Publications
Negotiating Constraints to Recreation in Everglades National Park Among Underserved South Florida Residents
Underserved South Florida residents face significant constraints to visiting Everglades National Park, with barriers identified at individual, interpersonal, contextual, and systemic levels. This study reveals that while these constraints limit park visitation, residents employ both collective and individual strategies to negotiate them. The research highlights the importance of place-based approaches in understanding wilderness recreation among traditionally underserved communities, offering critical insights for park managers aiming to better serve diverse urban populations like Miami-Dade County's 2.7 million residents, 71.6% of whom identify as Hispanic or Latino. By using semistructured interviews, the study provides a nuanced, qualitative perspective that critiques quantitative modeling approaches, emphasizing the need for collective negotiation strategies to address these barriers.
The large‐scale restoration of fire and water regimes in Everglades National Park reveal little change in plant diversity along an elevational gradient
Despite significant restoration efforts aimed at restoring natural fire and water regimes in the Everglades National Park, no systematic shifts in plant diversity or composition have been observed along an elevational gradient. The study, conducted between 1997–1999 and 2024, resampled transects spanning from seasonally inundated marl prairie to frequently burned pine rockland on Long Pine Key. Researchers used generalized linear mixed models to analyze the effects of fire frequency, water depth, and elevation on plant species richness and composition. While no overall changes were detected, complex interactions between fire and water were found to structure plant communities, maximizing species richness under varying conditions: low burn frequencies in wet sites, moderate frequencies in moderately wet sites, and high frequencies in dry sites.
Quantification of Evapotranspiration and Water Chemistry in a Remediated Wetland in Everglades National Park, USA
Restoration efforts at the Hole-in-the-Donut (HID) wetland in Everglades National Park significantly reduced evapotranspiration rates and lowered ion and nutrient concentrations in surface water and groundwater. Over a 15-year period, evapotranspiration decreased from 1083.4 mm/year to 891.6 mm/year as the restored area expanded to 4893 acres. The study, which used remotely sensed data and water chemistry analysis, found that removing vegetation and soil cover contributed to these changes, offering insights into effective wetland restoration techniques for similar ecosystems.
Research of Foreign Experience of World Heritage Protection (Using the Example of the Everglades National Park)
Effective economic and legal mechanisms for protecting unique natural heritage sites, such as land acquisition by the state and inclusion in the List of World Heritage in Danger, have been identified through a study of Everglades National Park. The research highlights how these strategies can be applied to address threats facing Lake Baikal's ecosystem, particularly from proposed hydraulic structures on the transboundary Selenga River. By analyzing foreign scientific literature and legal documents, the study underscores the critical role of the World Heritage Committee in preserving vulnerable sites like the Everglades, which has twice been listed as endangered due to internal political processes in the United States. The findings offer potential solutions for global heritage conservation challenges.
Decadal trends of mercury cycling and bioaccumulation within Everglades National Park
Despite declines in atmospheric mercury (Hg) concentrations elsewhere in the U.S., Everglades National Park (ENP) showed no reduction in Hg deposition or related contaminants like dissolved organic carbon and sulfate from 2008 to 2018. A multimedia study across 76 sites revealed strong correlations between methylmercury (MeHg) levels in water and fish, particularly in the Shark River Slough (SRS) and coastal regions, where geochemical conditions favor bioaccumulation. The findings underscore that improved water quality and flow—key restoration targets—could mitigate MeHg exposure. The study highlights the complex interplay between hydrology, climate, and Hg cycling, offering critical insights for Everglades conservation efforts.
From Swamp to Wetland: The Creation of Everglades National Park
Everglades National Park, the largest subtropical wilderness in the United States, underwent a transformative shift from being dismissed as a 'useless swamp' to becoming a globally recognized ecological treasure. This transformation, spanning 1928–1958, was pivotal in shaping modern environmentalism. Advocates for its preservation leveraged emerging ecological principles—highlighting biodiversity, habitat protection, and the intrinsic value of wetlands—to redefine the region's significance. Unlike traditional national parks, the Everglades lacked dramatic landscapes or geological monuments, yet its unique wetland ecosystems became a cornerstone for conservation efforts. The book 'From Swamp to Wetland' documents this paradigm shift, underscoring how scientific understanding and advocacy reshaped public perception and policy, ultimately securing its status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
From Wasteland to Tourist Attraction: The Creation of Everglades National Park
Everglades National Park, established in 1947, represents the first ecological park and the first to preserve a wetland in the U.S. This landmark achievement was the result of over five decades of advocacy, shifting public perception from viewing the Everglades as a wasteland to recognizing its ecological significance. Key figures such as Ernest F. Coe, who founded the Everglades National Park Association, played pivotal roles in securing federal and state support through legislation and land donations. While the National Park Service recognized the ecological value, Florida's primary motivation was to develop it as a tourist attraction. The park's creation involved significant land transfers and financial contributions from both federal and state governments, culminating in its dedication by President Harry S. Truman.
