Publications
Diversity and Spatiotemporal Activity Patterns of Medium and Large Mammals in the Niokolo‐Koba National Park, Senegal
A study of Niokolo-Koba National Park in Senegal reveals that savannah habitats support higher evenness in species abundance distribution compared to forest habitats, despite comparable overall species richness. Using 37 camera traps deployed over 13,080 days, researchers analyzed the spatiotemporal activity patterns of medium and large mammals, finding that these patterns align with known species-specific behaviors. The study also highlights differential habitat use throughout the day, likely driven by spatial segregation between sleeping and foraging sites. These findings underscore the ecological significance of the park's forest-savannah mosaic and provide a baseline for future monitoring efforts in this understudied West African ecosystem.
Woody Plants in Dialan and other Ritual Practices within the Biocultural Landscape of Niokolo Koba National Park, Senegal
Ritual practices within the Dialan belief system in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, involve 41 woody plant species, with Khaya senegalensis, Piliostigma thonningii, Daniellia oliveri, and Anogeissus leiocarpa being the most prominent. These plants are used for various rituals, including baths, drinks, fumigation, amulets, mask rituals, sacrifices, offerings, and incantations, often performed in specific areas within villages or the park. The study highlights the significance of these practices among isolated Bassari communities, contributing to a deeper understanding of human-environment interactions and emphasizing the need for integrating spiritual and biocultural factors into conservation efforts.
African Conservation Success: Niokolo-Koba National Park (Senegal) Removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger
Niokolo-Koba National Park (NKNP) in Senegal successfully transitioned from the UNESCO World Heritage List of Danger to regular status by 2024, marking a significant conservation achievement. This success was driven by regional and international cooperation, enhanced monitoring, and community engagement, which mitigated threats such as poaching, livestock grazing, and dam construction. The study highlights the complex challenges and governance needs in heritage conservation, emphasizing the importance of long-term investment from national governments and international partners to ensure sustainable financing through ecotourism, recognition, or ecosystem services. The case also underscores the positive impact of improved national governance and collaborative partnerships involving NGOs and the private sector on conservation efforts, particularly in regions with severe human interference and socio-economic pressures.
Echoes from an Abandoned Drum: Ethnoarchaeological Insights into Cordyla pinnata and Spiritual Culture in South-eastern Senegal
A fragmentary wooden drum discovered in the abandoned village of Sibi Kili, Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, has been identified as a rare and culturally significant artefact crafted from Cordyla pinnata, an endangered tree species. Through interdisciplinary research—combining ethnobotanical analysis, ethnoarchaeology, qualitative interviews, and wood microscopy—the study reveals the drum's role as a medium of spiritual, social, and political communication in Mandinka communities. The findings underscore the durability and symbolic resonance of this material, while also highlighting its ecological context and the urgent need for preservation. This case exemplifies the value of ephemeral artefacts in African archaeology and advocates for integrative approaches to studying human-environment interactions and intangible heritage.
Impact of food availability and predator presence on patterns of landscape partitioning among neighbouring Guinea baboon (Papio papio) parties
A study on Guinea baboons (Papio papio) in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, reveals minimal feeding competition among neighboring parties despite substantial home range overlap. Analysis of four years of GPS collar data showed that food availability and predator presence did not significantly affect the distance between parties, which often remained under 100 meters apart. This suggests a low level of aggressive landscape partitioning in this population, though whether this is unique to Niokolo-Koba or characteristic of Guinea baboons more broadly remains unclear.
Imperial Ecologies
Niokolo-Koba National Park (PNNK) in Senegal, established in 1954, challenges conventional narratives of colonial power by revealing its contested and multifaceted nature. This study, using original archival materials, demonstrates that the park's evolution was not solely dictated by French imperial authorities but was shaped by complex interactions among European administrators, international ecological scientists, local African villagers, and resistors at both local and imperial levels. The post-war context provided new opportunities for social control and economic development, yet the park's trajectory was also significantly influenced by local agency, environmental conditions, and emerging global conservation discourses. This research dismantles the notion of a 'colonial consensus' among Europeans and complicates the binary opposition between colonizer and colonized.
Local Communities and Protected Areas: Plant Use and Sources Around Niokolo Koba, Senegal's Largest National Park
A study on Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal's largest protected area, reveals that local communities maintain strong biocultural ties to the park despite conservation restrictions. The research identifies 63 woody plant species crucial for livelihoods, with medicine, food, firewood, and construction being primary uses. Nearly 80% of these plants are sourced from village surroundings, while 25% come from the park itself. Ethnic groups and settlement locations significantly influence plant use patterns. The findings highlight the importance of integrating traditional knowledge into conservation strategies to ensure sustainable resource management amid rapid societal changes in Senegal.
