Publications
Accumulation of stranded plastic objects and other artefacts at Inaccessible Island, central South Atlantic Ocean
A significant increase of 47% in stranded artefacts, particularly plastic objects (65%), was observed at Inaccessible Island between 1984 and 1987, with distant-source artefacts rising by at least 120%. This suggests a recent surge in debris adrift in the South Atlantic Ocean. The study surveyed a 900 m boulder beach using a repeated sampling method to quantify macro-artefacts (>10 mm diameter), revealing minimum accumulation rates of 88 objects per km per year. Local fishery-related artefacts showed minimal increase, contrasting with the sharp rise in distant-source debris, highlighting broader oceanographic trends.
Carex brevicaulis Thouars
A taxonomic clarification of Carex brevicaulis Thouars, a sedge endemic to the Tristan da Cunha archipelago (Gough and Inaccessible Islands), reveals its nomenclatural history and morphological distinctiveness. The study designates lectotypes for both C. brevicaulis and Uncinia brevicaulis var. gracilior, resolving ambiguities in prior classifications. Key findings include detailed descriptions of the plant's inflorescence, utricles, and achenes, highlighting unique traits such as adpressed hairs on utricle sides and a deltoid beak. The research also addresses etymological confusion surrounding the species name, which was coined to describe short-stemmed plants despite reaching up to 61 cm in height. This work contributes to the clarification of sedge taxonomy in the South Atlantic, with implications for conservation efforts at UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Carex moro-ortegae Garcia-Moro & Jim. Mejias 2026, sp. nov.
A new species of sedge, Carex moro-ortegae, has been discovered on the Gough and Inaccessible Islands within the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Tristan da Cunha archipelago. This species is distinguished from its closest relative, C. austrocompacta, by smaller utricles and achenes. The discovery highlights significant morphological variability across different habitats, suggesting potential in situ diversification or ecological adaptation. Future research may clarify whether multiple taxa exist within the archipelago. The species is named in honor of the author's mother, grandmother, and aunt, symbolizing their resilience and unconditional love.
Investigating high pathogenicity avian influenza virus incursions to remote islands: detection of H5N1 on Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean
Scientists detected high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in three Tristan skua carcasses on Gough Island, a remote UNESCO World Heritage Site in the South Atlantic. Genomic analysis revealed that the strain was more closely related to one found in South Georgia than southern Africa, suggesting potential transmission during the birds' pre-laying exodus into frontal waters south of the island. The study combined genomic data with global tracking records from seabirds, highlighting the role of migratory scavengers like skuas as vectors for long-distance virus spread. While no further cases were confirmed on Gough Island, researchers emphasize the need for systematic monitoring and biosecurity measures to mitigate risks to globally significant seabird populations.
Melita tristanensis , K. H. Barnard 1965
A comprehensive redescription of the amphipod species Melita tristanensis, first documented by K.H. Barnard in 1965, reveals key morphological distinctions that differentiate it from related species. This study provides detailed illustrations and descriptions of both male and female specimens, addressing gaps left by Barnard's original work. Notably, M. tristanensis is distinguished by unique features such as the presence of a small acute spine on epimeron 3, differences in mandibular palp structure, and specific antenna and uropod characteristics. The species is confirmed to inhabit marine environments among kelp holdfasts, with a distribution limited to Tristan Da Cunha, including Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, and Nightingale Island. This redescription enhances taxonomic clarity and contributes to the understanding of biodiversity in this remote UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Uncovering genetic population structure in the Endangered northern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes moseleyi) across islands in the Southern Atlantic and Indian oceans
Northern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes moseleyi), classified as Endangered by the IUCN, exhibit distinct genetic populations across the Southern Atlantic and Indian oceans with minimal migration between these regions. This study, the first comprehensive analysis of its kind, reveals that while penguin populations on islands within each ocean basin show no significant substructure, low but sufficient gene flow exists to prevent differentiation among them. However, variations in genetic diversity and inbreeding suggest some island populations may face higher risks of inbreeding depression. The findings underscore the need for two distinct conservation management units—one for each ocean basin—to preserve genetic diversity and address region-specific threats, including climate-driven changes. This research provides critical insights to enhance resilience strategies for this vulnerable species.
Feasibility of using very high-resolution satellite imagery to monitor Tristan albatrosses Diomedea dabbenena on Gough Island
A study assessing the feasibility of using very high-resolution satellite imagery to monitor Tristan albatrosses (Diomedea dabbenena), a Critically Endangered species, on Gough Island found that current methods are unreliable due to persistent cloud cover and incomplete detection. Despite analyzing 31 cm resolution images over eight seasons, only one cloud-free image was obtained, limiting the ability to accurately count nests. While specialists detected birds at 67.8% of active nests in cloud-free regions, challenges like orographic clouds and limited imagery availability hinder effective monitoring. The research concludes that on-the-ground monitoring remains essential for accurate population tracking, especially as commercial satellites may offer future improvements.
Nape Coloration Varies with Sex, not Age, Among Great Shearwaters Ardenna gravis
Nape coloration in Great Shearwaters (Ardenna gravis) varies significantly with sex, not age, contrary to previous suggestions. A study analyzing 328 birds—through necropsies and colony photographs from Gough Island (South Atlantic) and Massachusetts Bay (USA)—found no significant difference in nape color ratios between age classes, with classification accuracy based on putative variation only at chance levels (52%). However, light-colored napes were more prevalent in adult females in Massachusetts Bay, hinting at a potential sexual function. The research challenges the use of nape coloration as an age indicator and proposes it may instead play a role in mate choice, warranting further behavioral studies.
Recent changes in plastic bottles washing ashore on Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha
Plastic bottle litter on Inaccessible Island, part of the UNESCO-listed Gough and Inaccessible Islands, has doubled since 2018, with drink containers now constituting 90% of all washed-up debris. A striking shift toward smaller, predominantly Asian-produced bottles—now accounting for 88% of arrivals—has intensified marine pollution. Most bottles originate from China and are less than two years old upon arrival, indicating recent production and rapid dispersal. The study, published in Marine Pollution Bulletin, analyzed trends in bottle litter to assess the impact on this remote World Heritage Site.