Improved Prediction of Managed Water Flow into Everglades National Park Using Empirical Dynamic Modeling
A new approach using empirical dynamic modeling (EDM) significantly improves the accuracy and simplifies predictions of managed water flows into Everglades National Park. Unlike the previous linear model, which relied on six variables, EDM demonstrated that only two—upstream and downstream water levels—are necessary to forecast weekly target flows more effectively. This advancement addresses the nonlinear dynamics of flow drivers, enhancing management strategies under the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). The findings highlight the potential for more efficient hydrologic forecasting, benefiting both scientific research and practical conservation efforts in this critical ecosystem.
Prescribed Fires inside Everglades National Park (Florida, United States)
Prescribed fires in Everglades National Park play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, particularly in subtropical wetlands. They help reload soil nutrients in drier, oligotrophic wetlands and disperse phosphorus in wetter, phosphorus-enriched wetlands through lateral transport. This novel application of prescribed fires not only reduces fuel loads and minimizes the risk of catastrophic wildfires but also controls the expansion of exotic species while preserving fire-adapted biodiversity. The study, published in Ecosphere, combines field observations and experimental data to demonstrate how hydrology and fire interactively shape biogeochemical processes, offering insights into sustainable wetland management.
Interactions between the imperiled West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus, and mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Everglades National Park, Florida, USA
Researchers have documented the first evidence of direct interactions between mosquitoes and an aquatic mammal, the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), in Everglades National Park. Observations revealed that mosquitoes from three genera—Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex—can locate and land on surface-active manatees, penetrating their epidermis with mouthparts. While it remains unclear if blood meals are successfully taken, the findings suggest a potential pathway for marine mammals to be exposed to mosquito-vectored pathogens, such as arboviruses, through viral inoculation during probing. This discovery raises concerns about emerging health threats to threatened species like the manatee, which could be impacted by diseases typically associated with terrestrial or semi-aquatic hosts.
Mangroves as a Source of Greenhouse Gases to the Atmosphere and Alkalinity and Dissolved Carbon to the Coastal Ocean: A Case Study From the Everglades National Park, Florida
Mangroves in the Everglades National Park release significantly more greenhouse gases and dissolved carbon to the atmosphere and coastal ocean than previously estimated. A study found that the Shark River estuary emits substantial amounts of CO2, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) while exporting dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC) at rates several times higher than sediment burial. Notably, most DIC is exported as total alkalinity (TAlk), which persists in the ocean for millennia, acting as a long-term carbon sink. The research used spatial surveys and time-series measurements to quantify these fluxes, linking them to porewater inputs via radon-222 tracking. These findings suggest that future blue carbon budgets must account for both greenhouse gas emissions and alkalinity/dissolved carbon export from mangroves.
Scientific Note: Insects associated with Guettarda scabra in Everglades National Park, Florida
A study on Guettarda scabra in Everglades National Park reveals that its leaves are a food source for various moth caterpillars, some of which contribute to pollination when their adult forms visit the flowers. The research highlights the plant's role in supporting a diverse insect community, with flower-opening accelerated by flower-flies and nocturnal visits from hawk moths (Sphingidae), followed by butterfly activity in the morning. The findings underscore the ecological interactions between G. scabra and its associated insects, providing insights into pollination dynamics within the park's ecosystem.
Impacts of Hurricane Irma on Florida Bay Islands, Everglades National Park, USA
Hurricane Irma, a category 4 storm that struck south Florida in September 2017, had mixed impacts on the islands of Florida Bay within Everglades National Park. While interior mudflats gained elevation due to storm overwash deposits ranging from 0.5 to 6.5 cm, mangrove berms and transitional areas experienced erosion and loss of elevation. The western-most island, closest to the storm's eye, lost 32 to 42% of its eastern berm width and saw a 9.3% reduction in vegetated coverage (~9700 m²), whereas the eastern-most island had a smaller reduction of 1.9% (~9200 m²). These findings provide critical insights into the dual role of hurricanes—both destructive to vegetation and elevation, yet constructive by depositing sediment—that contribute to the resilience of Florida Bay islands over time.
Description of a New, Probably Introduced Zodarion Species from the Everglades National Park, USA (Araneae: Zodariidae)
A new spider species, Zodarion berryi n. sp., has been identified in the Everglades National Park, USA, likely introduced from the Mediterranean region of the Palaearctic. Belonging to the pusio group within the Zodariidae family, this discovery highlights the potential for invasive species to establish themselves in unique ecosystems like the Everglades. The identification was based on morphological analysis, distinguishing it from related species through key characteristics such as body structure and web-building behavior.
Hurricane‐Induced Changes in the Everglades National Park Mangrove Forest: Landsat Observations Between 1985 and 2017
A comprehensive analysis of Everglades National Park's mangrove forests reveals significant resilience and recovery following hurricane-induced damage. Between 1985 and 2017, total mangrove coverage increased by 10.2%, with notable decreases during major hurricane events such as Hurricane Andrew in 1993, which caused a 46.5% reduction in mangrove area. However, these damaged areas recovered to pre-hurricane levels within 3–4 years. The study also found that the extent of hurricane damage depends on wind speed, direction, and proximity to the storm's maximum winds. This research utilized advanced remote sensing techniques, including Landsat observations, multisensor cross calibration, spectral normalization, and pixel unmixing, to provide a detailed multidecadal record of mangrove changes in the Everglades.