Primates in Burrows: A Cause for Concern? Observations From a One Health Perspective at Niokolo Koba National Park, Senegal
A novel observation at Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, reveals that three primate species frequently visit burrows, with some entering them, potentially increasing disease transmission risk. This behavior suggests burrows as critical 'One Health hotspots' where primates may interact with bats and other taxa known to carry zoonoses. The study highlights the need for monitoring these areas, particularly in regions frequented by rangers or tourists, to mitigate potential health risks. The research employs a descriptive approach, documenting primate-burrow interactions and their implications for disease dynamics.
Spatial Distribution Modelling of a Threatened Lion Population in Relation to Prey Populations in Niokolo‐Koba National Park, Senegal
A high-performance spatial model reveals that the core habitat for lions in Niokolo-Koba National Park (NKNP), Senegal, is concentrated in the park's central region. This distribution is primarily shaped by elevation, annual precipitation, prey availability, and human pressures such as poaching and livestock grazing. The model achieved an exceptional accuracy (AUC of 0.96), highlighting critical factors that influence lion habitat selection. By integrating satellite-derived data like NDVI with land cover types and proximity to water bodies, researchers identified key environmental variables that support lion populations while also pinpointing areas vulnerable to human encroachment. These findings underscore the importance of targeted conservation strategies to protect lions by mitigating poaching and livestock pressure while preserving prey populations.
First insights into the spatio-temporal ecology of sympatric large carnivores in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal
A camera-trap survey in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, revealed critical insights into the spatio-temporal ecology of four sympatric large carnivores: spotted hyaenas, leopards, West African lions, and African wild dogs. Spotted hyaenas and leopards exhibited the widest spatial distribution and highest site use probability, with their activity influenced by factors such as leopard abundance, vegetation index, and proximity to roads or rivers. Lions showed a strong preference for areas closer to the Gambian River, while African wild dog site use was negatively affected by lion and leopard presence. The study also found significant overlap in activity patterns among lions, hyaenas, and leopards. These findings provide essential data for conservation planning, guiding ranger patrols and future research efforts to protect these threatened species in West Africa.
Rediscovery of the endangered giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantea) in Senegal after 24 years
After 24 years without confirmed sightings, the giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantea) has been rediscovered in Niokolo-Koba National Park (NKNP), Senegal. This finding highlights the persistence of this endangered species within one of West Africa's largest protected areas, despite suspected local extinctions and significant trafficking pressures. Researchers documented the presence of giant pangolins using a large-scale camera-trap survey conducted in 2023, providing critical photographic evidence. The rediscovery underscores the importance of systematic biodiversity inventories in safeguarding vulnerable species and the ecological value of NKNP as a stronghold for West African wildlife.
Savannah chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) nesting behavior in the unprotected area of Tikankali near to a mining exploitation and the Niokolo Koba National Park in Senegal
A study of West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the anthropized habitats around Tikankali, Senegal, reveals distinct nesting behavior patterns influenced by proximity to gold mining and Niokolo-Koba National Park. Researchers recorded 213 nests across two surveys, finding a strong preference for Pterocarpus erinaceus (53% of nests) among 22 plant species used as supports. Nest height (average 7.46 m) was found to correlate with tree height (average 9.88 m), suggesting height-specific nesting preferences. The study highlights the impact of anthropogenic activities on chimpanzee behavior and provides critical data for conservation strategies in Senegal.
Study of the diurnal activity pattern of the Buffon's kob (Kobus kob kob, Erxleben, 1777) in the Niokolo Koba National Park, southeast Senegal
A study of Buffon's kob (Kobus kob kob) in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, revealed that feeding is the dominant diurnal activity, accounting for 53.2% of observed behavior, particularly during morning, afternoon, and late evening. Resting became prevalent at mid-day when temperatures peaked. The research employed Altman's (1974) methodology, tracking 79 individuals—comprising adults, juveniles, and sub-adults—through direct observation from 6 am to 6 pm. Kountadala pond emerged as a key aggregation site for the species. While feeding was the primary focus, other behaviors such as walking (5.22%), running (3.25%), standing (4.3%), and agonistic interactions (<1%) were also documented. The findings provide critical insights into the diurnal activity patterns of this species, which could inform conservation strategies for Niokolo-Koba National Park.