Territoriality in adult male sub-Antarctic fur seals at Gough Island
Adult male sub-Antarctic fur seals at Gough Island hold territories averaging 21.9 m² during the peak breeding season, with tenure lasting approximately 45 days. Territory size varies significantly by beach type, ranging from 13.8 to 28.3 m². The study analyzed unpublished data from the 1975/76 austral summer and found that both territory tenure and size align with established patterns in fur seal species where males defend land-based territories as a primary reproductive strategy. However, the research also underscores multiple confounding factors that complicate comparative studies on territorial behavior in otariids, emphasizing the need for careful consideration when interpreting theoretical or modeling approaches in this area.
Genetics of behavioural evolution in giant mice from Gough Island
Research identifies 41 quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing boldness and exploration behaviors in giant mice from Gough Island, revealing unique genetic pathways distinct from laboratory mouse strains. The study used F2 hybrids from Gough Island mice—free from predators or human commensals—and mainland conspecifics, assessing seven behaviors across open field and light/dark box tests in juveniles and adults. Dynamic function-valued trait mapping showed age- and behavior-specific effects of QTL, offering insights into the genetic basis of island-associated behavioral evolution. Candidate genes were nominated by integrating mapping results with extensive phenotypic and genetic data from laboratory mice.
Genetics of evolved load resistance in the skeletons of unusually large mice from Gough Island
Researchers have uncovered the genetic basis for extreme skeletal load resistance in the largest wild house mice on record, found on Gough Island. Unlike laboratory studies that typically focus on one or two bones, this study analyzed seven bones—femur, tibia, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, and mandible—in 760 mice from a cross between Gough Island mice and a smaller mainland strain. The findings reveal 153 quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with load resistance, distributed across nearly all chromosomes, with minimal overlap with QTL for bone length, width, or body weight. Notably, these mice exhibit bone geometries that enhance load resistance without increased bone mineral density, suggesting distinct evolutionary adaptations. This study provides a rare genetic portrait of how natural selection shapes skeletal structure in extreme environments.
Long-term changes in petrel populations on Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha, inferred from the diet of Brown Skuas Stercorarius antarcticus
A four-decade analysis of Brown Skuas' diet on Inaccessible Island reveals minimal long-term changes, despite shifts in prey composition. Petrels dominate the skua diet (94%), with Fregetta storm petrels, White-faced Storm Petrels, and Broad-billed Prions comprising over 98% of avian prey. Seasonal variations align with petrel breeding phenology, while increases in fur seals and Great Shearwaters in the diet suggest population growth, contrasting with potential declines in Common Diving Petrels and Subantarctic Shearwaters. Tarsal length changes hint at species composition shifts within Fregetta storm petrels. The study infers petrel population trends by analyzing regurgitated pellets and prey remains, offering insights into the dynamics of burrowing seabird communities on this remote World Heritage Site.
Recommendations on rock lobster TAC’s for the Tristan Group of Islands for the 2012/13 season
A significant reduction in the total allowable catch (TAC) for rock lobster is recommended for Inaccessible and Gough Islands in the Tristan Group, primarily due to declining catch per unit effort (CPUE) at Inaccessible and a reversal of previous growth trends at Gough. These findings stem from updated models accounting for recent environmental incidents and revised growth rate estimates. To align with an impending transition to a more stable management procedure, the reductions are proposed to be phased in over two years. This approach aims to balance immediate conservation needs with long-term sustainability, with further refinements expected by September 2012.
A complex genetic architecture underlies mandibular evolution in big mice from Gough Island
Research reveals that the evolution of large mandibles in Gough Island mice is driven by a complex genetic architecture, with multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing to mandibular shape and size. Unlike mainland mice, these island-dwelling rodents exhibit significant divergence in traits like temporalis lever arm length and condyle length, which influence jaw function. While most QTL effects are additive and dispersed, some, particularly those linked to body size, suggest directional selection may have played a role in the evolution of larger mandibles, possibly as a correlated response to overall body growth.
A lesson for planning rodent eradications: interference of invasive slugs during the Gough Island mouse eradication attempt in 2021
Invasive slugs, overlooked during planning, significantly interfered with the Gough Island mouse eradication attempt in 2021 by consuming bait pellets at rapid rates, leading to a critical drop in rodent bait availability. This unexpected challenge necessitated major adjustments to the baiting strategy, including a third application at higher rates, yet mice remain present on the island. The study highlights that non-target species interference could pose risks to future pest eradication efforts using baits and underscores the importance of early assessment during planning phases.
Detections of house mice on Gough Island approach zero within days of aerial baiting
Aerial baiting of house mice on Gough Island led to a dramatic and rapid decline in mouse activity, with detections dropping from 9.6 to zero per camera within four days post-baiting. This decline occurred faster than laboratory trials predicted, suggesting that most wild mice consumed the bait immediately upon availability. The study used trail cameras—both with and without lures—to monitor mouse activity before and after bait application in June–August 2021. While detections remained extremely rare from one week post-baiting onward, a single late detection (27 days post-baiting) hinted at potential delays due to rapid bait disappearance. Opportunistic camera traps later confirmed the absence of survivors six months after the first bait drop, indicating successful eradication. The findings suggest that future similar operations can expect sharp declines in mouse activity within a week, though some mice may survive longer. This research highlights the effectiveness of trail cameras with lures as a tool for monitoring eradication outcomes and informs operational decisions, such as timing second bait applications or assessing non-target impacts.
Notes on the seabirds of Gough Island and at sea between Gough and Cape Town, March–June 2021
A diverse seabird community of at least 43 species was documented around Gough Island and the South Atlantic Ocean between March and June 2021, including penguins, albatrosses, petrels, shearwaters, gannets, terns, and skuas. The study revealed higher species richness per day in June compared to March, though fewer individuals were recorded at sea, primarily due to the dominance of Great Shearwaters (Ardenna gravis) in March. Observations focused on abundance, phenology, and moult patterns, providing new insights into the seasonal dynamics of seabirds in this remote UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Recommendations on rock lobster TACs for the Tristan group of islands for the 2013/14 season.
