Publications
A multi-level modeling approach to guide management of female feral hogs in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A multi-level modeling approach reveals distinct seasonal habitat preferences of female feral hogs (Sus scrofa) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, offering critical insights for targeted population control. Summer models indicate strong selection for lower slopes near human-dominated areas like roadways, while winter models show a shift toward oak-dominated forests with reduced preference for developed spaces. By integrating Step Selection Function (SSF) and Resource Selection Function (RSF) analyses, researchers created a consensus model to reconcile seasonal differences, providing wildlife managers with actionable data to focus surveillance and management efforts efficiently. This framework can be adapted for similar systems where habitat selection varies by season or level of analysis.
Great Smoky Mountains National Park and its Missing Black Visitors: A Preliminary Analysis on the Hidden Architecture of Landscape
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, often celebrated as 'America's best idea,' has a hidden architectural legacy that excludes Black Americans. A preliminary analysis reveals marginal or absent representation of Black voices in park archives, promotional materials, and exhibits, perpetuating the perception of the park as an unwelcoming 'White' space. This study, using archival reviews and racial composition data, suggests that historical segregation and racism may have deterred Black visitation, contributing to a broader understanding of how landscapes are racialized. The findings underscore the need for narrative-driven deconstruction to dismantle such exclusions.
Seasonality, Distribution, and Diversity of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae, Aphodiinae and Geotrupidae: Geotrupinae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
Dung beetle communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park exhibit significant variation in diversity and abundance based on elevation, season, and habitat type. Research revealed that low-elevation areas host more diverse dung beetle populations compared to high-elevation zones, which are dominated by non-native species. Population peaks were observed in late summer across both elevations. The study used pitfall traps baited with cattle dung, deployed biweekly from April to September 2017, to quantify these patterns. This research highlights the ecological differences in dung beetle assemblages along elevational gradients and underscores the impact of non-native species on high-elevation communities.
Fuel and vegetation changes in southwestern, unburned portions of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA, 2003–2019
A 16-year study of unburned portions of Great Smoky Mountains National Park revealed that hypothesized increases in total woody fuel loads and ericaceous shrub cover were not present. Researchers found that while the sum of smaller fuel loads (less than 7.6 cm diameter) increased, woody fuel depth decreased over time. Elevation and moisture regime emerged as key factors influencing vegetation and fuel conditions, with O Horizon thickness increasing with elevation and being thicker in xeric compared to mesic sites. Live eastern hemlock basal area declined with elevation, while dead standing hemlock basal area increased, particularly on xeric and intermediate sites. The study assessed overstory basal area, ericaceous shrub cover, and fuel characteristics at 40 plots across three moisture regimes in 2003–2004 and again in 2019.
Soil Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Yielded a Novel Listeria sensu stricto Species, L. swaminathanii
Researchers identified a novel species of Listeria, L. swaminathanii, from soil samples collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This discovery represents the first Listeria species without official taxonomic standing, highlighting its unique genetic characteristics. However, formal validation was hindered by restrictive access requirements imposed by the National Park, which complicated efforts to meet the criteria set by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. The study underscores both the ecological diversity within protected areas and the challenges of integrating scientific research with conservation policies.
Understanding Hikers’ Behavioral Intent Towards Leave No Trace in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Hikers' behavioral intent to follow Leave No Trace (LNT) principles is significantly influenced by their perception of the effectiveness and difficulty of these practices, according to a study conducted in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The research, involving 285 participants, found that while attitudes toward appropriateness and self-reported knowledge also played roles, perceived effectiveness and difficulty were the most critical predictors. These insights suggest that park staff can reduce recreational impacts by focusing education on demonstrating how easily LNT principles can be implemented and their tangible benefits. Such targeted messaging could enhance hikers' understanding of proper behavior and its positive outcomes.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal response to fire and urbanization in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Plant species identity is the dominant factor shaping arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities, even under disturbances like fire and urbanization. A 2016 wildfire in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, exacerbated by drought and long-term fire suppression, provided a rare opportunity to study the combined effects of fire and urbanization on belowground ecosystems. Researchers found that while burn severity and exurban proximity influenced some AM fungal metrics—such as reduced colonization in burned areas and greater compositional variability in urban-adjacent sites—plant species identity had the strongest effect on AM fungi. No interactive effects between fire and urbanization were detected, suggesting that AM fungal taxa may persist if plant community structure remains stable or undisturbed habitats serve as inoculum sources post-fire. The study underscores the importance of preserving natural, undisturbed areas within wildland-urban interfaces to maintain belowground ecosystem resilience.
Loading of stream wood following the 2016 Chimney Tops 2 Wildfire: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA
Rare mass-mortality events, such as the 2016 Chimney Tops 2 wildfire, significantly impact wood dynamics in mountain streams within humid forested regions. This study found that the wildfire resulted in a substantial influx of burned wood into streams within Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), Tennessee, with an average of 47% of individual wood pieces and 72% of jams exhibiting burn marks by frequency, and 48% and 93% respectively by volume. Burned wood pieces were also found to have a larger diameter compared to unburned pieces (p = .065). The research suggests that such mass-mortality events could play a crucial role in the wood dynamics of mountain streams, potentially influencing physical and ecological processes in these ecosystems.
Pyrophilous fungi detected after wildfires in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park expand known species ranges and biodiversity estimates
A study of post-wildfire fungal communities in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park revealed 27 previously unrecorded pyrophilous fungi, expanding biodiversity estimates by nearly 1%. Researchers documented 41 taxa of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota over two years, identifying 22 Pezizales species as early responders to severe burn zones, with only one prior record in the park. Five obligate pyrophilous fungi were confirmed, along with two fire-enhanced species. Fungal fruiting peaked 4–6 months post-fire but persisted up to 2.5 years. The study also detected cryptic endemic lineages and proposed a new fungal combination, Hygrocybe spadicea var. spadicea f. odora.