Lower Lethal Temperatures for Nonnative Freshwater Fishes in Everglades National Park, Florida
Nonnative freshwater fishes in Everglades National Park exhibit varying lower lethal temperature tolerances, ranging from 4°C to 16.1°C, with potential implications for their ecological role and management. This study provides empirical data on the low-temperature tolerance limits of four species—Banded Cichlid (Heros severus), Spotfin Spiny Eel (Macrognathus siamensis), African Jewelfish (Hemichromis letourneuxi), and Mayan Cichlid (Cichlasoma urophthalmus)—while also synthesizing existing knowledge for all 17 nonnative species found in the park. The findings suggest that temperature may be a critical factor influencing the geographic spread and ecological impact of these invasive fishes, offering potential avenues for management strategies.
Using Bi-Seasonal WorldView-2 Multi-Spectral Data and Supervised Random Forest Classification to Map Coastal Plant Communities in Everglades National Park
A study using bi-seasonal WorldView-2 satellite data and supervised random forest classification successfully mapped coastal plant communities in Everglades National Park with 86% accuracy, revealing that black and red mangroves dominated the landscape, covering half of the study site. The approach outperformed single-season data, providing fine-scale resolution to detect changes in rare and endangered species habitats, including the buttonwood/glycophyte community harboring the federally-endangered Chromolaena frustrata. This method offers a robust tool for monitoring vegetation shifts due to sea level rise and land-use change, with implications for other threatened ecosystems.
Water Quality of Inflows to the Everglades National Park over Three Decades (1985–2014) Analyzed by Multivariate Statistical Methods
A three-decade analysis of water quality in inflows to the Everglades National Park reveals that rainfall significantly influences nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, with increased precipitation leading to diluted nutrient levels. Cluster analysis identified four distinct groups among seven sampling stations, while principal component analysis highlighted total nitrogen (TN) as the primary pollutant, suggesting non-point sources dominate contamination. Best management practices (BMPs) effectively reduce organic nitrogen, but TN and total phosphorus (TP) remain critical focus areas for future mitigation. Increasing water transfer can temporarily improve quality, while submersed macrophytes offer a sustainable solution by absorbing nutrients and boosting dissolved oxygen levels.
Estimating Mangrove Canopy Height and Above-Ground Biomass in the Everglades National Park with Airborne LiDAR and TanDEM-X Data
Research indicates that mangrove forests in Everglades National Park (ENP) are experiencing significant growth, with canopy heights reaching up to 25 meters and above-ground biomass (AGB) approaching 250 Mg•ha−1. This study, utilizing Airborne LiDAR (ALS) and TanDEM-X (TDX) datasets from 2011–2013, demonstrates a strong correlation (R² = 0.85) between the two measurement techniques, with minimal error (RMSE = 1.96 m). Compared to earlier studies from 2000–2004, current data show increased mangrove stature and biomass, suggesting ongoing recovery post-Hurricane Wilma. These findings highlight ENP's mangroves as resilient carbon sinks, emphasizing their ecological importance in protected coastal ecosystems.
Liverworts (Marchantiophyta) of Mahogany Hammock, Everglades National Park, Florida
A recent survey of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) in Mahogany Hammock, Everglades National Park, Florida, reveals that the site still supports a rich hepatic flora with predominantly tropical affinities, despite historical disturbances and high visitation. Researchers documented 29 of approximately 47 recorded taxa, including six new records for the area. Most liverworts were found growing on tree bark, but some thrived epiphyllously on leaves of trees, ferns, and bromeliads, with the boardwalk also serving as a substrate. This survey complements earlier studies from the 1950s to 1980s, highlighting the resilience and biodiversity of this UNESCO World Heritage Site's liverwort community.
Conservatives in the Everglades: Sun Belt Environmentalism and the Creation of Everglades National Park
Everglades National Park's creation in 1947 was shaped by a confluence of Sun Belt environmentalism and conservative politics, reflecting Florida's strategic pivot toward tourism and a modern identity. The study reveals that Spessard L. Holland, a pro-business, states' rights advocate, championed the park to leverage its natural beauty for economic growth while rebranding Florida as a progressive, scientifically-minded state. This transformation was driven by three key motivations: maximizing economic benefits from tourism, capitalizing on growing public appreciation for exotic ecosystems, and reshaping Florida's identity away from its racist past toward a forward-looking, conservationist image. The research approach combines historical analysis with political and economic contextualization, illustrating the complex interplay between environmentalism and conservatism in post-war Southern development.
