear regression revealed that enhancing tourism promotion, upgrading infrastructure to align with ecological standards, and improving local human resource quality are critical factors for sustainable development in the region. These findings underscore the potential of nature-based tourism to balance conservation efforts with economic benefits, offering a model for similar protected areas globally.
A new limestone-associated species of wolf snake in the Lycodon fasciatus complex (Squamata: Serpentes: Colubridae) from central Vietnam
Researchers have identified a new species of wolf snake, Lycodon calcarophilus sp. nov., within the Lycodon fasciatus complex from Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in central Vietnam. This discovery was made through a combination of molecular and morphological analyses, distinguishing it from closely related species such as Lycodon ruhstrati by several key characteristics, including loreal contact with the eye, lower tail-to-total length ratio, fewer subcaudal scales, total body scales, and body cross-bands. The study also provides an updated checklist of 152 amphibian and reptile species documented in the park, contributing to our understanding of biodiversity in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
A new species of Lycodon Fitzinger, 1826 from the Northern part of the Truong Son Mountains, Central Vietnam (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae)
Researchers have identified a new species of snake, Lycodon poyarkovi, within the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Dong Chau-Khe Nuoc Trong Nature Reserve in Central Vietnam. This discovery, based on four specimens, distinguishes L. poyarkovi from its closest relative, L. paucifasciatus, through key morphological differences such as higher ventral and subcaudal scale counts, increased crossbands on the body and tail, and fewer scales before the first crossband starts. The species appears endemic to the northern Truong Son Mountains, with the Ben Hai River acting as a biogeographic barrier separating it from L. paucifasciatus. The study suggests that L. poyarkovi should be classified as Least Concern (LC) under IUCN Red List criteria, while also highlighting the need for further taxonomic reassessment of related species like Lycodon anakradaya and L. cardamomensis.
Caryota sympetala Gagnepain & Conrard 1934
Caryota sympetala, a palm species found in central Vietnam and Laos, exhibits unique morphological characteristics that distinguish it from related species. This study provides a detailed botanical description of its physical traits, including its clustered stems, large bipinnate leaves, and distinctive inflorescences with bisexual flowers arranged in triads. The species' acaulescent habit—where a slender stem only appears at flowering time—and its reproductive biology, characterized by hapaxanthic growth and basipetal inflorescence development, are notable features. Caryota sympetala is also distinguished by its fused petals in pistillate flowers, a trait reflected in its scientific name. Despite its widespread distribution across lowland to montane forests on non-limestone soils, the species faces no significant threats, leading to its conservation status being classified as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN and BGCI.
Description of the second Calybium Morlet, 1892, and the first record of the genus for Vietnam’s terrestrial gastropod fauna (Neritimorpha: Helicinoidea: Helicinidae)
Researchers have identified and described Calybium plicatus, a new species of terrestrial gastropod (snail) belonging to the genus Calybium. This discovery marks the first record of the genus in Vietnam's terrestrial fauna, specifically within Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park, part of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The species was collected from Son Doong Cave in Quang Binh Province, Central Vietnam. Unlike its congener, Calybium massiei, C. plicatus exhibits a smaller shell size and distinct parietal wall features with six evenly spaced lamellae. This finding contributes to the understanding of biodiversity within these protected areas and expands the known distribution of the genus.
Factors affecting tourist satisfaction in ecotourism: A case study of the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam
Tourist satisfaction at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam, is significantly influenced by destination attraction and ecotourism services, with staff quality having the least impact. A study analyzing responses from 185 tourists identified five key factors—destination attraction, ecotourism services, staff quality, price, and infrastructure—as critical to enhancing visitor experience. Using Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, and regression analysis via SPSS 26.0, researchers found that prioritizing destination appeal and service quality could substantially improve satisfaction and support sustainable ecotourism development in the region.
Geoheritage Values of the Transboundary World Heritage of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park
A transboundary World Heritage Site spanning Phong Nha-Ke Bang and Hin Nam No National Parks, this study identifies unprecedented geoheritage values rooted in shared karst geology. It reveals a 500-million-year geological evolution from the Middle Cambrian to the Quaternary, highlighting the world's largest pristine humid tropical karst system with unmatched surface and subsurface diversity. Notably, it uncovers Triassic-Middle Jurassic paleokarst—buried surfaces and caves—an outstanding universal value absent in existing World Heritage sites. The research employed field surveys, laboratory analyses, document synthesis, and comparative analysis to clarify these exceptional geological and geomorphological features.
Microclimate characteristics and tourist carrying capacity of Phong Nha cave, Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park
Phong Nha Cave's tourist carrying capacity is determined to be up to 3,780 visitors per day under optimal conditions, with recovery times of 497 minutes in summer and 318 minutes in winter. This study marks the first application of the Lobo method using microclimate indicators—temperature, relative humidity (RH), and CO₂ concentrations—to assess environmental impact in a Vietnamese cave system. Continuous monitoring revealed significant seasonal variations, with average visitor stay times of 7.8 minutes in summer and 12.7 minutes in winter. These findings provide actionable guidelines for sustainable tourism management in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and offer a scalable model for other show caves in Vietnam.