The study recommends Total Allowable Catches (TACs) for rock lobster populations in the Tristan group of islands, specifically focusing on the 2013/14 season. Due to increased workload and delays caused by the OLIVA incident, operational models could only be developed for Tristan Island, leaving assessments for Inaccessible and Gough Islands incomplete. The recommendations are based on available data, prioritizing Tristan Island while acknowledging limitations in broader coverage. This approach aims to balance immediate management needs with long-term sustainability, though it highlights gaps in comprehensive population assessments for the entire group.
Recommendations on rock lobster TACs for the Tristan group of islands for the 2015/16 season.
Rock lobster total allowable catches (TACs) for the Tristan group of islands, including Inaccessible and Gough, were recommended to increase for the 2015/16 season due to high catch rates exceeding operational management procedure (OMP) targets. Specifically, TACs for Inaccessible and Gough were raised from 73 MT to 77 MT and 100 MT to 105 MT, respectively. For Nightingale Island, despite unclear reasons for sustained high catch rates, projections remain positive even with a future TAC of 75 MT, leading to an increase from 65 MT. Conversely, Tristan’s 2014 catch per unit effort (CPUE) fell below OMP expectations, prompting a reduction in its TAC from 161 MT to 153 MT, with potential further decreases anticipated for subsequent seasons unless CPUE improves significantly. A more precautionary approach suggests setting lower initial TACs with mid-season reviews based on biomass surveys and CPUE data.
Diet of the introduced Gough Moorhen Gallinula comeri on Tristan da Cunha
Introduced Gough Moorhens (Gallinula comeri) on Tristan da Cunha exhibit a generalist diet, primarily consisting of vegetation but also including arthropods, earthworms, introduced rodent remains, and anthropogenic debris. This mirrors their dietary behavior on native Gough Island, where they consume a varied range from plants to scavenging and predatory items. The study analyzed stomach contents of four birds, revealing their adaptability and potential ecological impact in the restored Tristan da Cunha ecosystem.
Evolution of boldness and exploratory behavior in giant mice from Gough Island
Giant house mice from Gough Island exhibit significantly bolder and more exploratory behaviors compared to mainland counterparts, even when shelter is available, while retaining avoidance responses to predator urine. This suggests that behavioral evolution on islands can be specific to perceived dangers. Researchers profiled anxiety and exploration in island and mainland inbred mouse strains raised under identical laboratory conditions, demonstrating heritability of these traits. F1 offspring from crosses between the two strains behaved more like mainland mice for most traits, indicating recessive mutations likely contributed to behavioral changes on Gough Island. The study provides rare evidence of inherited behavioral evolution in an island population, offering insights into how such adaptations arise in isolated ecosystems.
Inaccessible Island CMP results
A revised management approach for the Tristan rock lobster fishery at Inaccessible Island, one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, has been identified as optimal with a trap limit (Itar) set at 5.0 kg/trap. This recommendation is based on analyzing both commercial catch per unit effort (CPUE) and biomass survey data to refine the total allowable catch (TAC) setting formula. The study integrates multiple data sources to enhance fishery sustainability, balancing commercial and conservation objectives in this remote and ecologically significant marine environment.
Mouse eradication is required to prevent local extinction of an endangered seabird on an oceanic island
Introduced house mice pose a severe threat to the endangered MacGillivray’s prion (Pachyptila macgillivrayi), driving its population on Gough Island toward potential local extinction within decades. Analysis of breeding data from 2014–2020, combined with historic records, predicts a 9% annual decline in this burrow-nesting seabird if mouse predation continues unchecked—with a 31% chance of the population becoming critically vulnerable by 2057. Mouse eradication could restore breeding success to levels observed in closely related species on predator-free islands, stabilizing the population and reducing extinction risk below 10%. The study underscores the urgent need for invasive mammal removal from oceanic islands to safeguard small, burrow-nesting petrels.
Sulfur isotopic composition of the Tristan-Gough plume source
A new study reveals distinct sulfur isotopic signatures in the Tristan-Gough plume system, offering insights into Earth's mantle heterogeneity. The research analyzed 46 mineral-hosted sulfide inclusions from Tristan and Gough islands, part of a long-lived EMI-type plume with roots at the core-mantle boundary. Findings show that Gough exhibits positive mass-independent fractionated sulfur (MIF-S) averaging Δ33S = +0.25‰, while Tristan shows no clear MIF-S indication. This suggests that recycled surface material older than 2.45 billion years is present in the EMI-type sources of both Pitcairn and Gough plumes, despite their distinct isotopic characteristics. The study highlights the potential for MIF-S to serve as a tracer for ancient recycled crustal material in mantle plumes.
Summary of recommendations on rock lobster TACs for the Tristan group of Islands for the 2017/18 season
Researchers recommend annual quotas for rock lobster fishing around the Tristan group of islands, including Inaccessible, Gough, and Tristan islands, to ensure sustainable management. The study, conducted by Butterworth and Holloway (2021), provides scientific guidance on Total Allowable Catches (TACs) for the 2017/18 fishing season using established Operational Management Procedures (OMPs). These recommendations aim to balance conservation needs with fishing industry requirements, ensuring the long-term viability of rock lobster populations in this UNESCO-listed marine area. The approach relies on data-driven assessments to inform quota setting, supporting sustainable fisheries practices in one of the most remote and ecologically significant regions in the South Atlantic.
Summary of recommendations on rock lobster TACs for the Tristan group of islands for the 2020/21 season
A new framework for setting rock lobster total allowable catches (TACs) has been established for the Tristan group of islands, including Inaccessible, Nightingale, Gough, and Tristan. This approach, based on accepted operational management procedures (OMPs), aims to ensure sustainable fishing practices while balancing conservation needs. The recommendations are designed to maintain healthy rock lobster populations by setting annual TACs that account for biological and environmental factors. The study provides a science-based method to guide fisheries management in this remote UNESCO World Heritage Site, ensuring long-term viability of marine resources.