Incubation Temperature and Sex Ratio of a Python bivittatus (Burmese Python) Clutch Hatched in Everglades National Park, Florida
A Burmese python (Python bivittatus) clutch in Everglades National Park exhibited a 77% hatching success, with the female losing 54% of her body weight during breeding. The study found that egg-mass temperature was more stable than ambient temperatures, ranging from 26.29–31.41 °C (mean = 28.07 °C), likely buffered by adjacent vegetation and shivering thermogenesis. This stability contrasted with direct sun temperatures, which fluctuated wildly between 20.81 °C and 45.70 °C (mean = 28.45 °C). Among successful hatchlings, the sex ratio was skewed, with 9 males and 8 females. The research highlights the resilience of python nests to extreme environmental conditions while also documenting the significant physiological cost for breeding females.
Prospects and Limitations of Citizen Science in Invasive Species Management: A Case Study with Burmese Pythons in Everglades National Park
Citizen science can significantly contribute to invasive species management, such as controlling Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) in Everglades National Park. A study analyzing 2000–2014 data revealed patterns in python observations and removals, including demographic shifts post-cold events, though interpretation is limited by lack of search-effort information. Starting in 2014, the study incorporated search-effort tracking via a citizen-science program, which showed low participation due to factors like low observation rates (e.g., 1 python per >40 hours of searching). While visual searches are ineffective for population control, citizen-science efforts remain valuable for collecting critical search-effort data, despite challenges in incentivizing participation.
Statistical analysis and mapping of water levels in the Biscayne aquifer, water conservation areas, and Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2000–2009
A decade-long analysis (2000–2009) of water levels in the Biscayne aquifer, adjacent conservation areas, and Everglades National Park reveals critical hydrological patterns near Miami-Dade County’s canal junctions. The study identifies that October water levels—specifically the 50th percentile—exhibit distinct spatial gradients and inferred flow directions, providing insights into groundwater dynamics in this ecologically vital region. Researchers employed statistical modeling and geospatial mapping to quantify variability, offering a data-driven framework for understanding aquifer behavior amid urban and conservation land uses. These findings underscore the importance of precise water management to sustain both ecological integrity and human infrastructure.
Analysis of Bridge Construction as a Restoration Technique for Everglades National Park, FL, USA, Using Hydrological Numerical Modeling
Bridge construction along the Tamiami Trail could significantly increase water delivery to the Everglades National Park (ENP), with simulations showing a 6% increase for a 1.6-km bridge and up to 10% when combined with a proposed 4.2-km bridge. These changes would also extend hydroperiods—times of inundation—across large areas of the park, enhancing wetland conditions without adversely affecting eastern canal operations or flood management. Additionally, raising canal water levels north of ENP by up to 0.3 m could further boost overland water levels by 21 cm in some regions. The study used MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 hydrological modeling to evaluate the impact of these infrastructure modifications on historical flow restoration efforts.
Home range, habitat use, and movement patterns of non-native Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park, Florida, USA
Non-native Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) in Everglades National Park exhibit low site fidelity and expansive home ranges averaging 22.5 km², with core-use areas concentrated in slough and coastal habitats, particularly around tree islands and roads. These findings, derived from radio-tracking 19 adult pythons over 5,265 days (VHF and GPS tags), suggest that surface water presence correlates with long-distance movements during both wet and dry seasons. The study identifies 18 common-use areas where python activity overlaps, highlighting potential hotspots for targeted control efforts to mitigate impacts on native fauna.
Marsh rabbit mortalities tie pythons to the precipitous decline of mammals in the Everglades
Invasive Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) are directly linked to the dramatic decline of mammals, including marsh rabbits, in Everglades National Park (ENP). A large-scale experiment revealed that pythons accounted for 77% of rabbit mortalities within 11 months, suggesting they could preclude the persistence of rabbit populations. Control sites outside ENP showed no python-caused mortalities, with 71% of deaths attributed to other mammalian predators. The study provides strong evidence that pythons pose a significant threat to the faunal communities and ecological functioning of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem, potentially worsening as their range expands.
Three newStirtoniafrom Everglades National Park with a key to neotropical species
Researchers have discovered three new species of lichen, Stirtonia byssoidea, S. coei, and S. latispora, within the coastal hammocks of Everglades National Park. These findings expand the known biodiversity of the region and contribute to the understanding of Neotropical lichen diversity. The study employed morphological and chemical analyses to distinguish these species from existing ones, noting unique characteristics such as thallus type, ascospore size, and absence or presence of specific substances like perlatolic acid. A key identifying feature is the distinct ascigerous zones and ascospore morphology, which differentiate them from closely related species like Stirtonia alba and S. curvata. Additionally, a key to six Neotropical Stirtonia species was provided, aiding future taxonomic studies in this group.
Assessing risks to humans from invasive Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park, Florida, USA
Invasive Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) in Everglades National Park, Florida, pose minimal risk to humans despite their established presence. Over a decade-long study (2003–2012), only five unprovoked strikes were reported—all involving biologists moving through flooded wetlands, with no injuries requiring medical attention and none resulting from constriction. These incidents were likely cases of mistaken identity, where pythons initiated strikes but aborted predatory behavior before ingestion. Notably, no strikes were directed at park visitors, despite annual visitation rates exceeding one million during the study period. The research concludes that while human risk cannot be entirely dismissed, the likelihood of a fatal python attack in Everglades NP remains extremely low.