Orophea phouphamarnensis (Annonaceae), a new species from limestone karst in central Laos
Researchers have discovered Orophea phouphamarnensis, a new species of plant belonging to the Annonaceae family, within the limestone karst landscapes of central Laos. This finding highlights the region's rich biodiversity, particularly in Khammouane Province, which is part of two significant protected areas: Phou Hin Poun National Protected Area and Hin Nam No National Park. The discovery underscores the ecological importance of these sites, which cover approximately 30,000 km² of limestone in Laos, contributing to the global understanding of plant diversity in fragmented limestone habitats.
Tree ring δ¹³C of Pines at acidic soil forest in central Vietnam: A preliminary result for further stable isotope application on climate change and environmental protection
A negative correlation between soil pH and δ¹³C in pine tree rings from Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam, offers a new tool for tracking long-term forest acidification. By analyzing soil chemistry (pH, organic matter, nitrogen) alongside tree-ring isotopes, researchers found acidic soils with fine particles, suggesting natural and human-driven processes like acid rain. This relationship could reconstruct past environmental changes or climate impacts, while also guiding conservation efforts—such as planting suitable species—to mitigate acidity. The study provides a cost-effective framework for studying tropical forests under stress.
Another new species of Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1927 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) of the angularis group from the karstic landscape of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, central Vietnam
Researchers have identified a new species of Cyrtodactylus, C. hangvaensis sp. nov., within the karstic landscape of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (PNKB) in central Vietnam. This discovery highlights the park's significance as a biodiversity hotspot and a critical area for conservation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that C. hangvaensis is closely related to two other species, C. roesleri from PNKB and C. sommerladi from nearby Laos, but it occupies a distinct position in morphospace, distinguishable by unique morphological and color pattern characters. Genetic divergence data further supports its status as a separate species, with uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence ranging from 9.5% to 25.5%. This finding underscores the rich biodiversity of PNKB and the importance of continued exploration and conservation efforts in such unique ecosystems.
Climatic niche modelling and genetic analyses highlight conservation priorities for the Spotted Softshell Turtle (Pelodiscus variegatus)
A critical conservation priority for the Spotted Softshell Turtle (Pelodiscus variegatus) has been identified, with Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in Vietnam emerging as a key stronghold due to its large suitable habitat and high probability of species occurrence. This finding, derived from combined climatic niche modelling and genetic analyses, underscores the urgent need for conservation action across central Vietnamese provinces (Thanh Hoa to Thua Thien Hue) and adjacent protected areas like Vu Quang National Park and Song Thanh and Ke Go Nature Reserves. While the species likely extends into Laos, sharp declines in suitability near the border suggest significant natural barriers. Despite these insights, current protection efforts are insufficient, with no confirmed records from existing reserves, necessitating expanded or new conservation measures. The study also advocates for IUCN's One Plan Approach, including breeding programs to restore populations, highlighting a path forward for this Critically Endangered species.
Diversity of Commelinaceae in Laos and two new record species: Amischotolype glabrata Hassk., and Commelina maculata Edgew.
A comprehensive survey of Commelinaceae diversity in Laos identifies 23 species, including two new records: Amischotolype glabrata and Commelina maculata. Conducted across four national parks—Nam Et–Phou Louey, Nakai-Nam Theun, Hin Namnor, and Dong Houa Sao—the study maps distribution, ecology, and phenology of the family. Notably, 10 species shared between Nakai-Nam Theun and Dong Houa Sao exhibit the highest similarity index (0.2857), while marshy habitats host the majority (11 species). Flowering peaks in August, with all 23 species blooming between May and November. Conservation assessments reveal five IUCN Least Concern species (Commelina benghalensis, C. diffusa, Cyanotis axillaris, Cy. cristata, Floscopa scandens) and nine rare species warranting further protection. The research underscores the family's ecological adaptability while highlighting gaps in conservation data.
Free, prior, and informed consent, local officials, and changing biodiversity governance in Hin Nam No, Laos
A study on Hin Nam No National Park, Laos, reveals that mediation by local officials in comanagement contexts can effectively address community grievances and reconcile conservation with development. This process, rooted in free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), demonstrates the potential for localized consent mechanisms to shape rights-based outcomes when local officials act as critical duty-bearers. The research highlights the importance of nonconfrontational dialogue spaces where rights holders can voice concerns and duty-bearers can respond, ultimately contributing to more equitable biodiversity governance in prospective World Heritage Sites.
