Publications
2024 Socioeconomic Research of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park: Report on 2024 Data Collection
Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park's 2024 socioeconomic research reveals critical insights into visitor demographics, trip characteristics, and experience evaluations, providing a comprehensive understanding of park utilization and perception. The study employed a two-step survey methodology: an onsite intercept survey using tablets to capture real-time data, followed by a post-trip survey (mail-back or online) for in-depth analysis. This approach enabled the collection of representative visitor data during peak seasons, aiding park managers in assessing operations, identifying potential issues, and facilitating decision-making processes. The findings contribute to broader national-level research, offering actionable intelligence for both Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park and its stakeholders.
Parks as Practice Fields
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park has served as a critical analog site for NASA's Mars exploration efforts, providing extreme environments to test landers, rovers, and drones. Since the 1960s, astronauts have conducted lunar simulation field trips in multiple national parks, including Hawaii Volcanoes, while recent decades have seen the park used extensively for testing advanced robotic systems designed for Mars missions. These include a wall-scaling robot and a lava tube-probing quadcopter, with the goal of preparing for future human and robotic exploration of celestial bodies.
Scale, Nature, and Timing of Agricultural Adaptations in Upland Kaʻū
Research reveals that the Kaʻū Field System, located within the Kahuku Unit of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, exhibited significant autonomy and adaptive agricultural practices. Unlike other regions such as the Kona Field System or the Leeward Kohala Field System, this area maintained local-scale management, persistent habitation, and continued access to forest resources even after formal agricultural infrastructure replaced traditional agroforestry systems. The study suggests that outlying areas with diverse environments were less influenced by centralized political changes compared to more densely populated regions, highlighting the resilience and adaptability of upland Kaʻū's agricultural practices.
Seeing is believing: livestream video monitoring of Hawaiian eruptions
Livestream video monitoring has revolutionized volcanic eruption observation, offering real-time, accessible views that surpass traditional snapshot methods. In Hawaii, this approach became pivotal during the 2024–present Kīlauea summit eruption, where three continuous livestream feeds provided unprecedented public engagement and scientific insight. The study details the methodology—including camera equipment and deployment—and highlights both its benefits (e.g., enhanced observatory monitoring, global accessibility) and challenges (e.g., technical limitations). Unlike static imagery, livestreams deliver dynamic, up-close observations previously restricted to field staff, transforming public awareness and volcanic hazard communication.
Status of Forest Birds in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park: Mixed Results for Native and Non-Native Species
A recent survey of landbirds and their habitats in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) reveals mixed population trends for both native and non-native species. While some native birds, such as the ʻApapane and Hawaiʻi ʻAmakihi, showed significant increases in certain tracts, others like the federally threatened ʻIʻiwi faced severe declines or local extinctions, particularly in areas where it was previously abundant. Non-native species exhibited varied patterns, with the Warbling White-eye declining while the Japanese Bush Warbler and Northern Cardinal expanded their presence. Conducted using point-transect distance sampling across seven tracts over two years (2020–2021), this study highlights the ongoing challenges for native landbirds due to habitat degradation, invasive species, predators, disease, and wildfire.
Ten More Years of the Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) on Maui, Hawaiian Islands1
Research confirms that the Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) has established a self-sustaining population on Maui, Hawaiian Islands, expanding its range from Waikamoi Preserve to Haleakalā National Park over the past decade. The study leveraged multiple data sources—including forest bird surveys, eBird reports, autonomous recording units, and trail cameras—to document increased detection frequencies and seasonal activity patterns, particularly in spring. Observations also revealed two color morphs (wild-type and dark-throated) and evidence of juvenile survival, suggesting successful reproduction. The pheasant's expansion is attributed to minimal predator influence and the absence of competing gallinaceous birds in its preferred subalpine cloud forest habitat.
The Transition From Jointing to Faulting Observed at the Koa'e Fault Zone, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii
A study at the Koa'e Fault Zone in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park reveals that faults form through the downward propagation of joints, transitioning to faulting at depth and creating monoclinal flexures. This challenges previous assumptions about fracture evolution. Researchers analyzed displacement-to-length (Dmax/L) scaling relationships for mixed-mode fractures—combining opening and shearing—using field measurements. Unlike widely observed square root scaling for opening-mode fractures, joint apertures here scale linearly with length, indicating a distinct mechanical behavior in this volcanic setting.
Land cover summary statistics for Pacific Island Network park units
A comprehensive dataset of land cover summary statistics for 12 National Park Service Pacific Island Network park units, including Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, has been developed. This dataset, derived from the NOAA Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP) data, provides land cover information at two classification scales: modified Anderson Level 2 and Natural versus Converted land cover. The findings are based on the most recent versions of source datasets and are intended for use in the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program, including the Environmental Settings Monitoring Protocol. These statistics offer valuable insights into the land cover dynamics across U.S. Pacific Islands, aiding in park management and conservation efforts.
Using ground crack and very low frequency measurements to map the location of the June 2007 Father’s Day dike, Kīlauea Volcano
Researchers successfully mapped the location of a dike intrusion during Kīlauea Volcano's June 2007 eruption using ground crack measurements and very low frequency (VLF) data. This study provides critical insights into volcanic processes, particularly the timing and extent of magma movement beneath the Earth's surface. The approach combined field observations with advanced geophysical techniques, enabling precise localization of the dike's path. Collaborations with USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, National Park Service, and University of Hawai'i at Hilo enhanced data collection efforts, including aerial surveys and crack station measurements in Nāpau Crater. The findings contribute to better understanding volcanic hazards and improving eruption response strategies.