Four new species and sixteen new lichen records for North America from Everglades National Park
A groundbreaking lichen study of Everglades National Park has uncovered four new species—Cryptothecia fuscopunctata, Diorygma basinigrum, Herpothallon hyposticticum, and Platygramme coccinea—as well as sixteen lichen taxa previously unknown to North America. These discoveries expand the continent’s lichen biodiversity, including records of Coenogonium isidiatum, Pyrenula pleiomera, and others, with implications for understanding tropical forest ecosystems. The research builds on extensive field collections, comparing Everglades lichen richness and density with Central and South American lowland forests to highlight its unique ecological significance.
New additions to the lichen genus Enterographa (Roccellaceae) from Everglades National Park including an updated world key
Four new species of lichen, Enterographa bradleyana, E. caudata, E. murrayana, and E. nitidula, have been discovered in Everglades National Park, bringing the total known species in the genus to 11 within the site. These discoveries expand the understanding of tropical lichen diversity in the region. The research involved field collections from 27 islands (keys) in Florida Bay between 2010 and 2012, with species identification based on morphological and chemical characteristics. Notably, E. bradleyana distinguishes itself by smaller ascospores and unique chemistry, while E. caudata features unusually long-tailed ascospores and a distinct lichexanthone-schizopeltic acid combination. Additionally, an updated global key to the genus Enterographa is provided, incorporating 20 species, including those newly described.
New Record of Everglades Mink in Everglades National Park from the Stomach of an American Alligator
Researchers report the first confirmed evidence of Everglades Mink (Neovison vison evergladensis) presence in Everglades National Park (ENP) in 15 years, discovered through hair found in the stomach of an American Alligator. This finding suggests that while the endangered species may still inhabit the park, its population is likely very low, potentially due to hydrological alterations and increased predation pressure. The study highlights the importance of accurate distribution data for effective conservation strategies.
Salinity, groundwater, and water uptake depth of plants in coastal uplands of Everglades National Park (Florida, USA)
Coastal upland plant communities in Everglades National Park exhibit distinct salinity and water uptake patterns, with hardwood hammocks featuring brackish groundwater (14–27 PPT), buttonwood hammocks showing brackish to saline conditions (23–35 PPT), and buttonwood prairies experiencing more saline groundwater (30–44 PPT). Most species predominantly access deep soil water (5–30 cm) during the dry season, switching to shallow soil water (0–5 cm) in the wet season. However, the endemic herbaceous species Chromolaena frustrata reverses this pattern, relying on shallow water in the dry season and deeper sources in the wet season. These findings highlight the varying susceptibility of these plant communities to sea level rise (SLR)-driven changes in water table and salinity, offering critical insights for adaptation planning.
Simulating Everglades National Park hydrology and phosphorus transport under existing and future scenarios using numerical modeling
Modeling reveals that structural modifications to Tamiami Trail, including bridge construction, could significantly increase water levels and hydroperiods in the Northeast Shark Slough ecosystem of Everglades National Park (ENP), counteracting historical declines. While overall phosphorus concentrations in surface waters may decrease with these changes, localized increases in phosphorus loading are possible, potentially altering vegetation spectral responses and ecosystem dynamics. The study used the MIKE Marsh Model of ENP to simulate hydrology and phosphorus transport under existing and future scenarios, providing critical insights for guiding restoration efforts.
Three newOpegraphaspecies (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales) and several additions to the North American lichen mycota from Everglades National Park
A groundbreaking study identifies three new species of lichens, Opegrapha gyrophorica, O. keyensis, and O. protocetrarica, from Everglades National Park, along with several previously undocumented genera and species in North America. These discoveries contribute significantly to the understanding of the region's mycota, particularly those containing secondary metabolites. The research provides a key for identifying North American species with these compounds and highlights the biodiversity of lichens in this UNESCO World Heritage Site. Additionally, it reports new additions to the North American lichen checklist, including species from the genera Ampliotrema, Bacidiopsora, Eschatogonia, Coenogonium, Graphis, and Leucodecton.
Ten Year Study on Water Flushing Times and Water Quality in Southern Taylor Slough, Everglades National Park, FL
A decade-long study reveals that wetland restoration efforts in southern Taylor Slough, Everglades National Park, significantly increased water flushing times—ranging from 3 to 78 days—and reduced ion concentrations in coastal areas. The research found that evapotranspiration and water volume were the primary drivers of flushing time variability, with longer durations observed between October and December and shorter ones from March to May. Increased surface water inflow from restoration projects and water management changes correlated with higher flushing times and lower ion levels during the rainy season, suggesting a positive impact on water quality. The study employed monthly water balance equations and nutrient analysis over 2001–2011 to assess these dynamics.