Paleokarst in Phong Nha - Ke Bang - Hin Nam No and its Geomorphological and Geological Values
A groundbreaking discovery of paleokarst landforms in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Vietnam) and Hin Nam No National Park (Laos) reveals karstification dating back to the Triassic, predating previous estimates by millions of years. This study, confirmed through field surveys and thin-section analyses, identifies buried karst surfaces and filled fissures/caves developed on Devonian to Carboniferous-Permian limestones, providing critical evidence for karst evolution from the Triassic to Middle Jurassic. The findings suggest a new direction for karst research in Vietnam and propose that these paleokarst sites could represent significant Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) for the combined PNKB HNN region.
Crack in the Mountain
Hang Son Doong, the largest cave in the world located within Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam, is a subject of intense debate regarding its future due to proposed cable car systems aimed at boosting tourism. The documentary 'Crack in the Mountain' highlights the cave's unique geological features, including its vast size and pristine beauty, while also exploring the potential ecological and social impacts of increased visitation. Environmental concerns about the preservation of this UNESCO World Heritage Site are contrasted with economic opportunities for one of Vietnam's poorest provinces. The film captures the complexity of balancing development, tourism, and environmental conservation, featuring perspectives from locals, business owners, and environmentalists. A global social media campaign led by Save Son Doong has temporarily stalled government plans, but the struggle to protect this natural wonder continues.
First record of Scolopendra pinguis Pocock, 1891 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) from Vietnam
Researchers report the first documented occurrence of the centipede species Scolopendra pinguis in Vietnam, specifically within Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park. This discovery extends the known distribution range of the species in Southeast Asia, contributing to our understanding of its geographic spread. The study provides detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations of the collected specimens, along with an updated distribution map. Such findings are significant for biodiversity documentation and conservation efforts in the region.
Geological History of Caves and Conservation Values of the World Nature Heritage Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park harbors some of the world's oldest and most diverse caves, with Khe Ry cave dating back 32 million years. The park's geological history is marked by complex stratigraphic units ranging from Devonian to present-day, including granite, terrigenous rock, thin-bedded limestone, and massive limestone. Tectonic activity has played a pivotal role in shaping the cave systems, with four major fault systems creating deep faults that influence cave formation. Exogenous processes, such as travertine floods, chemical washing, and mechanical abrasion, contribute to the unique landscapes within these caves, including stalactites, stalagmites, spiral mushroom islands, and gem pebbles. This study highlights the intricate interplay between endogenous and exogenous geological activities in forming the park's remarkable cave systems.
Novelties in Asian Mitreola (Loganiaceae): M. capitata, a new species from Vietnam, and lectotypification of M. spathulifolia
A new species of Mitreola, M. capitata, has been discovered in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam, distinguished by its unique leaf-rosette habit and compact, head-like inflorescence with dense indumentum. This discovery was made during a 2022 botanical survey and is closely related to M. spathulifolia but differs in key morphological traits such as smaller leaves, denser inflorescence, shorter pedicel, hairy calyx, and smaller capsule. Additionally, the study revises the typification of M. spathulifolia by selecting a lectotype, clarifying its taxonomic status.
Simulate landslide activities during flood season 2020 - 2021 in Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park
During the flood seasons of 2020–21, Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park experienced significant landslide activity, with the largest event displacing over 130 meters of soil and measuring 2.1 million cubic meters—a figure corroborated by remote sensing data (2.4 million m³). These events, occurring in both core and buffer zones, threatened the park's integrity and aesthetic value, despite its overall stability (gravity displacement coefficients Kg: 0.0006 for core, 0.0033 for buffer). The study identified 60+ landslide points across 81.19 hectares, with volumes ranging from 1,000 to 2.4 million m³, using field monitoring and simulation models. Such findings underscore the vulnerability of this UNESCO World Heritage Site to extreme weather, necessitating further research on mitigation strategies.
Community awareness and participation in biodiversity conservation at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam
Local communities near Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (PN-KBNP) exhibit strong positive attitudes toward biodiversity conservation and are willing to contribute financially, with an average household willing to pay 297,000 VND annually. This willingness is influenced by factors such as payment levels, age, residency duration, and education. While villagers recognize the ecological value of PN-KBNP due to daily interactions with the park, their awareness of management rules remains low. The study suggests that empowering communities in conservation planning, monitoring, and implementation—alongside clear land-use rights—could balance development and preservation more effectively.
First Records of Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the World’s Largest Cave in Vietnam
Son Doong Cave, the world's largest cave within Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam, harbors at least six bat species, representing four families and five genera. This is the first comprehensive record of bats in this iconic site, revealing a diverse assemblage that includes two globally vulnerable species: Hipposideros scutinares (Hipposideridae) and Myotis pilosus (Vespertilionidae). Researchers used mist nets for capturing bats and analyzed their echolocation calls to distinguish between species. The findings highlight Son Doong Cave's significance as a biodiversity hotspot, particularly for threatened bat populations, underscoring the need for conservation efforts in this UNESCO-listed landscape.