Updating Chimpanzee Nesting Data at Mount Assirik (Niokolo Koba National Park, Senegal): Implications for Conservation
Chimpanzees in Niokolo-Koba National Park (NKNP), Senegal, prefer nesting in closed-canopy habitats like gallery forests and exhibit a distinct nesting behavior compared to populations cohabiting with large carnivores. A recent study recorded 626 chimpanzee nests at Mount Assirik, revealing an average nest height of 8.07 ± 0.36 meters, significantly lower than previously documented in other regions. The research also identified that chimpanzees selectively choose tree species for nesting, with 12 out of 37 species being the most frequently used. Additionally, the study found that nest decay rates averaged 68.8 ± 5.8 days, providing new insights into chimpanzee nesting behavior in NKNP. These findings update decades-old data and offer critical information for the conservation management of this northernmost West African chimpanzee population.
New Insights on the Palaeo-archaeological Potential of the Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal
Recent archaeological surveys in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, have uncovered promising evidence of Pleistocene and early Holocene sedimentary deposits, highlighting the park's significant palaeo-archaeological potential. Among the 27 identified sites, some exhibit stratified assemblages that meet criteria for extensive future research, including geochronology, geomorphology, and palaeobotany. The study reveals a rich landscape with abundant sources of knappable material and well-preserved sedimentary sequences, suggesting Niokolo-Koba could be pivotal in understanding the evolutionary dynamics of West African populations during early occupation periods. This research provides a foundation for deeper exploration into the region's behavioral evolution and palaeoenvironmental context.
Population size and social structure of lions in a west African protected area
Lion population density and size in Niokolo-Koba National Park (NKNP), Senegal, have declined significantly compared to estimates from the late 1990s, highlighting urgent conservation concerns for the Regionally Critically Endangered West African lion. Using camera trap surveys, calling station data, and opportunistic observations between 2015 and 2020, researchers estimated a population size of 28–56 individuals with an average density of just 0.50 lions per 100 km². Lion groups were small, averaging 2.1 individuals (range: 1–8), with no significant differences in group sizes observed. The sex ratio skewed slightly female-biased (1:1.1 to 1:2.8), while cubs accounted for 13.59% of the population. Lions exhibited nocturnal-crepuscular and matutinal activity patterns, primarily active from 6:00 PM to 1:00 AM and 6:00–8:00 AM. The findings underscore the need for enhanced conservation efforts to sustain this vulnerable lion population in NKNP.
The avifauna of Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal: a review of historical and recent ornithological records
Niokolo-Koba National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and 913,000 ha protected area in southeastern Senegal, hosts at least 400 bird species historically recorded within or near its boundaries. A comprehensive review of formal and informal literature, supplemented by verification efforts with original observers, confirmed this avifauna richness while identifying two species as locally extinct. The study also highlighted 19 species with possible or probable presence. When focusing on post-1992 records, the park's bird diversity stands at 333 species, underscoring its ecological significance and the need for continued monitoring to track potential declines or shifts in avifauna composition.
Western Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus
Chimpanzees in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, exhibit higher levels of physical violence compared to those in more forested habitats like Toro-Semliki. This study highlights significant differences in aggression patterns, with Assirik chimpanzees showing damaged ears and fingers due to fighting, while Semliki chimpanzees remain largely unscarred. The research also notes unique territorial behaviors, including occasional bivouacs and mass migrations during the dry season, which are more pronounced in this hot, dry environment. These findings suggest that environmental factors may influence social dynamics and aggression in western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus).
A historic event marks World Rhino Day 2021 in India
A rare discovery of the African softshell turtle (Trionyx triunguis) in Senegal has doubled the known records for this species in the country, highlighting its potential presence only within a 10 km stretch along the south-west border of Niokolo-Koba National Park. The study, conducted through interviews with fishers and trapping efforts over two years, revealed that the turtle is now extremely rare, with sightings occurring approximately every five years. Three individuals were documented: one live adult and two juveniles, all found within a 150 km stretch along the Gambia River near Gouloumbou and Tako Mayo. Fishers reported significant declines in the species over the past 2-3 decades, suggesting historical presence that has since diminished due to opportunistic captures on fishing longlines. The research also involved training local fishers in measuring and marking turtles, fostering a partnership for future conservation efforts. Continued monitoring is deemed critical to ensure the survival of this imperiled species in Senegal.
A story of abandonment: settlements and landscape in the Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal
Research reveals the complex interplay between human settlement patterns and landscape transformations in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, following its establishment. The study documents significant anthropogenic changes through interdisciplinary methods, including geoarchaeology, ethnoarchaeology, and ethnobotany, highlighting the heritage of both displaced and settled agricultural communities. Findings underscore the need for preservation efforts to capture the cultural and environmental legacy of these communities amid ongoing landscape shifts.