Summary of recommendations on rock lobster TACs for the Tristan group of islands for the 2021/22 season
Scientists recommend annual catch limits for rock lobster to ensure sustainable fishing around the Tristan group of islands, including Inaccessible, Nightingale, Gough, and Tristan. These recommendations are based on accepted operational management procedures (OMPs) designed to balance fishing pressure with ecosystem health. The study provides a concise overview of the proposed total allowable catches (TACs) for the 2021/22 season, aiming to support long-term conservation efforts in this UNESCO World Heritage Site while maintaining economic benefits for local fisheries.
Abundance, distribution and breeding success of the endemic Gough Island Finch Rowettia goughensis between 2009 and 2018
Research reveals that the Critically Endangered Gough Island Finch (Rowettia goughensis) maintains a stable population of approximately 1,917 individuals (95% CI: 1550–2500) across Gough and Inaccessible Islands, with no significant change in upland habitat density between 2009 and 2018. Nest survival rates remained consistent at 55%, while fecundity averaged 1.31 fledglings per pair in 2018. Habitat-specific surveys identified higher densities in moorland (55.4 birds/km²) and wet heath (29.5 birds/km²), compared to coastal tussock (10.9 birds/km²) and lowland fern bush (2.6 birds/km²). This population estimate serves as a critical baseline ahead of the planned 2021 eradication of invasive house mice (Mus musculus), though increased monitoring will be necessary to detect smaller post-eradication changes.
Genomic Targets of Positive Selection in Giant Mice from Gough Island
Researchers identified 1,463 genomic regions under strong positive selection in giant house mice from Gough Island, distinct from mainland populations. These regions, enriched with genes linked to neurological functions and body size, suggest adaptive mutations—including missense and regulatory variants—that may drive island-specific traits like exploratory behavior. The study employed massively parallel sequencing, demographic modeling via approximate Bayesian computation, and machine learning to pinpoint selection targets, offering a genomic framework for understanding rapid adaptation in isolated ecosystems.
Giant Island Mice Exhibit Widespread Gene Expression Changes in Key Metabolic Organs
Giant island mice, the largest wild house mice globally, exhibit widespread gene expression changes in key metabolic organs, providing insights into the genomic basis of extreme body size evolution. Researchers compared gene expression patterns between Gough Island mice and mainland mice using RNA-seq on gonadal adipose depot, hypothalamus, and liver tissues. They identified significant differential expression in 20% to 50% of detected transcripts, with fold changes of at least 2× in each organ. Among the findings, 73 candidate genes for extreme size evolution were pinpointed by integrating gene expression data with quantitative trait loci, whole-genome sequencing, and regulatory elements. Functional enrichment analyses suggested that cell cycling, mitochondrial function, signaling pathways, inflammatory response, and nutrient metabolism contribute to weight accumulation in these mice. The study highlights the rapid evolutionary changes in metabolic organs accompanying gigantism on Gough Island.
Three new seabird species recorded at Tristan da Cunha archipelago
Researchers have identified three new seabird species recorded at the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, expanding the known biodiversity of this remote South Atlantic region. The study, conducted between 2017 and 2019, builds on previous observations to document additional seabird sightings, contributing to the understanding of avifaunal diversity in one of the world's most isolated oceanic island systems. Tristan da Cunha, alongside Gough Island, serves as a critical breeding ground for numerous seabird species, with this discovery further underscoring its ecological significance.
Using playback to estimate the distribution and density of the world’s smallest flightless bird, the Inaccessible Island Rail Atlantisia rogersi
The Inaccessible Island Rail, the world's smallest flightless bird, is estimated to have a population of approximately 10,300 individuals on its namesake island. This study utilized playback surveys at 350 sites to overcome the challenges posed by the bird's secretive behavior and the rugged terrain, revealing a stable population that warrants continued 'Vulnerable' status. The research highlights the critical threat of alien mammal introductions, emphasizing the need for their removal from neighboring islands to mitigate potential catastrophic impacts on this unique species.
New Constraints on the Origin of the EM‐1 Component Revealed by the Measurement of the La‐Ce Isotope Systematics in Gough Island Lavas
A new study challenges the long-held hypothesis that recycled pelagic sediments contribute to the enriched mantle (EM‐1) component. By analyzing 12 lavas from Gough Island using La–Ce, Sm–Nd, and Lu–Hf isotope systems, researchers found no evidence of a negative cerium anomaly or high La/Ce ratios typical of old sedimentary material. Instead, the data support a model where subcontinental lithospheric material is incorporated at shallow depths during plume ascent, explaining the isotopic signatures observed in Gough Island lavas. This finding provides fresh insights into the origin of EM‐1 and its role in mantle heterogeneity.
On the taxonomic status of Isopterygium ambiguum (Hypnaceae, Bryophyta) from Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean
A taxonomic reassessment of Isopterygium ambiguum, a moss species endemic to Gough Island, reveals it is conspecific with I. tenerifolium, expanding the known distribution of the latter across the South Atlantic. This finding corrects its taxonomic status and identifies Gough Island as the southernmost occurrence of I. tenerifolium. The study also documents additional collections from Tristan da Cunha and Nightingale Island, contributing to a broader understanding of moss biodiversity in this remote region. Morphological details were illustrated, and distribution patterns were mapped, providing insights into the biogeography of South Atlantic mosses.
Population trends of Spectacled Petrels Procellaria conspicillata and other seabirds at Inaccessible Island
A significant decline in the population of Spectacled Petrels (Procellaria conspicillata) and other seabirds at Inaccessible Island was documented, raising concerns about the long-term viability of these species. The study, conducted over a decade, used long-term monitoring data to assess population trends, breeding success, and demographic changes in key seabird species. Researchers found that while some species showed resilience, others exhibited alarming declines, likely due to environmental pressures such as climate change and invasive species. This work underscores the need for targeted conservation efforts to protect these vulnerable populations within UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Comparative ecology of Pachyptila species breeding sympatrically at Gough Island
Gough Island hosts the world's largest populations of two sympatric prion species, Pachyptila vittata and P. macgillivrayi, with estimates suggesting 1.2–2.0 million breeding pairs. This study reveals significant ecological segregation between the species, including distinct at-sea foraging ranges—P. vittata forages within 1500 km northeast of the colony, while P. macgillivrayi operates within 1000 km south. Temporal segregation is also evident, with P. vittata breeding approximately three months earlier than P. macgillivrayi. Geolocation data, stable isotope analysis, and bill morphology studies further demonstrate trophic segregation, with P. vittata specializing in filter-feeding copepods and P. macgillivrayi exhibiting a more generalist foraging behavior. These findings advance the understanding of ecological strategies in these abundant but poorly studied seabirds.