The influence of vegetation on the hydrodynamics and geomorphology of a tree island in Everglades National Park (Florida, United States)
A key finding from this study is that tree root water uptake significantly influences groundwater chemistry and mineral formation in Everglades tree islands, contributing to nutrient accumulation and potential soil development. Researchers measured sap flow, soil moisture, water levels, chemistry, and rainfall across three woody plant communities with varying elevations during the dry season. They discovered that trees relied more on groundwater for transpiration, which lowered the water table and caused advective movement of dissolved ions—including phosphorus—from surrounding marshes toward the island's center. This process led to elevated ion concentrations in tree island groundwater compared to adjacent marsh areas, with supersaturation of aragonite and calcite observed in lower-elevation communities. Elevated phosphorus levels in higher-elevation zones were linked to leaching of inorganic sediments like hydroxyapatite. The study highlights the importance of understanding these complex interactions for managing and restoring patterned wetlands like those in the Everglades.
Water Quality and Wet Season Diatom Assemblage Characteristics from the Tamiami Trail Pilot Swales Sites (Everglades National Park, Florida, USA)
A study of the Tamiami Trail Pilot Swales Sites in Everglades National Park revealed that diatom assemblages were unexpectedly diverse, with 127 taxa identified across 40 samples, and exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. This diversity was particularly pronounced near dense vegetation downstream of culverts, suggesting a transitional assemblage influenced by propagule input from the canal and surrounding areas. Water chemistry showed fluctuations in response to precipitation and hydrological events, with differences among sites becoming more apparent during low canal stages. The study proposes that this transitional diatom assemblage could serve as a sensitive indicator of environmental changes related to proposed Tamiami Trail modifications.
An Economic Analysis of Carbon Sequestration and Storage Service by Mangrove Forests in Everglades National Park, Florida
Mangrove forests in Everglades National Park (ENP) store significantly more carbon per hectare—7,144 Mg C/ha—than tropical, boreal, or temperate forests, with an estimated economic value ranging from $50,000 to $614,000 per hectare depending on valuation methods. This study provides the first comprehensive framework for estimating and valuing carbon storage in ENP mangroves, incorporating social, economic, and political factors specific to the region. It also assesses how changes in sea level rise could impact the economic value of this critical carbon stock. The research combines ecological data with economic modeling to highlight the dual role of mangroves as both carbon sinks and protected ecosystems.
Boating impacts to seagrass in Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, Florida, USA: links with physical and visitor-use factors and implications for management
Recreational motor boating significantly impacts seagrass ecosystems in Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, by causing widespread propeller scarring. Geospatial analysis revealed that scarring is most severe in shallow depths, near navigational channels, and in heavily trafficked boating areas. Modeling identified high-probability scarred zones, some of which may face increased damage if management strategies are implemented without careful planning. The study underscores the need for adaptive boating-management strategies, such as education campaigns, improved signage, enforcement efforts, non-motorized zones, or temporary closures, to mitigate these impacts. These findings provide actionable insights for protecting seagrass in shallow water systems, both before and after damage occurs.
Caloplaca lecanorae (Teloschistaceae), a new lichenicolous lichen and several additions to the North American lichenized mycota from Everglades National Park
A new lichenicolous lichen, Caloplaca lecanorae (Teloschistaceae), was discovered on the thallus of Lecanora leprosa in Everglades National Park. This finding expands the North American lichen checklist with several additional species: Arthonia compensatula, A. ochrospila, Bacidina pallidocarnea, Byssoloma absconditum, Coenogonium isidiigerum, C. isidiosum, Enterographa pallidella, Lecanora hypocrocina, L. tropica, Monoblastia palmicola, and Parmotrema wrightii. The study highlights the biodiversity of lichenized mycota in this UNESCO World Heritage Site, contributing to our understanding of its unique ecological landscape.
Development of an Integrated Surface and Subsurface Model of Everglades National Park
A groundbreaking integrated surface-subsurface hydrological model of Everglades National Park (ENP) enhances predictive capabilities for simulating flow regimes and forecasting the impacts of topography, water flows, and operational schedules. Developed using MIKE SHE and MIKE 11 software with a resolution of 400 meters, this model covers approximately 1050 square miles, including 110 miles of drainage canals with diverse hydraulic structures. It processes key hydrological data such as evapotranspiration, precipitation, groundwater levels, canal discharges, and operational schedules. Calibrated using data from 1987 to 1997 and verified with 1998 to 2005 data, the model demonstrates high sensitivity to hydraulic conductivity, Manning's roughness coefficient, and leakage coefficients, offering superior accuracy compared to existing models.
Morphometric and hydrologic characteristics of alligator holes in Everglades National Park, Florida from 1994 to 2007
Alligator holes in Everglades National Park serve as critical aquatic refuges, providing stable water sources for alligators and other species regardless of varying hydrologic conditions across the landscape. A study analyzing 50 alligator holes from 1994 to 2007 found that their hydroperiod—how long they retain water—was consistent even when surrounding marsh hydroperiods differed by location or habitat, particularly in Rocky glades. Contrary to expectations, larger holes were not necessarily deeper or less prone to drying out. Researchers used high-resolution digital imagery and field measurements to assess morphometric traits (surface area, depth, circularity) and combined these with hydrological models to evaluate the relationship between hole morphology, habitat, and water dynamics.