Conflicts between large carnivores and local pastoralists around Niokolo Koba National Park, Senegal
A study on Niokolo-Koba National Park (NKNP) in Senegal reveals that spotted hyenas are the primary cause of livestock predation, accounting for 87% of attacks around the park. The research estimated a hyena population size ranging from 144 to 288 individuals and identified significant seasonal variations, with more livestock losses during the wet season (58%) compared to the dry season (42%). Notably, the West sector surrounding the park experienced the highest conflict levels (49% of attacks), particularly in the districts of Linkering and Medina Gounass. The study utilized calling stations, camera traps, tourist data, and surveys from 31 villages to assess large carnivore distribution, density, and human-wildlife conflicts. These findings underscore the need for targeted mitigation strategies to reduce livestock predation and human-carnivore conflicts.
Gastrointestinal parasites of baboons (Papio papio) in NiokoloKoba National Park, Senegal
A study of baboons (Papio papio) in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, revealed a high prevalence (78%) of gastrointestinal parasites with significant zoonotic potential. Among the identified parasites were Strongyloides stercoralis and Trichuris sp., the latter being common and pathogenic to both humans and primates. The research, conducted on 50 fecal samples from two baboon groups in October 2019, used flotation techniques and microscopic examination to identify seven nematodes, one cestode (Bertiella sp.), and one trematode (Fasciolopsis sp.). Poly-infestation was observed in 49% of the samples. The findings highlight a potential risk for park workers due to close contact with baboons or their feces, emphasizing the need for further monitoring and preventive measures.
Impacts des collisions avec les véhicules le long du corridor routier Dakar-Bamako sur les populations fauniques du Parc National du Niokolo Koba, au Sénégal
A significant impact of the Dakar-Bamako highway corridor on wildlife populations in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, has been documented. The study reveals that diurnal animals (74.34%) are disproportionately affected by vehicle collisions compared to nocturnal species (25.66%). Key consequences include hydrocarbon pollution of water bodies, uncontrollable bushfires, and noise pollution, alongside 45 recorded traffic accidents causing human casualties, injuries, fuel spills, and spilled goods. The research utilized a database of reported incidents and photo-trap cameras installed within a five-kilometer radius of the road, analyzed using specialized software. Findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to mitigate wildlife-vehicle collisions and inform protected area management plans.
Male–male social bonding, coalitionary support and reproductive success in wild Guinea baboons
In wild Guinea baboons, male-male social bonding does not directly translate to reproductive success. Contrary to expectations, males that spent less time socializing with other males were associated with more females and sired more offspring, while strongly bonded males provided coalitionary support during conflicts but did not gain reproductive advantages. This suggests a nuanced relationship between social investment and reproduction, where males adjust their social behavior based on life-history stages. The study analyzed behavioral and paternity data from 30 males over four years in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, highlighting the complexity of male-male bonding dynamics in this tolerant multi-level society.
Not all black and white: Records of several melanistic honey badgers in Niokolo‐Koba National Park, Senegal
Researchers documented melanistic (black) honey badgers in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, challenging the long-held assumption that these animals are exclusively white with black markings. This discovery suggests greater genetic diversity within this species than previously recognized. The study relied on field observations and photographic records to identify multiple melanistic individuals, providing new insights into the phenotypic variation of honey badgers in West African ecosystems.
The Western Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes Verus) in the Antenna Zone (Niokolo Koba National Park, Senegal): Nesting Ecology and Sympatrics with Other Mammals
Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, exhibit unique nesting behavior influenced by predator presence. The study found that chimpanzees predominantly use Hexalobus monopetalus and Pterocarpus erinaceus for nesting, with nest heights significantly lower than those observed at other sites like Assirik or Fongoli, despite the park's high risk of predation. This behavior provides critical insights into the species' adaptation to threat. The research also identified sympatric medium and large mammals using camera traps, contributing to a broader understanding of the park's biodiversity. Published in Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, these findings aim to inform conservation strategies for the Critically Endangered western chimpanzee population.
Comparative ecology of Guinea baboons ( Papio papio )
Guinea baboons (Papio papio) exhibit unique ecological adaptations that challenge traditional assumptions about the relationship between ecology and social organization. Unlike their close relatives, hamadryas baboons, Guinea baboons inhabit more productive habitats with higher precipitation variability and seasonality, yet their multi-level social structure does not align with a straightforward ecological explanation. This study provides the first comparative ecological data for Guinea baboons, analyzing home range size, habitat use, ranging behavior, and diet from a population in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal. Findings reveal seasonal variations in home range and daily travel distances that do not follow a simple dry vs. rainy season pattern, while their chemical food composition aligns with other baboon species. This research suggests that additional factors beyond ecology have influenced the evolutionary trajectory of Guinea baboons' social systems.