Diomedea dabbenena
A rare albatross species, Diomedea dabbenena, exhibits significant migratory behavior between the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Geolocation data reveals that non-breeding adults traverse from the southwestern Atlantic during the austral summer to the southeastern Atlantic and Indian Ocean, extending as far as Australia in winter. Additionally, banded specimens found in Brazilian waters suggest a seasonal presence influenced by oceanographic features like the Subtropical Convergence, particularly off the coast of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Historical museum records further support these findings, indicating a distribution pattern tied to specific environmental conditions.
Masticatory Apparatus Performance and Functional Morphology in the Extremely Large Mice from Gough Island
Gough Island house mice (Mus musculus) have evolved to become the largest wild house mice on record, with significant increases in body size and a predatory diet consisting of seabird chicks and eggs. Research indicates that these mice exhibit enhanced masticatory performance, including greater bite force and jaw gape, compared to mainland strains. While their musculoskeletal features are absolutely larger, they show reduced performance relative to body size or jaw length, suggesting a size-related decrease in abilities. However, certain features like incisor biting leverage and condylar dimensions suggest evolutionary enhancements correlated with extreme body size and diet shifts.
Procellaria conspicillata
A comprehensive assessment of the distribution and seasonal occurrence of Procellaria conspicillata, a seabird species breeding on Gough, Inaccessible, and Tristan da Cunha Islands, reveals its broad migratory range across the Atlantic Ocean. This study identifies key latitudinal boundaries for its movement between 23°S and 36°S, spanning from southeastern Brazil to Uruguay along the South American coast, and corresponding regions off the African coast. Seasonal records in Brazil highlight its presence in southern and southeastern coastal areas, with notable sightings in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), Espírito Santo (ES), and Bahia (BA) across various months, particularly from May to November. The research synthesizes historical data and observations, providing critical insights into the species' ecological distribution and migratory patterns.
Thalassarche chlororhynchos
A comprehensive analysis reveals that Thalassarche chlororhynchos, commonly known as the Atlantic petrel, exhibits significant seasonal and geographical variability in its distribution along Brazilian waters. This species primarily breeds on the Tristan da Cunha archipelago and Gough Island but demonstrates a marked increase in population during winter months off Brazil's coast, particularly from Rio Grande do Sul (RS) to Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Records extend from Sergipe (SE) to Pará (PA), indicating a broader range than previously documented. Banding data further supports long-distance movements, with individuals tracked between breeding sites and states such as São Paulo (SP), Santa Catarina (SC), and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). This study underscores the species' dynamic migratory patterns and its ecological significance across distinct marine regions.
The impacts of introduced House Mice on the breeding success of nesting seabirds on Gough Island
Invasive House Mice significantly reduce the breeding success of seabirds on Gough Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and vital seabird colony. Annual losses reach up to 1.7 million eggs or chicks, with seven species experiencing particularly high mortality likely due to intense mouse predation. Below-ground and winter-breeding species are most affected, as mice have fewer alternative food sources in winter and smaller chicks are easier prey. The study used field data and statistical models to compare Gough Island's seabird populations with those on predator-free islands, revealing critical threats to endemic and near-endemic species like MacGillivray's Prion, Atlantic Petrel, and Tristan Albatross, which face potential extinction without mouse removal.
Genetics of Genome-Wide Recombination Rate Evolution in Mice from an Isolated Island
Research on wild house mice from Gough Island reveals that genome-wide recombination rate evolution is not directional and proceeds from distinct genetic loci. The study identified four quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing recombination rates, with one exhibiting effects opposite to parental trait differences. By analyzing 240 F2 male mice from intercrosses between Gough Island-derived mice and the wild-derived inbred strain WSB/EiJ, scientists quantified autosomal recombination rates using immunofluorescence cytology. Candidate genes and mutations were pinpointed by integrating whole-genome sequencing data with spermatocyte transcriptomic profiles. These findings challenge the assumption that recombination rate evolution follows a predictable pattern, offering new insights into genetic diversity and adaptation in isolated populations.
The distribution of breeding Sooty Albatrosses from the three most important breeding sites: Gough, Tristan and the Prince Edward Islands
Sooty Albatrosses (Phoebetria fusca), classified as Endangered, exhibit distinct foraging patterns depending on their breeding sites. Tracking data from Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha, and the Prince Edward Islands reveal that birds from Marion Island (Prince Edwards) range farther north despite being the most southerly breeding site. Birds from Tristan-Gough concentrate around the Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF) in the southern Atlantic Ocean, while Marion birds associate with both the SAF and the Sub-Tropical Front (STF) in the southern Indian Ocean. This study identifies critical foraging areas for 80% of breeding Sooty Albatrosses during incubation and brood-guard periods, highlighting potential risks from tuna long-line fishing gear. Birds from Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island show greater overlap with fishing effort, suggesting higher bycatch mortality risk in the Atlantic fishery.
At-sea sightings of banded Tristan Albatrosses off the Western Cape and a review of records in southern African waters
A rare glimpse into the at-sea behavior of the Critically Endangered Tristan Albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) reveals new insights about its movements and threats off southern Africa. The study, which analyzed banded individuals sighted near the Western Cape, provides critical data on this species' distribution outside its breeding grounds in Gough and Inaccessible Islands. It highlights the vulnerability of Tristan Albatrosses to fisheries bycatch—a major at-sea threat—while also underscoring the compounded pressures from invasive house mice on their breeding islands. By synthesizing historical records with recent observations, the research offers a broader understanding of this species' conservation challenges, emphasizing the need for targeted protection measures both at sea and on land.