Severe mammal declines coincide with proliferation of invasive Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park
A dramatic decline in mammal populations within Everglades National Park (ENP) has been linked to the proliferation of invasive Burmese pythons. Research shows a 99.3% decrease in raccoon observations, alongside significant drops in opossum and bobcat sightings, with rabbits no longer detected during road surveys from 2003–2011. These declines coincide with areas where pythons have recently established themselves, suggesting predation by these apex predators has severely impacted local mammal populations. The study highlights the potential for introduced giant constrictors to exert significant top-down pressure on prey species, raising concerns for less observable or rare mammals of conservation concern.
Birds Consumed by the Invasive Burmese Python ( Python molurus bivittatus ) in Everglades National Park, Florida, USA
A study of 85 Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) in Everglades National Park, Florida, revealed that these invasive snakes prey on at least 25 bird species from nine avian orders. Among the identified prey were four species of special concern in Florida and one federally endangered species, the Wood Stork (Mycteria americana). This research provides the first detailed analysis of the avian component of the Burmese python's diet, underscoring its potential significant impact on native bird populations in the park.
Calopadia schomerae (Pilocarpaceae), a lichen from Everglades National Park.
A new lichen species, Calopadia schomerae, has been identified within Everglades National Park, distinguished by its unique morphological traits and adaptation to contrasting microhabitats. This discovery highlights the park's ecological diversity, as C. schomerae thrives in both shaded, high-humidity hammock forests (foliicolous) and drier, sun-exposed roadbeds (corticolous), exhibiting distinct pruinose apothecia characteristics depending on its environment. The species resembles Calopadia fusca and C. lucida, but notable differences in structure set it apart. The study, based on voucher specimens from these diverse substrates, underscores the importance of microhabitat-specific adaptations in lichen taxonomy.
Heteronchoineans (Monogenoidea) from the Gills of Crevalle Jack, Caranx hippos (Perciformes, Carangidae), from Everglades National Park, Florida, with a Redescription of Protomicrocotyle mirabilis (Gastrocotylinea, Protomicrocotylidae)
A study of crevalle jack (Caranx hippos) from Everglades National Park identified three species of parasitic flatworms (Heteronchoinea) on their gills, with infection intensity varying significantly by host size. Protomicrocotyle mirabilis was redescribed, while Allopyragraphorus hippos and Cemocotyle noveboracensis were distinguished from related species. Larger fish (312–395 mm) showed heavier infections (mean 63.8 parasites/host), suggesting age or size-related susceptibility. The research clarifies taxonomic distinctions among these parasites, contributing to understanding their ecology in marine ecosystems.
Possible climate change impacts on the hydrological and vegetative character of Everglades National Park, Florida
Climate change is expected to significantly alter the hydrological and vegetative character of Everglades National Park (ENP), with forecasted decreases in mean annual precipitation leading to shallower water depths and reduced inundation periods. This shift could result in a decline of hydric vegetation, such as sawgrass, while xeric communities become more prevalent. The study used a stochastic model linking rainfall inputs to water levels across ENP and correlated these changes with vegetation community composition using publicly available datasets. These findings highlight the potential impacts of climate change on the Everglades and underscore the need for adaptive management strategies to restore historical hydrological and vegetative conditions.
Predicting foraging wading bird populations in Everglades National Park from seasonal hydrologic statistics under different management scenarios
A novel model successfully links wading bird foraging populations in Everglades National Park (ENP) to seasonal hydrologic conditions, offering critical insights for restoration efforts. The study identifies key predictors such as water depth at the start of the nesting season, average dry season water levels, and the number of reversals from dry season recession, all of which influence prey availability. Using a nonlinear hierarchical Bayesian model with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation, researchers analyzed long-term hydrologic data (1952–2006) to reveal decadal fluctuations in bird populations tied to hydroclimatic variability. Simulations under alternative water management scenarios demonstrate how posterior probability distributions of foraging birds can guide adaptive management strategies, bridging seasonal rainfall forecasts with ecological outcomes.
The lichen genus Graphis (Graphidaceae) in Everglades National Park (Florida)
A comprehensive reassessment of the lichen genus Graphis (Graphidaceae) in Everglades National Park reveals 31 species, including three newly described (G. brittoniae, G. elevata, and G. hinnulea) and eleven previously unreported from North America. The study leverages a recent global key by Lücking et al. to identify and document these taxa, providing detailed descriptions, discussions, and photographs for all 32 species (including G. chlorotica, newly recorded outside the Park). A Florida-specific identification key is also included, addressing gaps in regional lichen taxonomy. The findings expand the known diversity of Graphis in North America while refining taxonomic understanding through meticulous analysis of 482 collections.