Coordination during group departures and progressions in the tolerant multi-level society of wild Guinea baboons (Papio papio)
In the socially tolerant multi-level society of Guinea baboons (Papio papio) in Senegal's Niokolo-Koba National Park, adult males and females share nearly equal influence in initiating group departures, unlike other multi-level societies where males dominate decision-making. Analysis of 146 group departures and 100 progressions from 131 baboons revealed that while bachelor males led during movement, primary males and females were distributed uniformly across the group. This pattern contrasts with hamadryas baboons but aligns more closely with uni-level societies, suggesting social organization alone does not dictate coordination dynamics. The study used detailed behavioral observations to examine individual success in initiating departures and positional preferences during progressions.
Kin bias and male pair-bond status shape male-male relationships in a multilevel primate society
Male-male relationships in Guinea baboons (Papio papio) exhibit stable, equitable strong bonds that persist over four years, irrespective of whether males hold primary or bachelor status. These bonds are more likely to form between closely related males, indicating a kin bias in social preferences. Bachelor males, who maintain multiple strong bonds with primary males, play a crucial role in the cohesion of baboon parties. While a clear dominance hierarchy could not be established due to rank uncertainty, bachelor males tend to occupy lower positions. This study challenges the notion that dispersal patterns or social organization predict male bonding, suggesting diverse evolutionary pathways for such behaviors.
Spatially restricted occurrence and low abundance as key tools for conservation of critically endangered large antelope in West African savannah
A critically endangered large antelope, the Western Derby eland (WDE), exhibits spatially restricted occurrence and low abundance within Niokolo-Koba National Park (NKNP) in Senegal. Despite occupying less than 5% of the park's core area, the WDE population shows potential for expansion due to underutilized capacity, with an estimated size of 195 individuals (CI95: 54-708). The study, conducted during dry seasons in 2017 and 2018, revealed a female-biased adult sex ratio, low annual survival rates for adult males, and high juvenile proportions. WDEs were active throughout the day, peaking during the hottest daytime hours, with an average group size of 7.6 ± SE 8.9. The findings suggest that targeted monitoring could address key threats such as predation, livestock encroachment, and poaching, offering critical insights for conservation strategies in protected areas.
A citizen science approach to monitoring of the Lion Panthera leo (Carnivora: Felidae) population in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal
A pilot study using citizen science successfully monitored the Critically Endangered western African lion population in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal. Over four and a half years, 93 observations involving 253 lion sightings were recorded by park guides and tourists in a central tourist area, providing valuable data on geographic distribution, age-class, sex, and behavior. While insufficient for population estimation, the study tentatively linked annual variations in lion observations to preceding rainfall totals, suggesting environmental influences on lion activity. This approach demonstrated potential for complementing traditional scientific methods while fostering tourism development and conservation awareness, with recommendations for scaling up efforts.
Description of Some Macrofungi from the Niokolo-Koba National Park in Senegal
A pioneering study identifies 14 macrofungal species within the Niokolo-Koba National Park (NKNP), Senegal, marking the first taxonomic documentation of fungi in this UNESCO-listed biosphere reserve. The research, conducted through field surveys, reveals a diverse assemblage belonging to 12 genera, 7 families, and 4 orders—all within Basidiomycota. Notable species include Gymnopilus sp., Lentinus sp., and Tetrapyrgos nigripes, contributing critical baseline data for NKNP's ecological understanding. This discovery underscores the park's untapped fungal biodiversity, bridging a significant gap in its scientific characterization.
Vocal convergence in a multi-level primate society: insights into the evolution of vocal learning
Research on Guinea baboons (Papio papio) in Niokolo-Koba National Park reveals that vocal convergence—where males within the same social groups produce more acoustically similar grunts—is driven by increased social interactions rather than genetic relatedness. This implicit form of vocal learning, observed across multi-level societies with nested units and gangs, suggests a shared sensory-motor integration mechanism between these primates and humans, distinct from the explicit, goal-directed vocal learning unique to human speech. The study analyzed 351 dyads within and between gangs and 169 dyads within and between parties, finding small but significant effects of social structure on grunt similarity, which did not correlate with genetic relatedness.
Effects of Hydroclimatic Variability on the Spatial Dynamics of Ponds (Simenti, Kountadala and Oudassi) of the Gambia River Basin in the Niokolo Koba National Park (Senegal)
A significant increase in pond surface area from 40.3 ha in 1975 to 83.4 ha by 2010 was observed, followed by a sharp decline to 67.8 ha in 2019 due to rainfall deficits and aquatic vegetation expansion in Niokolo-Koba National Park's Gambia River Basin ponds (Simenti, Kountadala, Oudassi). Hydroclimatic trends revealed positive and significant increases in temperature and evaporation, alongside a negative trend in precipitation at a 95% confidence level. The study utilized Landsat, Google Earth, and Sentinel imagery for pond trend mapping and applied Mann-Kendall and Pettitt tests to hydroclimatic data, including precipitation, temperature, evaporation, and discharge. Recommendations included water transfer operations to mitigate scarcity and drying-up of these critical water bodies.