Drivers of predatory behavior and extreme size in house mice Mus musculus on Gough Island
House mice on Gough Island exhibit extreme body mass (50–60% greater than other island populations) and high predatory behavior, driven by enhanced overwinter survival. This study reveals that mice maintain higher mass and condition during winter, coinciding with peak mortality rates, by exploiting abundant seabird chicks. Proximity to neighboring predated nests and nesting densities further influence predation likelihood. The research highlights how island syndrome traits in introduced rodents, such as increased body size and density, contribute to devastating impacts on native species like burrowing petrels and the Critically Endangered Tristan albatross. The study combines field observations with ecological analysis to link seasonal survival patterns to predatory behavior.
Genetics of Skeletal Evolution in Unusually Large Mice from Gough Island
Researchers have uncovered the genetic underpinnings of rapid skeletal evolution in unusually large house mice from Gough Island. These mice exhibit significant skeletal changes, including enlarged pelvis and limbs, as well as skull elongation compared to mainland counterparts. Using quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping on an F2 intercross between Gough Island mice and a reference strain, the study identified hundreds of QTL with modest, additive effects that control skeletal dimensions at multiple developmental stages. Notably, several high-impact loci affect suites of skeletal traits and colocalize with body weight QTL, suggesting pleiotropy plays a key role in this evolutionary process. This work provides a rare glimpse into the genetic mechanisms driving rapid evolution in natural populations and positions Gough Island mice as a valuable model system for studying such phenomena.
Recombination rate variation in mice from an isolated island
A study on wild house mice from Gough Island reveals significant variation in recombination rates, with some genomic intervals showing up to 28% divergence. Despite this high level of polymorphism, the genomewide recombination rate remains stable. Researchers analyzed genetic maps from 1212 meioses and compared them to a mainland reference strain, uncovering that recombination rate variation is more pronounced at smaller genomic scales. The findings suggest that most evolutionary changes occurred in one line of Gough Island mice, highlighting the complex nature of recombination rate evolution across different genomic regions.
Blue Petrels Halobaena caerulea discovered breeding on Gough Island
A breeding colony of Blue Petrels (Halobaena caerulea) has been discovered on Gough Island, extending their known range 700 km northward to 40° S. This finding challenges the previously understood latitudinal distribution of this species, which was thought to breed only between 47° and 56° S. While the colony is located in a frequently visited area, it may have been overlooked rather than representing a recent range expansion. The study suggests that breeding on Gough Island occurs later than at more southern colonies, indicating potential differences in reproductive timing across their range.
Effects of mouse predation on burrowing petrel chicks at Gough Island
Introduced house mice (Mus musculus) are devastatingly impacting burrowing petrel chicks on Gough Island, with near-total chick mortality observed across multiple species. A 2014 study using infrared cameras and burrow inspections revealed that all seven Atlantic petrel (Pterodroma incerta) chicks were killed within hours of hatching, with an overall 87% failure rate among 83 hatchlings. Grey petrels (Procellaria cinerea) also suffered significant losses, with 60% mortality due to mouse predation. Video surveillance further documented fatal attacks on great shearwater (Puffinus gravis) and soft-plumaged petrel (Pterodroma mollis) chicks, while MacGillivray’s prion (Pachyptila macgillivrayi) experienced 82% chick mortality in 2013/14 and total loss in 2014/15. The closely related broad-billed prion (P. vittata) also faced complete chick mortality in 2014. These findings underscore the urgent need for mouse eradication to protect seabird populations on Gough Island, a critical UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Genetics of Rapid and Extreme Size Evolution in Island Mice
House mice on Gough Island have evolved the largest body size among wild populations within just a few hundred generations, primarily through accelerated growth during the first six weeks of life. Researchers identified 19 quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to body weight and growth rate by comparing these mice with a smaller-bodied subspecies using genetic mapping in F2 intercrosses. While the effects of these QTL are modest and additive, this study reveals that rapid size evolution can be genetically complex, even under natural conditions. Comparisons with laboratory-selected mouse strains suggest parallels between natural and artificial selection for body size, though distinct loci contribute to the trait in each context. This work advances our understanding of the genetic basis of extreme body size evolution in island ecosystems.
Trends and tactics of mouse predation on Tristan Albatross Diomedea dabbenena chicks at Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean
A significant increase in mouse predation on Tristan Albatross chicks at Gough Island has been identified, with predation rates rising from 2% to 10% over a decade. This study highlights the escalating threat posed by invasive house mice (Mus domesticus) to one of the world's rarest seabirds, the Tristan Albatross (Diomedea dabbenena), which is endemic to Gough Island. Researchers employed long-term monitoring and direct observation to document predation tactics, including nocturnal attacks on chicks in burrows, revealing how mice exploit albatross nesting behaviors. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted conservation measures to mitigate this growing threat.
Demographic history of a recent invasion of house mice on the isolated I sland of G ough
House mice on Gough Island, one of the world's most remote islands, have undergone rapid phenotypic evolution following a 19th-century introduction by sealers. Genetic analysis reveals that these mice belong to the Mus musculus domesticus subspecies, with maternal ancestry tracing back to England or France, and show signs of admixed origins from multiple Western European coastal populations. The population experienced a severe bottleneck—an estimated 98% reduction in size—followed by rapid expansion around 100 years ago. This demographic history, inferred through mitochondrial sequences, nuclear sequences, and microsatellites, alongside Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), provides a model for studying rapid evolutionary change in isolated environments. The study highlights Gough Island mice as a valuable system for understanding how populations adapt to new ecological pressures.