The Effect of Destination Image on Tourist Satisfaction and Future Intention: A Case Study in Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam
A study on Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park reveals that destination image and tourist satisfaction are key drivers of visitors' future intention to revisit. The research, conducted using quantitative methods with 313 participants, found that destination image—shaped by factors such as travel environment, natural and cultural characteristics, tourism infrastructure, and local government support—positively influences both tourist satisfaction and the likelihood of returning. This insight underscores the importance of maintaining and enhancing these aspects to foster long-term visitor engagement. The findings provide actionable recommendations for Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and similar destinations.
A study on information searches for a lesser-known hot spot: The case of Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park in Vietnam
Travelers seeking information about Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, a lesser-known but ecologically significant UNESCO World Heritage Site in Vietnam, prioritize practical details such as transportation options—including cross-border and domestic routes—and popular local experiences. Analysis of online travel forums revealed that while sites like Lonely Planet, Oxalis Adventure, Rough Guides, The Lost Passport, and Rome2rio offer standard destination overviews (e.g., landmarks, tours, accommodations), Oxalis Adventure stands out for its depth in logistical details, while The Lost Passport highlights lesser-known but favored on-site activities. Topic modeling of forum posts identified 27 distinct information categories travelers actively seek, emphasizing real-world needs beyond generic descriptions. This study underscores the gap between broad travel guides and the granular, context-specific data that travelers value for navigating remote or under-documented destinations.
Seven new species and seven new records of Begonia L. (Begoniaceae) in the flora of Laos
A comprehensive botanical survey of Laos, conducted between 2012 and 2019, has uncovered seven new species of Begonia L. (Begoniaceae) and seven previously unrecorded species for the country's flora. The newly described species—B. glabritepala, B. heterocantha, B. lanxangensis, B. parviglandulosa, B. pseudobrandisiana, B. tripartifolia, and B. viriditenebris—were identified through extensive fieldwork in protected areas such as Hin Nam No National Park, Nam Phouy National Protected Area, Khammouane Karst Forest, and Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area. These discoveries were supported by critical analysis of herbarium specimens, living plants, and preserved material from multiple institutions. The study also documented the first records of B. hatacoa, B. hemsleyana, B. labordei, B. longifolia, B. minuscula, B. parvula, and B. subperfoliata in Laos, expanding the country's known biodiversity. Detailed descriptions, line drawings, photographs, and ecological data for all species were provided, contributing significantly to the understanding of Begonia diversity in Southeast Asia.
‘Henicorhynchus’ thaitui, a new species of cavefish from Central Vietnam (Teleostei, Cyprinidae)
Researchers have identified a new species of cavefish, 'Henicorhynchus' thaitui, from a subterranean stream within Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in Central Vietnam. This discovery is notable for its distinct morphological traits, including a pale pink body, smaller eyes with diameters less than the length of its maxillary barbel, and two pairs of barbels, where the maxillary barbel is significantly longer than the rostral barbel. The study, published in ZooKeys, highlights the unique adaptations of this species, which sets it apart from all other congeners. The research contributes to the understanding of biodiversity within UNESCO World Heritage Sites, particularly in karst cave ecosystems.
Morphological Characteristics for Classification of Genus Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758 in Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park in the North Central Part of Vietnam
A morphological analysis of 56 Cyprinus fish specimens from Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam, identified four distinct species: Cyprinus carpio, C. hieni, C. melanes, and C. quidatensis. This study contributes to the taxonomic understanding of the genus in the region by characterizing key morphological traits that differentiate these species. The research employed traditional morphometric techniques to classify specimens, providing valuable insights for biodiversity studies in this UNESCO-listed karst landscape.
Studies on the genus Capparis L. (Capparaceae) in Lao PDR. IV: A new species from the Khammouan Province
Researchers have identified and described a new species of Capparis, C. florida, from the Hin Nam No National Protected Area within the UNESCO-listed Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park in Lao PDR's Khammouan Province. This discovery belongs to the sect. Monostichocalyx and is characterized by its erect shrub form, widely ovate or elliptical leaf-blade, serial flowers in supra-axillary rows, and slender ovary with an evident style. The study compares C. florida with related taxa, such as the widespread C. micracantha, to elucidate its affinities and assesses its conservation status. This finding contributes to the understanding of Capparis diversity in Lao PDR's karst habitats.
Study on Community Participation in Tourism Activities in Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park
A study on Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its geological and biodiversity significance, reveals that community participation in tourism development is critical for sustainable socio-economic and environmental outcomes. The research, conducted by Tran (2020), found that effective engagement of local communities—through empowerment in planning, management, and advisory roles—enhances the success of tourism initiatives. Using Pretty's (1995) 7-step participation scale and evaluating factors such as awareness, motivation, and barriers across 32 criteria, the study assessed community involvement in this globally recognized destination. The findings underscore the need for targeted policies to overcome obstacles and maximize local contributions, ensuring tourism aligns with both conservation goals and community benefits.