Short-Term Effects of Recent Fire on the Production and Translocation of Pyrogenic Carbon in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Low-severity fire significantly increases the production and translocation of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, with PyC concentrations rising in both organic and mineral soil layers post-fire. The study, which analyzed soils from areas affected by the 2016 Chimney Tops 2 Fire—including a NEON site—found that higher-severity burns led to greater PyC accumulation in surface horizons (O-horizon) compared to lower-severity fires. Over time, PyC moved deeper into mineral soils, suggesting fire suppression may alter carbon cycling dynamics. This research highlights the role of fire as a mechanism for PyC formation and vertical transport, providing insights into soil carbon stability and ecosystem resilience.
Environmental correlates of tardigrade community structure in mosses and lichens in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Tennessee and North Carolina, USA)
A comprehensive inventory of tardigrades in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park revealed that sulfur oxide (SOx) deposition is the primary environmental factor influencing species richness and evenness in moss-dwelling tardigrades, while forest disturbance regimes significantly impact lichen-associated communities. The study analyzed 365 samples from mosses and lichens, identifying 57 tardigrade species, with 11 uniquely found on rock habitats. Unlike soil tardigrade communities, which were distinct, no significant differences were observed between moss and lichen substrates or sampling heights. Environmental variables, including SOx deposition and disturbance regimes, were key drivers of community structure, providing critical insights into the ecological dynamics of these microscopic organisms in one of the world's most biodiverse UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Highlights from 10+ Years of Lichenological Research in Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Celebrating the United States National Park Service Centennial
A decade-long lichenological study in Great Smoky Mountains National Park has revealed a remarkable 129% increase in the park's known lichen diversity, expanding its checklist to 920 species. The research identified 54 endemic species to the southeastern U.S., 30 exclusive to the southern Appalachians, and eight found nowhere else but within the park. Nearly half of these lichens are infrequent, rare, or exceptionally rare, with some presumed extinct or near-extinct. The study also described five new lichen species, commemorating National Park Service staff, and proposed a new combination (Fuscopannaria frullaniae). By analyzing 6,000 field collections, the research delineated six regional biogeographical connections, providing insights into the park's unique lichen biota.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of Hoplolaimus smokyensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae), a lance nematode from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
Researchers have identified and characterized Hoplolaimus smokyensis n. sp., a new species of lance nematode found in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. This discovery was made through detailed morphological and molecular analysis, revealing distinct features such as six (occasionally five) labial annules with 24 longitudinal striae on the basal lip, robust tulip-shaped stylet knobs, and a unique lateral field structure. Genetic comparisons of ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA confirmed its distinction from related species, while phylogenetic analyses placed it in a separate lineage within the Hoplolaimus genus. The study highlights the biodiversity of nematodes in protected areas and provides new insights into their taxonomic diversity.
Spatial and temporal patterns of ozone at Great Smoky Mountains National Park and implications for plant responses
Ozone levels at Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) have significantly decreased since the early 2000s, correlating with reduced nitrogen oxide emissions from regional power plants. This study analyzed ozone trends from 1989 to 2016 across six monitoring sites, revealing that while exposure increased with elevation up to 823 meters, it plateaued afterward. Ozone episodes (consecutive hours with concentrations ≥ 60 ppb) have declined in frequency and duration, with the highest recorded concentration of 135 ppb occurring in 1998. The shift from mid-summer to spring for maximum ozone exposures suggests seasonal changes influenced by regional emissions controls. These reductions, linked to the Clean Air Act Amendments, appear to benefit park vegetation, marking a period of the cleanest air in GRSM's recorded history.
Critical loads of sulfur and nitrogen and modeled effects of deposition reduction for forested ecosystems of Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Great Smoky Mountains National Park's forested ecosystems are highly vulnerable to sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) deposition, which can harm vegetation and aquatic life. Research reveals that current deposition levels exceed critical thresholds at three of four studied sites when using protective chemical criteria like aluminum to base cations (Al:Bc) = 0.1 or no decrease in base saturation. Modeling shows that even drastic reductions—48% for S and 56% for nitrate (NO₃⁻)—fail to meet critical thresholds for acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) or prevent soil acidification. Only a 90% reduction in both S and NO₃⁻ deposition achieves ANC = 100 μeq L⁻¹ at one site, underscoring the severity of N saturation in upper sites. The study emphasizes the need for stringent chemical criteria to protect sensitive ecosystems when setting deposition reduction targets.
Distribution of Karyotypes of the Cryptocercus punctulatus Species Complex (Blattodea: Cryptocercidae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Research on the Cryptocercus punctulatus species complex in Great Smoky Mountains National Park reveals distinct chromosomal variations among populations, with three male karyotypes (2n = 37, 39, and 45) mapped across the park. Phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial COII and nuclear ITS2 DNA suggests these karyotypes originated from separate lower-elevation refugia following the last glacial maximum. A notable correlation between elevation difference and genetic distance in two clades supports this hypothesis, indicating post-glacial divergence. The study also explores the ecological role of these wood-feeding cockroaches within the park's ecosystem.
Intricatonura fjellbergi, a New Peculiar Genus and Species of Neanurini (Collembola: Neanuridae: Neanurinae) from Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A new genus and species of springtail, Intricatonura fjellbergi, has been discovered in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This tiny, unique organism exhibits a distinctive set of morphological traits, including a reduced number of labial setae, divided DL tubercles on thoracic segments, rectangular Di tubercles on abdominal segments I–IV, and an absence of tubercles and De setae on the abdomen. Morphologically, Intricatonura resembles Vietnura, a genus known from Vietnam, suggesting potential evolutionary or ecological connections between temperate North American and Southeast Asian springtails. The discovery highlights the biodiversity of UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Great Smoky Mountains National Park and contributes to our understanding of Collembola taxonomy.