Nutrient regimes control phytoplankton ecophysiology in the South Atlantic
Research reveals that nutrient regimes, particularly iron (Fe) and nitrate availability, significantly control phytoplankton ecophysiology in the South Atlantic. The study, conducted during a GEOTRACES cruise, identified two dominant phytoplankton regimes: one south of the South Subtropical Convergence (SSTC), characterized by elevated chlorophyll concentrations, larger cell sizes, and low photochemical efficiency due to Fe stress; and another north of the SSTC, marked by high photochemical efficiency and macronutrient limitation. Shipboard experiments confirmed that Fe addition mitigated Fe stress, increasing photochemical efficiency in southern waters. Spatial correlations between Fe:nitrate ratios and phytoplankton ecophysiology further supported the role of nutrient supply ratios in shaping these regimes.
Low burrow occupancy and breeding success of burrowing petrels at Gough Island: a consequence of mouse predation
Introduced house mice on Gough Island are severely impacting burrowing petrels, leading to low burrow occupancy (4–42%) and poor breeding success (0–44%) across multiple species. Research reveals that smaller petrel species and winter breeders are particularly vulnerable, with high chick mortality rates observed in Atlantic Petrels. The study suggests that predation by house mice is likely causing population declines among most burrowing petrels on the island, including Soft-plumaged Petrels and Broad-billed Prions, which show greatly reduced abundance compared to earlier decades. These findings indicate a broader threat than previously documented, emphasizing the urgent need for mouse eradication to protect Gough Island's petrel populations.
Observations of mice predation on dark-mantled sooty albatross and Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross chicks at Gough Island
A groundbreaking observation reveals that introduced house mice (Mus musculus) are significant predators of chicks from two albatross species—Atlantic yellow-nosed albatrosses (Thalassarche chlororhynchos) and dark-mantled sooty albatrosses (Phoebetria fusca)—at Gough Island. This is the first documented evidence of mice preying on these summer-breeding albatross species in the region. While predation rates appear low (~2% for Atlantic yellow-nosed albatrosses), ongoing monitoring suggests potential escalating impacts. The study, conducted over three breeding seasons, underscores the urgent need for conservation efforts to eradicate invasive mice from Gough Island to protect these vulnerable species and others affected by this predator.
Population trends and breeding success of albatrosses and giant petrels at Gough Island in the face of at-sea and on-land threats
A critical decline of 3% annually in the population of the Critically Endangered Tristan albatross at Gough Island has been linked to chick predation by invasive house mice, highlighting a significant on-land threat. This study monitored three albatross species and southern giant petrels over time, revealing stable populations for the latter but interannual variability for Atlantic yellow-nosed and sooty albatrosses. The research used long-term population tracking to correlate Tristan albatross breeding success (23%) with localized predation rates, underscoring the urgency of addressing introduced mammal threats. While trends for other species remain uncertain due to small sample sizes, the findings reinforce the conservation priority of the Tristan albatross and call for broader data collection to assess global population dynamics.
Ancestral polymorphism at the major histocompatibility complex (MHCIIß) in the Nesospiza bunting species complex and its sister species (Rowettia goughensis)
A study of the major histocompatibility complex (MHCIIβ) in the Nesospiza bunting species complex and its sister species, Rowettia goughensis, reveals that ancestral polymorphism rather than local selective forces drives population variation. Analysis of 23 unique alleles across 14 Nesospiza and 2 R. goughensis individuals showed no evidence of ongoing selection on the peptide binding region (PBR), with shared alleles between islands and species indicating deep historical divergence. Gene tree analysis further supported preserved ancestral polymorphism, clustering Nesospiza-specific groups distinctively while R. goughensis alleles were interspersed among them. This suggests weak or absent parasite-driven selection, possibly due to low parasite load in these isolated Atlantic islands, and provides rare evidence of extensive ancestral polymorphism in birds.
High connectivity and lack of mtDNA differentiation among two previously recognized spiny lobster species in the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans
A groundbreaking genetic analysis reveals that two previously recognized spiny lobster species, Jasus paulensis and J. tristani, are genetically indistinguishable across thousands of kilometers in the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contrary to expectations, the study found no significant population differentiation between sites separated by vast distances, suggesting high connectivity and gene flow among these long-lived, drifting larvae-dependent species. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that all sampled individuals formed a monophyletic group, distinct from other Jasus species, while demographic expansion was estimated to have occurred between 14,000 and 118,000 years ago. These findings imply the absence of barriers to dispersal in these remote oceanic habitats and propose that J. paulensis and J. tristani should be synonymized as a single species, J. paulensis.
Predation of A tlantic P etrel chicks by house mice on G ough I sland
A devastating impact of predatory house mice on breeding seabirds, particularly Atlantic Petrels, has been documented at Gough Island. The study revealed that introduced house mice were present in all checked burrows and contributed to the death of chicks through attacks, significantly reducing breeding success. Over four seasons, the average annual breeding success was just 0.228 chicks fledged per attempt, with only one chick surviving out of 58 nests in a single season (1.7%). These findings underscore the urgent need for mouse eradication on Gough Island to protect its vulnerable seabird populations and highlight the broader threat posed by invasive mammals to island biodiversity.
A new species of Cresponea (Roccellaceae, Ascomycota) from Gough Island
Scientists have identified a new species of lichen, Cresponea sorediata, from Gough Island, part of the UNESCO-listed Gough and Inaccessible Islands. This discovery is notable for its unique characteristics: a sorediate thallus (without apothecia) and diagnostic substances including usnic acid and is. The research relied on morphological analysis and chemical profiling to distinguish this species from others in the Cresponea genus, contributing to our understanding of biodiversity in remote oceanic environments.
An assessment of seabird–fishery interactions in the Atlantic Ocean
A significant threat to seabird populations, particularly albatrosses, stems from incidental mortality in fisheries, with the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) longline fisheries catching substantial numbers of seabirds. This study assessed the impact of ICCAT fisheries on over 60 seabird populations, identifying at-risk species and estimating bycatch. The research revealed that unmitigated mortality could lead to declines in breeding bird numbers, endangering the long-term viability of key populations such as wandering and black-browed albatrosses from South Georgia and Atlantic yellow-nosed and Tristan albatrosses from Gough Island. The assessment framework combined population identification, overlap analyses, bycatch estimation, and demographic evaluations, highlighting the urgent need for conservation measures to protect these vulnerable species.