Informing Protection Efforts for Critically Endangered Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and Sympatric Mammals amidst Rapid Growth of Extractive Industries in Senegal
A comparative study of mammal species richness between Niokolo-Koba National Park (protected) and Fongoli (unprotected) in Senegal reveals that protected areas significantly enhance biodiversity, particularly for ungulates and carnivores. Despite similar primate species richness, the park's conservation efforts have likely mitigated mammal extinctions. The study highlights the critical role of flexible behavioral responses by western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) to human-driven landscape changes in their long-term survival. Given Senegal's reliance on mineral extraction for development, the research urges collaboration between primatologists and mining stakeholders to integrate sustainable practices that prioritize savannah chimpanzee behavior and ecology.
Review: Wilderness: Earth's Amazing Habitats, by Mia Cassany and Marcos Navarro
Niokolo-Koba National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Senegal, is highlighted in the book 'Wilderness: Earth's Amazing Habitats' for its unique biodiversity and geographical significance. The publication, reviewed by The American Biology Teacher, emphasizes the park's role as one of several deep-dive explorations into lesser-known yet ecologically rich habitats. Through vivid imagery and concise descriptions, it introduces readers to specific environments, including Niokolo-Koba’s distinct flora and fauna. A creature index further enriches the experience by providing brief profiles of species found in these locations, encouraging deeper engagement with the subject matter.
A15 Rapid radiation of treponema pallidum pertenue in wild non-human primates
Research reveals that Treponema pallidum pertenue, the bacterium responsible for yaws in humans, has rapidly diversified and established infections in wild non-human primates, including sooty mangabeys and green monkeys. Phylogenomic analysis of full genomes from symptomatic individuals shows these strains are closely related to T. p. pertenue but not reciprocally monophyletic with human strains, indicating a complex zoonotic reservoir. The study used hybridization capture to sequence bacterial DNA from samples collected in Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire), Bijilo Forest Park (Gambia), and Niokolo-Koba National Park (Senegal). This finding suggests the existence of a vast zoonotic reservoir that may hinder global eradication efforts.
Charting the neglected West: The social system of Guinea baboons
Guinea baboons (Papio papio) exhibit a unique multi-level social organization that challenges traditional understandings of baboon society. Unlike other baboon species, they form stable reproductive units with one primary male and multiple females, which coalesce into parties and gangs with overlapping home ranges. This structure is marked by low male aggressiveness and female freedom, contrasting sharply with hamadryas baboons (P. hamadryas). Population genetic and behavioral data suggest female-biased dispersal, with females playing a pivotal role in intersexual bond formation. Female tenure varies from weeks to years, and while vocalizations resemble those of other baboon taxa, the social dynamics are distinct. This study, conducted at CRP Simenti in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, offers new insights into the diversity of primate social systems and their implications for understanding human social evolution.
Description of Afrogyrodactylus ardae sp. n. (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) from Rhabdalestes septentrionalis (Characiformes: Alestidae) in the Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal
A new monogenean species, Afrogyrodactylus ardae, has been discovered from the African tetra, Rhabdalestes septentrionalis, in the Niokolo-Koba National Park and Gambie River, Senegal. This finding represents a novel host record for the genus Afrogyrodactylus and distinguishes itself from three known species through its smaller opisthaptoral hard parts and unique sickle-shaped marginal hooks. The study, conducted during 2008, provides critical insights into the diversity of monogeneans in this UNESCO World Heritage Site, contributing to our understanding of parasitic relationships in aquatic ecosystems.
Remote sensing based vegetation extraction and change detection in the National Park of Niokolo-Koba in southeast of Senegal
A 45-year analysis of Niokolo-Koba National Park in Senegal reveals significant vegetation dynamics linked to rainfall variability. Using multi-temporal Landsat imagery (1972–2016) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), researchers identified a regression of gallery forests and woodland savannahs from 1972 to 2002, followed by a reversal trend between 2002 and 2016. Wetlands exhibited alternating phases of progression and regression. High accuracy in classification (81.72%–93.50%) and change detection (74.90%–80.72%) underscored the study's robustness. These findings highlight the park's vegetation response to climate variability, providing critical insights for integrated management strategies in Senegal's protected areas.