Roost selection by bats in buildings, Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Bats in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park are more likely to roost in old, dark buildings with low surrounding road density. This finding, derived from a two-year survey of 140 structures, identified 5 bat species and 48 roost sites, providing critical insights for wildlife management. Researchers used an information-theoretic approach to compare microclimate conditions, building features, and habitat characteristics between occupied and unoccupied buildings. Notably, 65.9% of roosting buildings were tourist-accessible, and 68.2% were historical structures, posing challenges for conservation while maintaining human safety and preserving heritage sites. The study offers alternative management strategies to balance bat protection with structural integrity during the reproductive period.
Spring and Autumn Phenological Variability across Environmental Gradients of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
Mountainous regions exhibit complex phenological behavior influenced by climatic, vegetational, and topographic gradients. A study analyzing the Great Smoky Mountains National Park from 2000 to 2015 revealed that elevational effects significantly impact spring phenology more than moisture effects, with deciduous forests showing increased sensitivity to antecedent warm temperatures. The research used MODIS time series data of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and filtered for cover type, topography, and disturbance history to improve understanding of land surface phenology (LSP). Findings suggest possible cross-seasonal lag effects, such as accelerated green-up after cold Januarys and early brown-down following warm springs. Disturbances like hemlock woolly adelgid infestations and severe tornadoes weakened sensitivity to temperature and precipitation variations, while low-severity wildland fires had no discernable effect.
Avian response to fire in pine–oak forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park following decades of fire suppression
Decades of fire suppression in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park have significantly altered bird communities, particularly those adapted to xeric pine-oak forests that rely on frequent fires. Research indicates that while management changes have increased fire presence over the past 20 years, no single fire regime benefits all species. The study found that 13 bird species thrived in burned areas, 2 declined, and 9 showed no significant difference, with fire severity and time since burn influencing their occurrence patterns. To support peak occupancy for the entire avian community, at least three distinct fire regimes—frequent low-severity, infrequent low-severity, and infrequently applied high-severity fires—are necessary. The research combined avian point counts and remote sensing data to model species occurrence over up to 28 years post-fire.
Calicioid Lichens and Fungi of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Not a Healthy Population
A declining population of calicioid lichens and fungi, which thrive in older, undisturbed forests with clean air, has been documented in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The study identifies 54 taxa, noting their substrate preferences, distribution within the park, and representative specimens. These species serve as bioindicators for forest health and air quality, but their poor condition suggests significant ecological stress due to prolonged exposure to pollution and widespread insect and fungal damage. This raises concerns about the broader ecosystem's resilience in the park.
Description of Mesocriconema ericaceum n. sp. (Nematoda: Criconematidae) and notes on other nematode species discovered in an ericaceous heath bald community in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
Researchers have identified a new species of nematode, Mesocriconema ericaceum, within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This discovery was made through DNA barcoding and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed distinct morphological and genetic traits distinguishing it from related species like M. xenoplax. The study also documented three additional nematode species—Ogma seymouri, Criconema loofi, and Criconema cf. acriculum—each with unique geographic distributions, suggesting potential biogeographic connections across coastal and boggy ecosystems. These findings contribute to the understanding of terrestrial soil nematode diversity and distribution patterns.
Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: 2016 Revision
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, one of the largest protected temperate forest ecosystems east of the Rocky Mountains, harbors 68 mammal species, with four additional probable species. This 2016 revision represents the first comprehensive update in over two decades, incorporating new records, distribution data, ecological insights, and taxonomic revisions. The study highlights significant changes since the 1995 publication, including successful reintroductions of two species (e.g., red wolf) and an unsuccessful one, alongside extensive documentation on mammal traits such as diet, reproduction, hibernation, and predation. Leveraging a vast bibliography, this work provides the most complete synthesis to date on the Park's mammalian biodiversity, underscoring its global ecological importance as both an International Biosphere Reserve (since 1976) and UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1983).
Surface Retreats Used among Four Genera of Terrestrial Salamanders in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A study on plethodontid salamanders in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park revealed that these terrestrial salamanders prefer larger woody retreats, such as logs and bark piles, more than expected. The research found a positive correlation between retreat area or mass and the presence, number, and size of salamanders, though this relationship explained only a small portion of the variation observed. Elevation played a significant role, with stronger associations at low and mid elevations. Additionally, when multiple salamanders shared retreats, they tended to be similar in size and species pairings matched expectations based on site diversity. This study provides insights into retreat use patterns for terrestrial salamanders and suggests avenues for further research to clarify these relationships.
A Metapopulation Model for Feral Hogs in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A discrete-time, space model reveals that feral hog population growth in Great Smoky Mountains National Park has been effectively limited by management efforts. The study leveraged historical data on vegetation, mast (seed production), and harvest to simulate population dynamics, demonstrating the impact of natural resource variability on invasive species control. Key findings suggest that targeted interventions have curbed expansion, offering insights for sustainable management strategies.
An Assessment of Coliform Bacteria in Water Sources Near Appalachian Trail Shelters Within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A significant proportion of water sources near Appalachian Trail shelters within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park contain coliform bacteria, particularly during the summer season. The study found that 70% of samples tested positive for coliform bacteria and 60% for E. coli in summer, with colony-forming units (CFU) ranging up to 489 CFU/100 mL for coliforms and 123 CFU/100 mL for E. coli. Fall samples showed a lower prevalence, with only 43% positive for coliforms and 14% for E. coli, indicating seasonal variability in bacterial contamination. These findings suggest that water treatment is necessary to meet EPA drinking water safety standards (0 CFU/100 mL) during the summer months, highlighting an infectious disease risk for hikers and campers.
