Investigating high pathogenicity avian influenza virus incursions to remote islands: detection of H5N1 on Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean

Scientists detected high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in three Tristan skua carcasses on Gough Island, a remote UNESCO World Heritage Site in the South Atlantic. Genomic analysis revealed that the strain was more closely related to one found in South Georgia than southern Africa, suggesting potential transmission during the birds' pre-laying exodus into frontal waters south of the island. The study combined genomic data with global tracking records from seabirds, highlighting the role of migratory scavengers like skuas as vectors for long-distance virus spread. While no further cases were confirmed on Gough Island, researchers emphasize the need for systematic monitoring and biosecurity measures to mitigate risks to globally significant seabird populations.

Steinfurth, A., Lynton-Jenkins, J. G., Cleeland, J., Mollett, B. C., Coombes, H. A., Moores, A., Neal, R., Clifton, B., Falchieri, M., Jones, C. W., Risi, M. M., Gold, S., James, J., Ryan, P. G., González- Solís, J., & Banyard, A. C. (2026). Investigating high pathogenicity avian influenza virus incursions to remote islands: detection of H5N1 on Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2026.2627076