Etude pédologique et phytosociologique de deux mares dans le Parc National du Niokolo Koba dans un contexte d’invasion biologique par Mimosa pigra
A soil and phytosociological study of two ponds, Nianaka and Dalafourounté, in Niokolo-Koba National Park reveals that the invasive species Mimosa pigra thrives on heavy clay soils with adequate mineral nutrition. The research finds that while Mimosa pigra is exclusively invasive at Nianaka, its presence varies around Dalafourounté. The flora analysis shows a higher diversity of dicotyledons (91.4%) compared to monocotyledons (8.6%) at Dalafourounté, with both ponds dominated by Combretaceae and Mimosaceae families. The study suggests that the relief and water levels of the ponds may contribute to the invasive behavior of Mimosa pigra. This research provides insights into the ecological factors influencing biological invasions in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Woody plant species diversity in the last wild habitat of the Derby Eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus Gray, 1847) in Niokolo Koba National Park, Senegal, West Africa
Niokolo-Koba National Park (NKNP) in Senegal is the last refuge for the critically endangered Derby Eland, and a study reveals that its woody plant diversity plays a crucial role in supporting this subspecies. Researchers identified 50 tree species across 29 families, with Combretaceae being the most dominant. Key environmental factors such as altitude, fire occurrence, and vegetation cover significantly influence plant distribution. The findings highlight the importance of in-situ fencing for sustainable conservation efforts to protect this endangered species in its native habitat.
Influence of increasing dryness, animal feeding strategy and human hunting on large ungulates abundance: A first approach in West Africa
A drier climate in West Africa, coupled with human hunting preferences, is significantly reducing the population of grazing ungulates while benefiting browsing species. Research in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, found that from 1989 to 1997, all but one year were drier than the long-term average, leading to a cumulative water deficit that favored woody plant growth over herbaceous plants. This shift disadvantages grazers, which are also preferred targets for local hunters. The study analyzed ungulate population densities from two census periods (1990–1993 and 1994–1998) alongside precipitation data and hunter preferences, revealing a dual threat to grazing species. Management efforts in the park should prioritize controlling bush encroachment and promoting herbaceous plant growth to mitigate these impacts.
Population genetic insights into the social organization of Guinea baboons (Papio papio): Evidence for female‐biased dispersal
A groundbreaking study on Guinea baboons (Papio papio) in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, reveals female-biased dispersal—a rare pattern among baboon species. Contrary to the typical male dispersal observed in closely related baboons, this research demonstrates that female Guinea baboons disperse while males remain philopatric, mirroring the social structure of hamadryas baboons and human hunter-gatherers. The study analyzed 165 individuals using microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA sequencing, uncovering higher genetic structuring in males, which aligns with their philopatric behavior. This finding challenges long-held assumptions about baboon social dynamics and underscores the species' unique cooperative social organization, offering new insights into the evolutionary processes shaping complex societies.
Wild Fruits Traditionally Gathered by the Malinke Ethnic Group in the Edge of Niokolo Koba Park (Senegal)
A study of Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, identified 45 wild fruit species critical to the Malinke ethnic group's food security during lean agricultural periods. These fruits, belonging to 28 botanical families, are most abundant between the end of the hot dry season and mid-rainy season—when crops are depleted but not yet replenished. The research, conducted through semi-structured interviews in Tomboronkoto village, revealed that over half of these species are trees, with Saba senegalensis, Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa, Tamarindus indica, and Vitellaria paradoxa being the most versatile in use (fresh or cooked). The findings highlight the ecological and cultural importance of wild fruits in mitigating food insecurity, particularly during seasonal shortages.
Oochoristica koubeki n. sp. (Cestoda, Anoplocephalidae) from African Chamaeleo senegalensis (Chamaeleonidae) and emendation of the genus Oochoristica Lühe, 1898
A new tapeworm species, Oochoristica koubeki n. sp., was discovered in the intestine of Chamaeleo senegalensis (Senegalese chameleon) within Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal. This cestode, belonging to the Anoplocephalidae family, is distinguished by its unique morphological traits, including an extremely high number of egg capsules and a reinforced genital atrium, setting it apart from related species like O. theileri and O. celebensis. The discovery also prompted an emendation of the genus Oochoristica's diagnosis, refining its taxonomic boundaries. The research highlights the rich biodiversity and parasitic diversity within this UNESCO-listed protected area, contributing to our understanding of cestode evolution and host-parasite relationships in West African ecosystems.
Group Composition of Guinea Baboons (Papio papio) at a Water Place Suggests a Fluid Social Organization
A study of Guinea baboons (Papio papio) in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, challenges the traditional dichotomy of baboon social systems. Unlike hamadryas or savannah baboons, which exhibit either multilayered units or stable multimale-multifemale groups, this research reveals a fluid social organization characterized by dynamic party composition. Over three months, observers recorded frequent splits and fusions in baboon parties crossing an open area, with 45.9% of arriving parties changing size or structure. This variability suggests that Guinea baboons do not conform to either extreme model but instead exhibit greater flexibility in their social dynamics. The findings imply a need to revise the rigid classification of baboon social systems, acknowledging broader diversity in their organization.