An Individual‐Based Model for Feral Hogs in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
An individual-based model reveals that annual harvests in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) limit but do not reduce feral hog populations, with population dynamics primarily driven by fall hard mast production. The study combines demographic data and environmental factors to simulate population growth under current control efforts, providing critical insights for refining management strategies.
Characterization and Classification of Vegetation Canopy Structure and Distribution within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Using LiDAR
A comprehensive analysis of vegetation canopy structures in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, covering 139,859 hectares, reveals critical habitat patterns essential for threatened and endangered species. Using advanced LiDAR technology, researchers captured three-dimensional canopy data, surpassing traditional two-dimensional remote sensing methods. The study developed a computationally efficient approach to process large-scale LiDAR datasets, providing valuable insights into the distribution of vegetation and animal habitats in this biodiverse ecosystem. This research supports forest and wildlife management by offering detailed information for conservation planning and biodiversity monitoring.
Effective Use of Trails for Assessing Terrestrial Salamander Abundance and Detection: A Case Study at Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A study in Great Smoky Mountains National Park found that trails can be effectively used to assess the abundance and detection of terrestrial salamanders without significantly differing from non-trail transects. Researchers analyzed capture data from 195 transects, including 70 along trails and 125 within non-trail habitats, over two three-week periods in June and July 2012. The findings suggest that microhabitat variables associated with salamander detection and abundance did not differ significantly between trail and non-trail transects. This research implies that trails can serve as a viable method for estimating salamander populations, potentially reducing the need to sample sensitive habitats, which could benefit conservation efforts in protected areas.
Influence of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestation Levels on Water Stress in Eastern Hemlocks within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A.
Trees with severe hemlock woolly adelgid infestation (>75%) experience significantly higher water stress compared to those with low infestation (<25%), according to a 13-month study in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This finding suggests that adelgid-induced water stress may reduce the effectiveness of imidacloprid treatments, complicating chemical management strategies for this invasive pest. Researchers measured monthly water stress in eastern hemlocks across three infestation severity levels, providing critical insights to improve conservation efforts.
Lecanora anakeestiicola(Lecanorales): an unusual new fruticose species from Great Smoky Mountains National Park in eastern North America
Researchers have identified Lecanora anakeestiicola, a new, sterile, asexually reproducing lichen species from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This discovery highlights its unique features: a dimorphic thallus with flaccid, ecorticate pseudopodetia and the production of usnic acid alongside zeorin. The study distinguishes this species from similar ones like Lecanora phryganitis (which produces xanthones and has stiff, tangled pseudopodetia) and Leprocaulon americanum and L. quisquiliare (both characterized by erect pseudopodetia with a stiff central cord). The findings are based on morphological analysis of two known populations found on shaded outcrops of the Anakeesta Formation at high elevations in the southern Appalachians.
A Molecular Clone and Culture Inventory of the Root Fungal Community Associated with Eastern Hemlock in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A comprehensive inventory of root fungal communities associated with Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park revealed 124 fungal taxa across 23 genera, with Meliniomyces variabilis and Russula granulata being the most dominant. The study, conducted using molecular cloning and cultural methods, sampled roots from 40 trees at two elevations and age classes, identifying key species such as Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride in fungal isolates. Surprisingly, species richness, diversity, and evenness were consistent across different elevations and stand ages, providing a baseline for understanding ecological changes post-HWA damage and supporting future reforestation efforts.
A review ofRinodina(Physciaceae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park highlights the growing significance of this “island of biodiversity” in eastern North America
A comprehensive review of the crustose lichen genus Rinodina in Great Smoky Mountains National Park identifies 17 species, including three newly reported (R. bullata, R. excrescens, and R. oxydata) and one described as new to science (R. brodoana). The latter is restricted to old-growth hardwoods at middle to low elevations, with two species (R. brodoana and R. chrysomelaena) proposed for critically endangered IUCN Red List status. The study underscores the biodiversity significance of mid-to-low elevation habitats in this Appalachian hotspot, providing revised North American distributions, ecological insights, and a key to 21 Rinodina species in the southern Appalachians.
Aquatic tardigrades in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee, U.S.A., with the description of a new species of Thulinius (Tardigrada, Isohypsibiidae)
Researchers have identified a new species of aquatic tardigrade, Thulinius romanoi, within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), adding to the park's biodiversity record. This discovery, part of the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory, also confirmed the presence of Thulinius augusti in the U.S., previously unrecorded, and documented nine specimens of a third species, Thulinius cf. saltursus, with slight morphological variations from known records. The study employed combined morphological and molecular analysis to distinguish these species, updating the list of tardigrades in GSMNP streams to 44 species, 22 of which are predominantly or exclusively aquatic.
Diversity and density of the EM fungal community present in high elevation Fraser fir forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A three-year study in the high-elevation Fraser fir forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park revealed that ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal diversity and density were significantly higher in low regeneration plots compared to mature or sapling sites, with 11 decomposer and 33 EM species identified. Laccaria species, particularly Laccaria laccata and its variety, dominated low regeneration treatments, suggesting potential for their use in Fraser fir reforestation efforts. The research also found that precipitation influenced fungal frequency, with higher values recorded in wetter years (2009). While sapling plots hosted the most frequent EM species, mature and sapling stands showed greater overall richness and diversity than low regeneration areas, likely due to limited Fraser fir establishment. Ongoing experiments are testing Laccaria inoculation for seedling survival in degraded sites.