Tourists’ Satisfaction, Loyalty and Intention to Return: Survey at Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam
A significant positive relationship between destination image, emotional value, and tourists' satisfaction, loyalty, and intention to return was identified at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. The study, conducted through a survey of 270 visitors in 2019, employed robust statistical methods including Cronbach's Alpha, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and Structural Equation Modelling. Findings revealed notable differences between foreign and native tourists, as well as by gender, while age and income did not significantly impact outcomes. The research provides actionable recommendations for tourism authorities, local residents, and travel companies to enhance visitor experiences, satisfaction, and repeat visitation.
Aglaonema costatum f. concolor Nicolson (Araceae): a new record for the flora of Vietnam
A new botanical record for Vietnam's flora, Aglaonema costatum f. concolor (Araceae), has been documented in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh Province. This discovery expands the known diversity of Aglaonema species in the region and contributes to the understanding of its morphological variation. The study provides detailed field photographs highlighting key morphological traits and offers an updated identification key for all recognized Aglaonema taxa in Vietnam, aiding both taxonomic research and conservation efforts.
Amomum glabrum S. Q. Tong (Zingiberace), a new record for the flora of Vietnam
A new species, Amomum glabrum S. Q. Tong (Zingiberaceae), has been identified in the flora of Vietnam, expanding the known diversity of the genus to 13 species. This discovery, documented across multiple national parks and reserves in North Central Vietnam—including Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park—provides detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, and ecological data. The study also assesses its conservation status, distribution, and phenology while contextualizing it within the broader taxonomy of the Zingiberaceae family. This finding contributes to our understanding of Vietnam's rich biodiversity and aligns with ongoing research on the evolutionary relationships within this plant group.
An evaluation of destination attractiveness for nature-based tourism: Recommendations for the management of national parks in Vietnam
Phong Nha-Ke Bang, Cuc Phuong, and Ba Be National Parks emerge as the most attractive destinations for nature-based tourism in Vietnam, outperforming 30 other national parks. This evaluation, using stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis (SMAA) and PROMETHEE methods, identified these three parks as highly appealing across diverse preference structures, with Phong Nha-Ke Bang leading in over 95% of scenarios. The study also pinpointed 12 non-dominated parks, where trail quality was the dominant factor for an average supporter. A strong correlation between tourism attractiveness and visitor numbers underscores the potential for these parks to drive sustainable socioeconomic development while conserving natural resources. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers to refine marketing and management strategies, balancing ecological preservation with tourism growth.
Giá trị cảm nhận của du khách đối với dịch vụ du lịch hang động tại vườn quốc gia Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng tỉnh Quảng Bình
A study on Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park identified four key factors influencing tourists' perceived value of cave tourism services: perceived quality, behavioral price, price, and emotional response. Perceived quality emerged as the most significant factor, while emotional response had the least impact. The research used Petrick's (2002) model and analyzed data from 147 questionnaires through linear regression, offering insights for policy-making to enhance tourists' experiences in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Hoya aphylla (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), a new leafless species from Laos
A new leafless species of Hoya, Hoya aphylla, has been discovered in Hin Nam No National Protected Area, Laos. This unique find stands out due to its distinct floral morphology and corona characteristics, which differentiate it from similar species like H. lyi, H. carnosa, and H. multiflora. While it shares some traits with the type section of the genus Hoya, its leafless habit sets it apart, making it a notable addition to the region's flora. The discovery highlights the biodiversity richness of UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park.
Speolabeo hokhanhi, a new cavefish from Central Vietnam (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Researchers have identified and described Speolabeo hokhanhi, a new species of cavefish from Hang Va Cave within Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Central Vietnam. This discovery distinguishes the species through unique morphological traits, including the absence of papillae on the lower lip, no hump behind the head, a duckbilled snout, and a shorter caudal peduncle compared to its relative, S. musaei. Additionally, the pelvic fin is positioned closer to the snout tip than to the caudal-fin base. The study contributes to the understanding of cavefish biodiversity in Vietnam's UNESCO-listed national parks.
Studies on the genus Capparis L. (Capparaceae) in Lao PDR. III: A new species from the deciduous forest of the Hin Nam No National Protected Area
Researchers have identified a new species of Capparis, named Capparis hinnamnoensis, from the deciduous forests of Hin Nam No National Protected Area in Lao PDR. This discovery is notable for its unique indumentum, which includes stellate and two-armed hairs, along with terminal racemes bearing trifid bracts and medium-sized flowers. The species has been observed exclusively within a single locality in the protected area, thriving on Permo-Carboniferous limestone. The study assesses the conservation status of this newly described plant, contributing valuable insights to the biodiversity documentation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The genus Vietbocap Lourenço & Pham, 2010 in the Thien Duong cave, Vietnam: A possible case of subterranean speciation in scorpions (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae)
Researchers have identified two new species of scorpions belonging to the genus Vietbocap within the Thien Duong cave, part of the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park. These discoveries suggest a rare case of subterranean speciation in scorpions, with one species found at an unprecedented 5000 meters from the cave entrance. The study also completes the diagnosis of a previously described species, Vietbocap thienduongensis, by incorporating female specimens collected closer to the cave entrance. Morphological differences among these species imply potential evolutionary divergence within the cave system, marking the first such case reported for scorpions.