Hydrologic Connectivity Affects Fish Assemblage Structure, Diversity, and Ecological Traits in the Unregulated Gambia River, West Africa
Altered hydrologic connectivity due to damming significantly impacts fish assemblage structure, diversity, and ecological traits in the Gambia River, West Africa. The study found that species richness increases with isolation from the main river during the dry season, while the abundance of elongate-bodied fishes rises with isolation in the wet season—patterns that disappear under altered flow regimes. Researchers compared 49 fish species across riverine and floodplain habitats in Niokolo-Koba National Park, revealing seasonal shifts in habitat use and trait distribution tied to natural lateral connectivity. These findings highlight the vulnerability of taxonomic and functional diversity to planned dam construction, emphasizing the ecological importance of unregulated flow dynamics.
Morphologically Uniform BatsHipposiderosaff.Ruber(Hipposideridae) Exhibit High Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity in Southeastern Senegal
Research in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, reveals that two morphologically uniform bat species, Hipposideros aff. ruber, exhibit high mitochondrial genetic diversity despite their similar appearance. Phylogenetic analysis using cytochrome b gene sequences indicates a paraphyletic relationship between the two forms, with one forming a monophyletic group with bats from Benin. While slight morphological differences were detected through skull measurements, sympatric occurrence and genetic divergence suggest these forms may represent cryptic species. However, further investigation into nuclear gene flow is required to confirm reproductive isolation.
Population management as a tool in the recovery of the critically endangered Western Derby eland Taurotragus derbianus in Senegal, Africa
A semi-captive population of the critically endangered Western Derby eland (Taurotragus derbianus) in Senegal, established with just six founders in 2000, demonstrates significant potential for genetic resilience and recovery. Over nine years, this population grew to 54 individuals while maintaining 77% of its original gene diversity through careful management strategies like minimal kinship breeding. Despite a low effective population size (Ne/N = 0.13) and moderate inbreeding (F = 0.119), the study predicts that incorporating new founders could preserve at least 75% of genetic diversity over a century, with full wild population integration potentially retaining 90%. The research highlights the feasibility of using semi-captive populations as a critical tool for subspecies survival, offering hope for future reintroduction or reinforcement efforts. This approach combines demographic monitoring, pedigree analysis, and modeling to guide long-term conservation strategies.
Diet Composition of Western Derby eland (Taurotragus Derbianus Derbianus) in the Dry Season in a Natural and a Managed Habitat in Senegal using Faecal Analyses
In the dry season, the western Derby eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus), a critically endangered antelope, primarily consumes leaves, shoots of woody plants, and fruits, constituting 98.8% of its diet in natural habitats like Niokolo-Koba National Park. This specialized browsing behavior indicates that woody savanna environments are essential for their survival, as they negligible grass intake. In managed habitats, such as the Bandia wildlife reserve, supplementary food reduces reliance on natural components but maintains overall dietary diversity at 99.2%. Microhistological analysis of fecal samples revealed key plant species in their diet, including Boscia angustifolia, Grewia bicolor, and fruits from Acacia spp. The study highlights the need for conservation efforts to prioritize natural forage resources over supplementation to prevent dietary shifts in captivity.
Potamonautes lipkei, a new species of African freshwater crab (Decapoda, Potamonautidae) from Senegal
Researchers have identified and described Potamonautes lipkei, a new species of freshwater crab from the Potamonautidae family, found in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal. This discovery expands the diversity of West African freshwater crabs, with P. lipkei distinguished by unique morphological traits such as its carapace, chelipeds, thoracic sternum, and gonopods. The species was collected from burrows along small streams and the Gambia River, highlighting its habitat preferences. The study compares this new species to other Potamonautidae crabs in West Africa, contributing to the understanding of the genus's broad distribution across sub-Saharan Africa and the Nile Basin.
Redescription, systematic status and molecular characterisation of Multicaecum heterotis Petter, Vassiliadès et Marchand, 1979 (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae), an intestinal parasite of Heterotis niloticus (Osteichthyes: Arapaimidae) in Africa
A key discovery in the study of intestinal parasites of the African bonytongue (Heterotis niloticus) has been made, confirming that Multicaecum heterotis belongs to the genus Multicaecum rather than Brevimulticaecum. This was achieved through detailed morphological examination using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, which revealed previously unreported features such as dentigerous ridges on the inner edges of the lips. Additionally, this is the first species of the genus Multicaecum to be sequenced, providing partial sequences of the 18S rDNA and ITS2 regions for molecular characterization. The study also provides a key to distinguish between Brevimulticaecum and Multicaecum species, contributing significantly to our understanding of nematode taxonomy and systematics.
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