Evaluation of Cryphonectria Parasitica Isolates Collected from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A high level of vegetative compatibility (vc) diversity exists among Cryphonectria parasitica isolates in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, potentially restricting hypovirus spread. Researchers analyzed 159 cankers from 139 American chestnut trees along hiking trails in Tennessee and North Carolina over two years (2010-2011). While C. parasitica was recovered from nearly all samples, only one isolate showed signs of hypovirulence, suggesting naturally-occurring hypoviruses are rare in this region.
Fleshy Saprobic and Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities Associated with Healthy and Declining Eastern Hemlock Stands in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Eastern hemlock stands in Great Smoky Mountains National Park exhibit significant differences in fungal community structure between healthy and declining trees, with younger stands (Copeland Creek) supporting greater macrofungi richness, diversity, and evenness compared to older stands (Gabes Mountain). The study found that imidicloprid treatment—used to mitigate hemlock decline—reduced ectomycorrhizal fungi evenness near treated trees, while saprobic fungi remained unaffected. Common fungal taxa included Russula fragrantissima, Amanita citrina var. lavendula, and Austroboletus gracilis, with associated vegetation like Striped Maple and American Holly influencing macrofungi occurrence. Conducted from 2006 to 2009, this research contributes baseline data for the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI) in GRSM.
Freshwater Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A previously undocumented presence of freshwater ribbon worms (Nemertea) was discovered in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. All six specimens collected between 2007 and 2010 belonged to the genus Prostoma, though species identification remains inconclusive, and it is uncertain whether any represent new or undescribed species. The study employed a descriptive approach, analyzing specimen characteristics through photography and morphological examination. This finding marks the first report of ribbon worms in this UNESCO-listed site, highlighting potential biodiversity overlooked in prior surveys.
Great Women of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Defining Nature and the National Park Service
The Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) reflects evolving American definitions of nature, shaped significantly by three overlooked women—Anne May Davis, Laura Thornburgh, and the Walker Sisters. Their diverse perspectives on nature, influenced by class, gender, and cultural shifts in Appalachia, reveal that the park's creation was driven primarily by its economic potential through tourism. Unlike earlier parks rooted in scenic nationalism, GSMNP's development marked a transition in how nature was perceived—whether as a commodity, moral authority, or means of extraction. This study highlights the National Park system's dynamic evolution, challenging the notion of its static origins and underscoring the role of women in redefining its purpose.
The genus Milnesium (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (North Carolina and Tennessee, USA), with the description of Milnesium bohleberi sp. nov.
A new species of tardigrade, Milnesium bohleberi, has been discovered in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), adding to the growing diversity of the genus Milnesium. This finding challenges the long-held assumption that the genus consisted of a single cosmopolitan species, Milnesium tardigradum. The discovery was part of the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI) and utilized recent taxonomic revisions to identify and describe Milnesium bohleberi, which differs from its closest relative, M. eurystomum, by shorter claws and a distinct buccal tube structure. Additionally, the study confirmed the presence of another rare species, Milnesium granulatum, previously known only from Chile, Italy, and Romania. The research highlights the importance of re-evaluating specimens using updated taxonomic characters to uncover hidden biodiversity.
The Land Snails of White Oak Sinks, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee
A nine-year survey at White Oak Sinks, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, documented 58 land snail species, including 17 new county records for Blount County. The study reveals significant regional diversity and affinities with other areas, underscoring the need for further research on these poorly studied organisms amid growing biodiversity threats. Surveys employed long-term field sampling to capture species richness, highlighting gaps in knowledge that require urgent attention.
Unusual Bat Behavior During Winter in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A study conducted between December 2012 and April 2013 in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park revealed unusual bat behavior during winter, including daytime flying, foraging, and erratic movement. Nine bats were collected, with six tested for White-nose Syndrome (WNS) via histology, all of which tested positive. The researchers hypothesize that WNS may have caused increased activity and emergence from hibernacula in these bats. These observations were more frequent on warmer-than-average days, suggesting a potential link between temperature and bat behavior during the winter months.
Bait Preferences and Population Status of Small Mammals in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A study in Great Smoky Mountains National Park found that peanut butter was the most effective bait for trapping small mammals, significantly outperforming empty traps or those baited with potted meat. However, the overall number of small mammals caught in 2010 was substantially lower than in a previous study conducted between 1999 and 2003, despite similar trapping efforts. This decline may be attributed to factors such as a intervening drought and the recent introduction of coyotes (Canis latrans) and European wild boar (Sus scrofa), both of which could negatively impact small mammal populations. The study also did not detect the presence of the least weasel (Mustela nivalis), suggesting it is unlikely to inhabit the park, but recommended further research to confirm this and explore the effects of invasive species on native small mammals.
Beyond Management and Sustainability: Visitor Experiences of Physical Accessibility in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
Visitors with physical disabilities to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park commonly report significant accessibility challenges, particularly narrow restroom doorways and the lack of accessible trails. The study, sponsored by the National Center on Accessibility, is notable for being the first to focus solely on the perceptions and expectations of individuals with physical disabilities in a single national park. It highlights critical gaps in infrastructure, such as insufficient grab bars and curb cuts, which hinder accessibility. Future research should expand this approach to include diverse disabilities—such as hearing or visual impairments—and compare experiences across different types of US National Park Service units (national parks, historical sites, parkways, and monuments) at multiple levels (state, regional, national). This would provide a broader understanding of accessibility needs and improve management strategies.
Contrast and comparison of aerial algal communities from two distinct regions in the U.S.A., the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (TN) and the Lake Superior region.