Controls on mangrove forest‐atmosphere carbon dioxide exchanges in western Everglades National Park
A mangrove forest in the western Everglades National Park acts as a significant carbon sink, with an annual net ecosystem production (NEP) of 1170 ± 127 g C m⁻², attributed to year-round productivity and low ecosystem respiration. The study, conducted using an eddy covariance system from January 2004 to August 2005, revealed that environmental factors such as diffuse solar irradiance, surface water salinity, and tidal activity play critical roles in controlling carbon dioxide (CO₂) exchange between the forest and atmosphere. High salinity (>34 ppt) reduced daily light use efficiency by 46%, while tidal inundation lowered daytime respiration by ∼0.9 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ and nighttime respiration by ∼0.5 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹. These findings suggest that mangrove carbon balance may shift in response to changes in salinity and inundation patterns, potentially due to sea level rise and climate change.
Notes on the Status and Ecology ofAnaea troglodyta floridalis(Nymphalidae) in Everglades National Park
A decade-long survey in Everglades National Park revealed that the butterfly Anaea troglodyta floridalis thrives in disturbed habitats, particularly after prescribed fires and hurricanes. The species showed resilience, with populations rebounding quickly post-fire and post-storm, suggesting adaptability to environmental perturbations. While most active from late fall to early spring, its abundance fluctuated annually within Long Pine Key's pine rocklands. This study highlights the ecological flexibility of A. t. floridalis, offering insights into its survival strategies in dynamic ecosystems.
Notes on the Status and Ecology ofStrymon acis bartrami(Lycaenidae) in Everglades National Park
A decade-long survey of Strymon acis bartrami, a butterfly species native to the pine rocklands of Everglades National Park, revealed that its populations are generally uncommon but resilient. The study found that while the species is slow to recolonize areas after prescribed fires, cyclic burning patterns and proximity to host plant refugia may facilitate post-burn recovery. Additionally, S. a. bartrami appears to recover quickly following hurricane events in the Everglades. The research, conducted by Salvato and Salvato (2010), tracked 77 adult specimens primarily during spring months, providing insights into its phenology, natural history, and response to environmental disturbances.
Philometrid nematodes infecting fishes from the Everglades National Park, Florida, USA, with description of two new species
Researchers have identified two new species of philometrid nematodes infecting marine fishes in the Everglades National Park, Florida. Philometra brevispicula sp. n., found in the subcutaneous tissue of the mouth of gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus), is distinguished by its small cephalic papillae, absence of oesophageal teeth, and unique caudal projections in gravid females, along with markedly short spicules in males. Philometroides grandipapillatus sp. n., detected in the pectoral fin muscle of crevalle jack (Caranx hippos), stands out due to its narrow, protruding cephalic region, large external cephalic papillae, and lack of caudal projections. Additionally, Caranginema americanum was recorded for the first time in the northern Gulf of Mexico from the same host. The study employed detailed morphological analysis to characterize these nematodes, contributing new insights into their taxonomy and host-parasite relationships within this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Rediscovery of Cladonia cinerella Ahti (Cladoniaceae) in Everglades National Park
A century after its initial discovery, the lichen Cladonia cinerella Ahti was rediscovered within Everglades National Park. This rare species, previously absent from North American lichen checklists, was found in a large colony deep inside the park. The study provides additional observations and photographic documentation to supplement Ahti's original description, proposing its inclusion in regional lichen inventories. The research highlights the significance of this rediscovery, which occurred precisely 101 years after the original collection, emphasizing the importance of thorough field surveys in uncovering overlooked biodiversity within protected areas.
Stable isotopic and geochemical variability within shallow groundwater beneath a hardwood hammock and surface water in an adjoining slough (Everglades National Park, Florida, USA)
A decade-long monitoring study in the Everglades reveals that shallow groundwater beneath hardwood hammocks remains geochemically stable year-round, contrasting with surface waters that fluctuate due to rainfall dilution and external inputs. Stable isotopic analysis (δ¹⁸O, δD) shows surface water enrichment and evaporation signatures, while shallow groundwater maintains consistent values near -2.4‰ for δ¹⁸O and -12‰ for δD. The study identifies two distinct moisture sources for precipitation—maritime in fall/winter and continental-influenced in spring/summer—with tropical cyclones or fronts as primary recharge mechanisms. Ion chemistry further confirms external canal inputs from drained agricultural areas, highlighting the complex hydrological dynamics of this UNESCO-listed ecosystem.
Water Quality Trends at Inflows to Everglades National Park, 1977–2005
Water quality at inflows to Everglades National Park (ENP) showed significant improvement from 1977 to 2005, with notable decreases in total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. This finding suggests progress toward restoration goals for the Florida Everglades, a critical ecosystem. Researchers analyzed data from seven inflow sites using principal component analysis and factor analysis, identifying trends and relationships between hydrology and nutrient levels. While TP, total nitrogen (TN), and other nutrients generally declined, water quality standards were still exceeded at some sites during the study period. The study also highlighted potential indicators for more efficient monitoring of restoration efforts, emphasizing the role of hydrology in mediating water quality trends.
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