The Neoliberal Heritage Affect
Heritage values in UNESCO World Heritage Sites are increasingly shaped by neoliberal economic forces, transforming them from mere discourse into affective experiences tied to tourism commodification. This study reveals how Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park in Vietnam exemplify the interplay between emotional engagement and neoliberal entrepreneurship, highlighting the political economy of tourism's role in heritage transformation. The research employs a sociocultural anthropological approach to analyze these dynamics, emphasizing the shift from traditional heritage narratives to consumer-driven affective experiences.
Collaborative Governance of Protected Areas: Success Factors and Prospects for Hin Nam No National Protected Area, Central Laos
Successful collaborative governance of protected areas, such as Hin Nam No National Protected Area in central Laos, hinges on community engagement incentives, formal power-sharing mechanisms, local resource ownership, downward accountability, trust-building strategies, and adaptive performance assessment. This study identifies these conditions as critical for decentralized and democratic governance models rooted in customary rights. While Hin Nam No demonstrates potential for such an approach, its long-term success depends on sustained political will to strengthen and maintain these arrangements. The research employs a qualitative analysis framework to evaluate governance structures, contributing valuable insights to the discourse on protected area management in Asia.
An innovative model of park governance: evidence from Vietnam
Vietnam's transition from state-led to multi-component park governance, driven by the 2006 Special-Use Forests policy, showcases a unique model where public and private sectors share responsibilities. This study highlights how Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park exemplifies this shift, demonstrating effective co-existing management that balances tourism, recreation, and conservation. The research evaluates the model's structure, functionality, and potential global applicability, offering insights into adaptive governance strategies for protected areas. By analyzing power distribution among stakeholders, the study provides a framework for regions seeking sustainable park management solutions.
Collaborative governance improves management effectiveness of Hin Nam No National Protected Area in Central Lao PDR
A collaborative governance model significantly improved the management effectiveness of Hin Nam No National Protected Area in Lao PDR, with a 13% increase in two years. The approach involved five key building blocks: participatory governance assessment, multi-level collaborative management, participatory zonation based on traditional knowledge and customary rights, drafting collaborative governance agreements, and engaging local people as additional management manpower. This model demonstrates potential for replication across Lao PDR's often under-managed 'paper park system,' though further work is needed to ensure adaptive management and sustainable financing.
Evolution in karst massifs: Cryptic diversity among bent-toed geckos along the Truong Son Range with descriptions of three new species and one new country record from Laos
A groundbreaking study reveals the existence of three previously undescribed species of bent-toed geckos (Cyrtodactylus) within the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park in Laos, alongside a new country record for Laos. These cryptic species, identified through an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular, and ecological data, highlight the significant biodiversity harbored by the Truong Son Range's karst massifs. The research underscores the importance of such methods in resolving complex species groups and contributes to our understanding of the region's evolutionary history.
Ichthyofauna in the Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park from Vietnam
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its tectonic limestone structures and extensive cave systems, harbors a unique ichthyofauna. Despite the total estimated length of 80 km of caves and underground rivers, only 20 km have been explored by joint Vietnamese-English teams, revealing 17 km in Phong Nha and 3 km in Ke Bang. The park's distinctive karst geology facilitates widespread underground water flow, with small streams converging into larger channels like the Rao Thuong, eventually forming major tributaries of the Gianh River. This study highlights the region's complex hydrological network and its significance for rare flora and fauna listed in both Vietnam's Red Book and the World Red Book.
The discovery and exploration of Hang Son Doong
Hang Son Doong, a colossal cave within the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park in Vietnam, stands as one of the largest known caves globally. Discovered through systematic exploration by British cavers since 1990, this cave boasts a staggering scale, with a main chamber measuring over 5 km long, 200 m wide, and 150 m high, surpassing other notable caves like the Scream in Malaysia or the Deamvad in India. Part of the Phong Nha Cave system, Hang Son Doong extends from near the Lao border to its final resurgence at Phong Nha Cave, showcasing a unique geological formation shaped by millions of years of erosion. The cave's discovery and exploration provide unprecedented insights into the complex karst landscapes of the region, highlighting the significance of continued scientific investigation in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Zoogeographical division of Vietnam based on the oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) fauna
Vietnam's oribatid mite fauna, comprising 320 species (including four subspecies) from 64 families, reveals significant endemism and unique geographical distribution patterns. The study identifies six zoogeographical sub-divisions in Vietnam based on oribatid diversity, with 34.68% of species likely endemic. Notably, 155 species were recorded for the first time in Vietnam, contributing to a broader understanding of its biodiversity. This research provides critical insights into the region's ecological partitioning and highlights the importance of sites like Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in global oribatid diversity studies.