A comparative analysis of aerial algal communities in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) and the Lake Superior region (LSR) reveals no significant regional distinction, despite their geographic separation. Both regions exhibit dominance by cyanobacteria, accounting for over 50% of relative abundance in each. While unique taxa exist in low abundances, many prevalent species overlap between the two areas. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination highlights that moisture availability within GSMNP influences community structure, with drier habitats favoring cyanobacteria and wetter ones supporting higher abundances of chlorophytes and diatoms. The study employs a comprehensive approach, measuring physical and chemical factors such as aspect, moisture levels, light, and pH to assess ecological patterns.
Species richness of soil and leaf litter tardigrades in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (North Carolina/Tennessee, USA)
A comprehensive study of soil and leaf litter tardigrades in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) reveals remarkably high species richness, with 80 species identified from 780 samples, including 14 new to science. This finding surpasses comparable studies in Japan, with GSMNP's estimated species richness significantly higher than that of Mt. Fuji and only surpassed by Kanagawa prefecture. The research utilized a large dataset (15,618 specimens) and employed the Chao 1 species richness estimator along with species accumulation curves to confirm near-complete sampling coverage. This study underscores the GSMNP's biodiversity and highlights the utility of species richness estimators in habitat comparisons, even when sampling efforts vary.
Comparison of Coleoptera emergent from various decay classes of downed coarse woody debris in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
A study in Great Smoky Mountains National Park found that the diversity and abundance of beetles (Coleoptera) emerging from downed coarse woody debris varied significantly with the decay class of the wood. Beetle communities were more diverse and abundant in less decayed logs, suggesting that early-stage decay provides critical habitat for these insects. Researchers categorized decay classes based on visual cues such as bark retention, wood hardness, and fungal presence, then sampled emerging beetles using emergence traps. This study highlights the ecological importance of coarse woody debris in maintaining biodiversity within temperate forests.
Comparison of the Coleoptera communities in leaf litter and rotten wood in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
A study comparing beetle (Coleoptera) communities in leaf litter and rotten wood within Great Smoky Mountains National Park revealed distinct species assemblages adapted to these microhabitats. The research identified 315 beetle species, with notable differences in diversity and composition between the two substrates. Species richness was higher in leaf litter, while certain taxa, such as longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), were more abundant in rotten wood. The study employed a combination of field sampling, morphological identification, and ecological analyses to assess species distribution patterns. These findings highlight the importance of habitat-specific microenvironments in shaping beetle community structure within this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Comparison of three collection techniques for capture of Coleoptera, with an emphasis on saproxylic species, in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
A study comparing three beetle collection techniques in Great Smoky Mountains National Park found that flight-interception traps were the most effective for capturing saproxylic (wood-dependent) Coleoptera species, while window traps and baited traps showed varying efficiencies depending on habitat conditions. The research evaluated these methods to improve biodiversity assessments in protected areas, with implications for conservation monitoring.
Geologic map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region, Tennessee and North Carolina
A comprehensive geologic map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region, spanning Tennessee and North Carolina, reveals critical geological structures that support biodiversity research and land management. Conducted between 1993 and 2003 by the U.S. Geological Survey in collaboration with the National Park Service (NPS), this 1:100,000-scale map was derived from detailed fieldwork at scales of 1:24,000 and 1:62,500. The study addressed gaps in existing knowledge, revised problematic areas, and created a digital database to aid interdisciplinary research, soil mapping by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, and the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory. This map serves as an essential tool for park management and visitor education, providing foundational data for understanding the region's complex geology.
Influence of basin characteristics on baseflow and stormflow chemistry in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
Streams in higher-elevation basins (>975 m) within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park exhibit significantly lower pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), sodium, and silicon concentrations, alongside elevated nitrate levels, compared to those in smaller or lower-altitude basins. The study reveals that basin characteristics—such as elevation, area, geology, soil properties, and vegetation—interactively influence stream chemistry during both baseflow and stormflow conditions. Notably, streams draining basins with Anakeesta geology (>10%) show reduced pH and sodium but higher aluminum concentrations during storm events. Soil hydraulic conductivity emerges as a critical factor, with higher conductivities correlating to lower ANC, base cations, and increased nitrate/sulfate in stormflow. These findings underscore the dominant role of soil and geological properties over topographical factors in shaping aquatic chemistry, guiding prioritization for conservation strategies.
Land Snails of Selected Rare High Elevation Forests and Heath Balds of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A comprehensive survey of land snails in the high-elevation forests and heath balds of Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) documented 33 species, including a new species, Fumonelix langdoni, at elevations ranging from 1,372 to 2,012 meters. This study, the first of its kind in these specific habitats, identified two globally significant species, Mesodon altivagus and Fumonelix jonesiana, both with exceptionally restricted ranges within the park. Additionally, a potential new taxon in the genus Fumonelix was noted, and Appalachina chilhoweensis was recorded at 1,666 meters, representing its highest known elevation. While species richness declines with elevation, snail abundance remains relatively stable. Heath balds emerged as comparably rich sites for gastropods, with Vitrinizonites latissimus being the most frequently observed. Combined with previous inventories, this research expands the known land snail fauna of GSMNP to 49 species above 1,372 meters.
Understory Composition of FiveTsuga canadensisAssociated Forest Communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Despite significant overstory decline due to hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) infestation, understory composition in five Tsuga canadensis-associated forest communities within Great Smoky Mountains National Park remains relatively stable. This resilience is attributed to the dominance of Rhododendron maximum, which acts as a buffer by moderating light levels reaching the forest floor. The study resampled 29 permanent plots established 5–6 years prior across hemlock, montane cove, montane oak/hickory, acid hardwood, and northern hardwood communities. Findings suggest that while HWA-induced overstory mortality is altering forest structure, its early impacts on understory vegetation are less pronounced than anticipated, potentially influencing long-term successional dynamics.