Chironomidae from Gough, Nightingale and Tristan da Cunha islands
A striking shift in historical biogeography challenges the dominance of vicariance, favoring oceanic dispersal as the primary explanation for disjunct distributions across taxa. This study reveals that the chironomid fauna of Gough, Nightingale, and Tristan da Cunha islands in the South Atlantic consists of just six species, with molecular dating supporting dispersal over tectonic events. Among these, Telmatogeton goughi (male/female) and Clunio jonesi (male) are marine, while others like Limnophyes minimus and Allocladius lusciniolus dominate the parthenogenetic fauna. Key morphological differences distinguish each species, including T. goughi's proximity to T. sanctipauli and C. jonesi's unique gonostylus structure.
Palatability and efficacy of rodent baits for eradicating house mice (Mus musculus) from Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha
House mice on Gough Island exhibit high palatability for rodent baits, with Pestoff® 20M and 20R showing the greatest consumption. The study found that brodifacoum, an anticoagulant toxin, is effective against these mice, with an estimated oral LD50 of 0.44 mg kg–1 and a median time to death of 5.5 days, comparable to other populations. However, some mice showed resistance at higher doses, emphasizing the need for multiple bait applications in eradication efforts to ensure mortality. The research tested three non-toxic and two toxic bait formulations under controlled conditions, providing critical data for designing successful mouse eradication strategies on Gough Island.
Revised population estimate and trends for the Endangered Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi at Tristan da Cunha
A critical population assessment of the Endangered Northern Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes moseleyi) at Tristan da Cunha reveals that over 65% of the global population resides in this remote South Atlantic archipelago, with breeding numbers estimated at 168,700 pairs across four islands. The study, the first to update counts since 1973 for Middle Island, found stable populations over three decades, contrasting with broader declines observed elsewhere. Researchers employed comprehensive aerial and ground surveys in 2009, providing a baseline for conservation efforts at this UNESCO-listed site, which is vital for the species' survival.
Breeding Biology of Brown NoddiesAnous stolidusat Their Southern-Most Breeding Site, Gough Island, in Comparison to Other Sites
Brown Noddies (Anous stolidus) at Gough Island, the southernmost breeding site for this species, exhibit high breeding success rates—81%—and synchronized breeding schedules with other mid-latitude Atlantic populations, suggesting a single meta-population. Egg-laying occurred between 2–12 December, with incubation lasting 37 days and fledging after 46 days, though chicks remained dependent on parents for up to 11 more days. Hatching (88%) and fledging success (92%) were notably higher than at other sites. The study monitored 19 nests over three seasons, measuring growth in eight chicks and six fledglings during the 2005/06 season, revealing similarities in chick size, growth rates, and pre-fledging fasting behavior with noddies from other Atlantic locations.
Breeding success of Northern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes moseleyi) at Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean
Northern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes moseleyi) on Gough Island exhibit breeding success strongly linked to the density of nests and the birds' response to threats. While brood loss peaks during incubation (33–61%), most hatchlings (71%) survive to form crèches, with 73% molting into juvenile plumage. The study found that higher nest densities within a 1.5-meter radius and proactive threat responses by breeding birds significantly improve survival rates, highlighting critical factors for this declining species. Researchers tracked brood loss and analyzed behavioral and environmental influences on breeding success, providing insights into conservation strategies for one of the world's most vulnerable penguin populations.
Goose barnacles on seals and a penguin at Gough Island
A rare observation of goose barnacles (Lepas australis) attached to marine mammals and a penguin at Gough Island was documented during a seal survey in 2009. The study recorded these parasites on two elephant seals (Mirounga leonina), one vagrant Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella), and a Northern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi). This finding highlights the presence of such barnacles in this remote Subantarctic ecosystem, where they are typically associated with seabirds. The survey, conducted in September and October 2009, involved examining 12 elephant seals and seven Antarctic fur seals, providing novel insights into parasite-host interactions in this region.
Goose Barnacles on Seals and a Penguin at Gough Island
A rare observation of goose barnacles (Lepas australis) attached to marine mammals and a penguin at Gough Island was documented during a seal survey in September–October 2009. The study recorded these parasitic crustaceans on two elephant seals (Mirounga leonina), one vagrant Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) among resident Subantarctic fur seals (A. tropicalis), and a Northern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi). This finding highlights the presence of goose barnacles on multiple species, including a first report for this penguin subspecies at Gough Island. The survey involved inspecting 19 seals and one penguin, providing novel insights into interspecies interactions and parasite distribution in this remote Subantarctic ecosystem.
Review article: The catastrophic impact of invasive mammalian predators on birds of the UK Overseas Territories: a review and synthesis
Invasive mammalian predators have caused catastrophic extinctions and reductions in seabird colonies across the UK Overseas Territories (UKOTs), marking these regions as a global hotspot for extinction. The study reviews the historical and current impacts of species like House Mice, Feral Cats, and rats on threatened endemics and seabird populations, highlighting ongoing declines. While conservation efforts have shown modest success, significant challenges remain in eradicating predators from priority islands such as Gough, St Helena, Montserrat, Tristan da Cunha, Pitcairn, and the Falkland Islands. The research emphasizes the urgent need for technical, financial, and political support to implement ambitious eradication plans, which could drastically reduce extinction risks for globally threatened species.
Risk assessment of birds foraging terrestrially at Marion and Gough Islands to primary and secondary poisoning by rodenticides
A risk assessment of terrestrial-foraging birds to rodenticide poisoning at Marion and Gough Islands reveals that while some species, such as lesser sheathbills and Gough moorhens, show potential susceptibility to both primary and secondary poisoning, others like sub-Antarctic skuas are less likely to be affected during winter baiting operations. The study found that captive birds exhibited minimal consumption of non-toxic bait pellets, but field observations showed that Gough moorhens did consume them. Sheathbills and moorhens also consumed mouse carcasses, whereas Gough buntings showed little interest in such prey. The research suggests that precautionary measures, including temporary captivity of vulnerable species during poisoning exercises, are necessary to mitigate risks, despite the limitations posed by cage effects on behavioral observations.
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