A new species of troglobitic freshwater prawn of the genus Macrobrachium Bate, 1868 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Phong Nha-Ke Bang national park, Quang Binh province
Researchers have discovered a new species of troglobiotic freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium phongnhaense, in the caves of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. This species is characterized by its transparent body, highly degenerated eyes, smooth and slender second pereiopods, elongated telson, and unarmed preanal region. The discovery was made through morphological comparisons with allied troglobiotic congeners, revealing unique traits that distinguish it from other known species, such as M. lingyunense and M. elegantum. This new species inhabits lightless cave streams and standing waters, typically found in substrates like silt or sandy mud. The findings contribute to the understanding of biodiversity within UNESCO-listed Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, highlighting its unique subterranean ecosystems.
Introduction to Reptile Conservation
Reptile conservation efforts highlight the critical role of zoological facilities and field research in preserving threatened species. The study emphasizes that 9.6% of reptile species are listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List, with habitat destruction, pollution, over-collection, and climate change posing significant threats. Conservation programs, such as those involving the Northern river terrapin and Egyptian tortoise, demonstrate successful integration of ex situ breeding in zoos with in situ field conservation efforts. The One Plan Approach, which unifies zoo and range-country stakeholders, is shown to enhance species survival by addressing both captive and wild populations. Additionally, the discovery of cryptic reptile species through molecular techniques underscores the importance of systematic biodiversity research. Public education and community involvement are also identified as key components for sustainable conservation, particularly in regions with human-wildlife conflicts.
Phylogeography of the Laotian Rock Rat (Diatomyidae:Laonastes): Implications for Lazarus Taxa
A groundbreaking study reveals that the Laotian Rock Rat (Laonastes), a reclusive mammal, exhibits significant genetic divergence across its range in Phong Nha-Ke Bang and Hin Nam No National Parks, suggesting it may represent a 'Lazarus taxon'—a species thought extinct but rediscovered. This discovery challenges traditional views on biodiversity in these UNESCO-listed karst landscapes. Researchers analyzed mitochondrial DNA from 20 individuals, uncovering deep phylogenetic splits that imply long-term isolation in the region's complex cave systems. The findings highlight the importance of these parks as refugia for unique and cryptic species, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts to protect such elusive fauna.
Distribution and habitat of the Laotian Rock Rat Laonastes aenigmamus Jenkins, Kilpatrick, Robinson & Timmins, 2005 (Rodentia: Diatomyidae) in Vietnam
Research confirms the Laotian Rock Rat (Laonastes aenigmamus), a critically endangered rodent and sole surviving member of the extinct family Diatomyidae, inhabits a tiny 150 km² range in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. This discovery expands its known distribution from Laos to Vietnam but underscores severe threats: restricted habitat, high hunting pressure, and forest disturbances. The species thrives in low karst forests with steep limestone towers, using crevices for dens and feeding on 18 plant species and insects. Despite its IUCN Endangered status in Laos, it lacks legal protection in Vietnam, jeopardizing survival.
Good governance and tourism development in protected areas: The case of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, central Vietnam
Tourism development in protected areas, while often seen as a viable income source for conservation, is frequently hindered by poor governance practices. A study of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in central Vietnam reveals that despite market-oriented policies, tourism remains fragmented due to bureaucratic burdens, institutional weaknesses, and top-down decision-making processes. These challenges limit benefit-sharing among stakeholders and undermine conservation goals. The research applies Graham, Amos, and Plumptre’s five governance principles to analyze the park’s management structure, highlighting gaps in implementation that obstruct sustainable development. The findings underscore the need for clearer responsibilities, structures, and processes to align tourism with conservation objectives, offering a foundation for future comparative studies on protected area management.
Study results on species compsition of bugs (Heteroptera) in Phong Nha - Ke Bang national park, Quang Binh province
A comprehensive survey of bug species (Heteroptera) in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam, identified 71 species across 53 genera and 10 families. Notably, the study revealed 23 previously undocumented species for Vietnam's entomofauna, including Lethocerus indicus, a threatened species requiring urgent conservation measures. Coreidae (29.5%) and Reduviidae (25.3%) were the most diverse families, while Belostomatidae and others contributed significantly to the park's biodiversity. Conducted between 2006 and 2008, this research expands Vietnam's Heteroptera catalog by 17% at the genus level and highlights critical conservation priorities for UNESCO-listed sites.
Results of survey on rodents in Phong Nha - Ke Bang national park area, Quang Binh province
A comprehensive survey of rodents in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam, identified 32 species, including the first record of the Loatian Rock Rat (Laonastes aenigmamus) in the country. The study, conducted between 2007 and 2011 across four areas, used live traps over 4,500 trap-nights to document rodent diversity, updating the previous list from 29 to 35 species. Notably, strict-forest species showed nearly twice the trap success rate of non-strict-forest species, reflecting the park's relatively intact primary forest. The survey also highlighted six priority conservation species, some listed in Vietnam's Red Data Book and the IUCN Red List, while noting threats from illegal hunting and forest degradation.