Zoonotic Infections Among Employees from Great Smoky Mountains and Rocky Mountain National Parks, 2008–2009
A study of U.S. National Park Service employees at Great Smoky Mountains and Rocky Mountain National Parks revealed significant exposure to zoonotic pathogens, with 31.9% testing positive for California serogroup bunyaviruses and notable prevalence of other agents like Bartonella henselae (26.7%) and spotted fever group rickettsiae (22.2%). Over a year, incident infections were detected in 5.7% of employees at Great Smoky Mountains, including leptospirosis, B. henselae, and others, while Rocky Mountain employees showed higher rates of spotted fever group rickettsiae (8.5%) and B. henselae (4.3%). Resource managers and law enforcement rangers faced the highest risk, with odds ratios of 7.4 and 6.5, respectively. The findings underscore the need for targeted guidelines to mitigate exposure risks for park staff.
Accelerated construction of a regional DNA-barcode reference library: caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A regional DNA-barcode reference library for caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) was successfully constructed using a combination of global and local sampling, achieving 91% coverage of the GSMNP fauna. The study leveraged nearly 1000 COI sequences from the global Trichoptera Barcode of Life campaign, supplemented by 645 sequences obtained during a 3-day bioblitz in GSMNP. This approach expedited library construction while maintaining high species differentiation accuracy (93%). The findings highlight the importance of integrating global barcoding projects with local surveys to capture rare or endemic species and ensure barcode quality, offering new insights into caddisfly biodiversity patterns and taxonomic revisions.
Effects of black bear relocation on elk calf recruitment at Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Black bear relocation significantly improved elk calf recruitment and population growth at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. A study found that relocating bears from primary calving areas increased the annual calf recruitment rate from 0.306 to 0.544, leading to a positive population growth rate (λ = 1.118) over 25 years. Researchers monitored radiocollared elk and bears, comparing vital rates before and during bear relocation. The increase in population growth was primarily attributed to changes in calf recruitment, with behavioral adaptations of elk also likely contributing. This suggests that bear relocation can be an effective temporary management strategy for enhancing elk populations in areas where black bears are present.
First Distributional Study of Branchiobdellida (Annelida: Clitellata) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee, USA, with a Redescription ofCambarincola holostomusHoffman, 1963
A groundbreaking distributional study of Branchiobdellida, or crayfish worms, in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) reveals a previously understudied biodiversity hotspot. Researchers identified 10 species across 15 sites, including five species of Cambarincola, with occurrences ranging from one to eleven sites per species. This study, part of the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory, highlights the complex factors influencing species distribution and host preferences in this UNESCO World Heritage Site. Notably, a redescription of Cambarincola holostomus Hoffman, 1963, adds new morphological characters to its profile. The findings underscore the need for further intensive surveys to comprehend the ecological dynamics and conserve both the symbionts and their hosts.
Measurement of ambient aerosol hydration state at Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the southeastern United States
Aerosols at Great Smoky Mountains National Park exhibit distinct seasonal hydration behaviors, with summer aerosols overwhelmingly favoring the more hydrated state (12% showing dual states) while winter aerosols display a near-even split between hydrated and less hydrated states (49% with dual states). This discovery challenges assumptions about aerosol stability in climate and visibility models. Researchers used a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) to measure ambient hydration states, revealing that seasonal variations in particulate matter composition and relative humidity influence these patterns.
Picea rubensgrowth at high versus low elevations in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: evaluation by systems modeling
Red spruce (Picea rubens) growth in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park is primarily constrained by air pollution at high elevations (1800–2000 m), while lower elevations (1450–1700 m) face challenges from photoinhibition, drought stress due to reduced precipitation and high evapotranspiration, and minor air pollution effects. The study employed the ARIM (annual radial increment model), a systems modeling approach that integrates multivariable factors to assess tree growth dynamics. This methodology quantifies complex interactions across disciplines, offering new insights for conservation policies in response to environmental changes, climate shifts, and pollution. The findings underscore the need for habitat-specific management strategies to sustain red spruce populations amid evolving ecological pressures.
Ramazzottius belubellus, a new species of Tardigrada (Eutardigrada: Parachela: Hypsibiidae) from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (North Carolina, U.S.A.)
Researchers have identified and described a new species of tardigrade, Ramazzottius belubellus, from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This discovery is notable for its unique dorsal spines—long, sharp, and triangular—which distinguish it from all other known Ramazzottius species. Unlike related species that feature small tubercles arranged in bands or a thin reticulum, R. belubellus stands out due to these distinctive spines. While superficially resembling R. baumanni, the new species differs by lacking flat, hemispherical tubercles and instead possessing sharp triangular spines on its dorsal side. The study highlights the biodiversity of microscopic organisms within UNESCO-listed sites like the Great Smoky Mountains, offering insights into tardigrade taxonomy and adaptation in extreme environments.
Riparian Ecosystem Response to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) Induced Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Mortality in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA)-induced mortality of eastern hemlock in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park has triggered significant ecological shifts in riparian ecosystems. Impacted streams exhibit reduced canopy coverage, increased light availability, and altered vegetative composition, with red maple, yellow birch, sweet birch, and rosebay rhododendron dominating post-mortality landscapes. Aquatic systems show cooler temperatures during colder months, higher concentrations of nutrients like silicon, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, and copper, as well as increased acid neutralization capacity and pH. While macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance remain largely unaffected, shifts in functional feeding groups (from collector/filter to scraper) and reductions in specific taxa, such as Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, and Pleuroceridae snails, highlight the ecological disruption caused by hemlock mortality. The study employed a comparative approach, assessing riparian and aquatic impacts across reference sites with initial HWA presence and impacted sites with over 90% hemlock mortality, revealing both short-term and long-term consequences of invasive species on stream ecosystems.
Why Do They Come? Understanding Attendance at Ranger-Led Programs in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A mismatch exists between ranger perceptions and visitor motivations for attending ranger-led programs at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. While rangers believed that tangible rewards, specific topic interest, or serendipity would drive attendance, visitors were more motivated by entertainment, the chance to see unique attractions, and a positive group experience. The study highlights the importance of gathering direct feedback from park visitors rather than relying solely on ranger insights to improve program design and increase participation.
Actual and Inferred Checklist of the Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, with Attendant Ant and Host Plant Associations
A comprehensive survey of aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park identified 121 actual species, with statistical estimates suggesting a total of 201–214 species may inhabit the region. The study, conducted between 2003 and 2006 as part of the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory, also documented attendant ants and host plants for each aphid species. By cross-referencing park plant records with a North American aphid catalog, researchers inferred an additional 85 species likely present in the park, bringing the total to 206. This work provides a foundational checklist for understanding aphid biodiversity in this UNESCO World Heritage Site and its ecological interactions.
Diversity and taxonomic review of Leptusa Kraatz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A., with descriptions of four new species
A taxonomic review of the beetle genus Leptusa in Great Smoky Mountains National Park identifies ten species, including four newly described: L. (Adoxopisalia) pseudosmokyiensis, L. (A.) stocksi, L. (Dysleptusa) gimmeli, and L. (Eucryptusa) ferroi. The study also documents the previously unknown female of L. (D.) pusio, providing detailed illustrations and diagnostic keys for 16 of the 18 eastern U.S. species. This research highlights the 'Overlooked Syndrome,' where undescribed species persist in well-studied regions, emphasizing the need for continued taxonomic exploration even in extensively documented areas.
Examination of the terrestrial algae of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA.
A comprehensive examination of terrestrial algae within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA, revealed 42 distinct taxa, including 20 new records for the park. The study, part of the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory, sampled soils from both mature and secondary growth forests, as well as rocks and tree bark, highlighting the rich algal diversity in this UNESCO World Heritage Site. Among the identified species were representatives from Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Klebsormidiophyceae, Zygnematophyceae, Tribophyta, Eustigmatophyta, Euglenophyta, and Dinophyta. This research contributes significantly to the understanding of algal biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems.
GEOBIA Vegetation Mapping in Great Smoky Mountains National Park with Spectral and Non-spectral Ancillary Information
Incorporating texture and topographic variables with spectral data from scanned color infrared aerial photographs significantly improved the accuracy of GEOBIA vegetation classification in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, increasing overall accuracy by 2.8 percent and Kappa by 5.0 percent. A separate study using multispectral Ikonos imagery found that elevation, aspect, slope, and proximity to streams also enhanced classification accuracy, achieving 76.6 percent overall accuracy and a Kappa of 0.57, closely resembling manual interpretations. These findings suggest that ancillary information can substantially aid GEOBIA vegetation mapping in rugged mountain areas, offering potential for more precise updates to vegetation inventories.
Natural History and Flash Repertoire of the Synchronous FireflyPhotinus carolinus(Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
The synchronous firefly Photinus carolinus in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park exhibits complex mating behaviors and flash signal variations. This study reveals that polyandrous females remate multiple times during their 3-week lifespan, using distinct receptive doublet flashes while stationary but also rhythmic flashing when walking. Males increase the number of flashes per train after females emerge, displaying pseudo-female flashes and group chaos flashing in mating clusters. Observations over 18 years highlight male guarding behaviors, prolonged copulation, and challenges from predators and phorid infestations. The research provides critical insights into the natural history and mating strategies of P. carolinus, contributing to understanding its adaptation in changing habitats.
The Acontiinae and Eustrotiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park
A comprehensive survey of the moth subfamilies Acontiinae and Eustrotiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park reveals a total of 14 species, with detailed documentation for each. Species identification includes adult images, descriptions, flight periods, park distribution, abundance, elevational range, general distribution, and larval hosts. Using species accumulation curves and estimators (Chao 1, ACE, Chao 2, ICE), the study suggests that the observed species likely represent the full diversity of these subfamilies within the park, indicating minimal likelihood of additional undiscovered species.
The Hadeninae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
A comprehensive survey of the Hadeninae moth subfamily (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA, reveals 52 species across five tribes, with significant diversity hotspots identified. Purchase Knob, Big Cove Road, and Foothills Parkway emerged as the most species-rich localities, hosting 44, 32, and 24 species respectively. Pseudorthodes vecors was the most widespread, recorded from 59 sites, while Polia detracta dominated in abundance with 210 specimens collected. The study provides detailed accounts of adult morphology, flight periods, elevational ranges, larval hosts, and distribution patterns for each species, offering critical insights into the biodiversity and ecological dynamics of this understudied moth group within a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Three new species ofAcanthostigma(Tubeufiaceae, Dothideomycetes) from Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Researchers have identified three new species of the fungal genus Acanthostigma within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. These discoveries, confirmed through phylogenetic analyses of genetic markers (28S large subunit and internal transcribed spacer region), highlight distinct morphological traits such as longer ascospores with increased septa in Acanthostigma filiforme and multiseptatum, and broader, asymmetrical ascospores constricted at septa in A. septoconstrictum. The study also solidified the placement of Acanthostigma within the Tubeufiaceae family through comprehensive phylogenetic analyses. This research contributes to the understanding of fungal diversity in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly decomposing wood habitats.
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