Distribution and Conservation Status of the Red‐Shanked Douc (Pygathrix nemaeus) in L ao PDR : An Update
The red-shanked douc (Pygathrix nemaeus), an endangered primate endemic to Lao PDR, Vietnam, and possibly Cambodia, faces severe threats from development projects and hunting. A critical review of recent literature reveals that the Lao population is likely the largest globally, making it crucial for the species' survival. The study highlights Nakai-Nam Theun and Hin Namno National Protected Areas as key strongholds but emphasizes urgent conservation action to combat illegal hunting. Limited resources in Lao PDR necessitate prioritizing high-value populations to maximize conservation impact.
Preliminary study for the adaptation of the »Heaven's Cave« for tourist purposes (Phong Nha-Ke Bang national park, Vietnam)
Heaven's Cave, located within the UNESCO-listed Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in Vietnam, was identified as having significant potential for sustainable tourism development. A preliminary study conducted by researchers from the Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU assessed the cave's suitability for adaptation into a show cave, considering both its environmental sensitivity and economic prospects for the region. The study involved speleological surveys, mapping, and tourist research to propose interventions that balance conservation with visitor access. While not a long-term comprehensive approach, this work serves as a model for evaluating similar caves in remote areas, offering insights into the feasibility of developing new show caves in environmentally and economically viable ways.
The first record of living “Fossil” species (Laonestes aenigmanus) in Phong Nha - Ke Bang, Quang Binh province, Vietnam
Researchers confirm the presence of Laonestes aenigmamus, a living 'fossil' species thought extinct since the Miocene, in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. This discovery extends its known range from Hin Nam No National Biodiversity Conservation Area (Lao PDR) to central Vietnam, marking it as the sole surviving member of an ancient rodent family. The study identified four specimens through morphological and skull analysis, proposing the Vietnamese name 'Truong son Rat' (Annamite Rat). Threats include hunting and forest destruction, with urgent conservation action recommended due to its limited distribution and ecological significance.
Two new species of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) from Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park of central Vietnam
Two new species of oribatid mites, Austrachipteria phongnhae and Galumna kebangica, have been discovered in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. This marks the first record of the genus Austrachipteria in the country. The mites were identified from mosses on trees within the park, highlighting the biodiversity of this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The study contributes to the understanding of oribatid mite diversity and distribution in central Vietnam.
A second species of Vietbocap Lourenço & Pham, 2010 (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae) from Vietnam
Researchers have identified and described a second species of scorpion belonging to the genus Vietbocap within the family Pseudochactidae, marking the first troglobiotic (cave-dwelling) record for this family. The discovery, based on two specimens collected from Thien Duong cave in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam, represents the fourth known pseudochactid and the second such species found in Vietnam. This finding underscores the region's rich biodiversity and its significance as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, particularly for its extensive cave systems that harbor unique and previously undocumented species.
A remarkable new cave scorpion of the family Pseudochactidae Gromov (Chelicerata, Scorpiones) from Vietnam
Researchers have identified the first troglobiotic (cave-adapted) scorpion species from the family Pseudochactidae, representing a significant discovery for both taxonomists and conservationists. This new genus and species were uncovered in Tien Son cave within Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam, marking the third known record of Pseudochactidae globally and the first from Vietnam. The study, based on four specimens, highlights the unique adaptations of this scorpion to subterranean environments, contributing valuable insights into the biodiversity of UNESCO-listed caves.
A Review of François' Leaf MonkeyTrachypithecus francoisi(sensu lato) in Lao PDR
A previously overlooked population of François' leaf monkey, Trachypithecus francoisi (sensu lato), was identified as endemic to Lao PDR, specifically the taxon laotum. This discovery, made in 1920, remained largely unrecognized for seven decades until wildlife surveys in the 1990s revealed substantial populations within Phou Hinpoun and Hin Namno National Protected Areas (NPAs). The study also documented smaller, localized populations in Nakai—Nam Theun NPA and Muang Vilabouli, with potential taxonomic significance. While healthy populations persist in large karst landscapes, those in smaller or non-calcareous areas face high vulnerability to hunting-induced extinction. The research highlights critical knowledge gaps regarding the species' distribution, taxonomy, and threats, emphasizing the urgent need for further surveys, particularly in northern regions where conservation pressures are greatest.
A third new Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Truong Son Range, Vietnam
Researchers have identified a third new species of bent-toed gecko, Cyrtodactylus roesleri, within Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. This discovery highlights the remarkable biodiversity of the park's karst forests, where 15 new reptilian taxa have been described in the past decade alone. C. roesleri is distinguished by its small size (up to 75.3 mm), distinctive dorsal pattern featuring dark transverse bands, and unique morphological traits such as enlarged subcaudal scales and a continuous series of precloacal and femoral pores in males. The study underscores the sympatric occurrence of three Cyrtodactylus species in the region, contributing to Vietnam's rich herpetological diversity with this being the 19th known species of the genus. The findings were derived from morphological analysis, emphasizing the need for continued exploration and conservation efforts in these ecologically significant areas.
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