Science and Public Engagement in National Parks: Examples and Advice from Young Scientists
National parks, including Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, offer unique opportunities for early career scientists to engage with public audiences and communicate research effectively. This study highlights the potential of national parks as platforms for science communication, demonstrating how scientists can leverage park resources, partnerships, and established relationships to share their work with diverse audiences—from students to policymakers. The authors emphasize the importance of building strong collaborations with park staff, interpreters, and local communities to maximize the impact of scientific research. Through examples such as curriculum development for high school students, workshops for teachers, and social media engagement, the study showcases practical approaches to science communication that can foster public understanding of climate change, conservation, and ecological management. The findings underscore the value of national parks in bridging the gap between scientific research and societal engagement, encouraging more scientists to integrate public communication into their careers.
The use of semiochemicals for attracting and repelling invasive ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in ʻōhiʻa ( Metrosideros polymorpha ) forests
Research demonstrates that semiochemicals, particularly ethanol and repellents like verbenone, are effective tools for attracting and repelling invasive ambrosia beetles (Xyleborini) in ʻōhiʻa forests of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park. The study found that traps baited with 100% ethanol captured significantly more beetles than those using a 1:1 ethanol:methanol mixture, while repellents reduced beetle capture rates across multiple invasive species, including Xyleborinus saxesenii and Xylosandrus crassiusculus. These findings highlight the potential for semiochemicals in early detection and management strategies to mitigate ecological and economic threats posed by these pests, which are linked to diseases like rapid ʻōhiʻa death (ROD) and agricultural impacts on crops such as coffee and macadamia.
Twenty‐five years of change in forest structure and nesting behavior of Hawaiʻi ʻelepaio
A 25-year study in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park reveals that changes in forest composition have complex and inconsistent effects on the nesting behavior of the native Hawaiʻi ʻelepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis). While the density of trees, particularly ʻaʻaliʻi (Dodonaea viscosa) and koa (Acacia koa), increased over time, the relative abundance of koa decreased while that of māmane (Sophora chrysophylla) rose. Nests in koa were placed higher in the tree crown during the later study period, whereas nest placement in ʻaʻaliʻi remained unchanged. The research, conducted in 1993–1994 and repeated from 2015 to 2017, highlights the nuanced impacts of forest restoration efforts on native bird behavior.
Magnetotelluric Investigations of the Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii
A collaborative magnetotelluric (MT) study of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, revealed significant insights into its magma reservoirs and rift zones. The research, conducted between 2002 and 2003 by multiple institutions including the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, identified resistivity anomalies beneath Kīlauea that correlate with seismic velocity anomalies, suggesting melt fractions of 0.096 to 0.117 in low-resistivity zones like Puʻuʻōʻō. This study utilized advanced MT techniques with up to eight simultaneous stations, even in challenging conditions such as fresh lava flows, to map the volcano's plumbing system and improve understanding of large-scale landslides in the Hilina Slump, which pose risks to coastal communities.
Tourists Play with Lava and Volcanic Heat: Kīlauea Volcano’s Early Contributions to Hawai‘i’s Tourism Industry
Kīlauea Volcano played a pivotal role in shaping Hawai‘i’s tourism industry from the 1870s to the 1910s, offering unique experiences like cooking with volcanic heat and obtaining lava-based souvenirs. These activities, documented by travelers and promoted through marketing campaigns, highlighted Hawai‘i’s geological wonders and influenced U.S. Congress to designate Kīlauea, Haleakalā, and Mauna Loa as the Hawaii National Park in 1916 (now Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park). The study examines historical accounts, promotional materials, and congressional tours, revealing how Kīlauea’s geodiversity became a cornerstone for tourism development. Today, the park remains a vital resource for recreation, education, and destination marketing.
Understanding Grass Invasion, Fire Severity, and Acacia koa Regeneration for Forest Restoration in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
Restoration efforts using the native tree Acacia koa in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park may successfully promote fire-resilient forests, despite concerns about grass invasion. The study found that high fire severity can enhance A. koa regeneration densities in montane woodlands with low pre-fire tree densities, while this trend reverses when tree densities are high. Pre-fire grass cover estimates from oblique aerial photos were highly accurate in montane shrublands but unreliable in mid-elevation woodlands, complicating restoration planning. The research used data from the 2018 Keauhou Ranch Fire to analyze fire severity and regeneration patterns across 30 transects, comparing visual estimates with in situ measurements.
Candida metrosideri pro tempore sp. nov. and Candida ohialehuae pro tempore sp. nov., two antifungal-resistant yeasts associated with Metrosideros polymorpha flowers in Hawaii
Researchers have identified two novel antifungal-resistant yeast species, Candida metrosideri and Candida ohialehuae, associated with the flowers of Metrosideros polymorpha in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. These species, classified within the family Metschnikowiaceae, exhibit elevated resistance to amphotericin B (>4 μg/mL), a key antifungal drug. The discovery was made through morphological and physiological characterization, along with sequence analysis of multiple genetic markers, including rRNA genes and RNA polymerase II subunits (RPB1 and RPB2). Both species form a distinct subclade linked to insects, flowers, and clinically relevant taxa, suggesting potential ecological and evolutionary significance in their niche. Their ascosporic state remains unobserved, adding another layer of intrigue to their biology.
A Density-Based Approach for Leaf Area Index Assessment in a Complex Forest Environment Using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner
A novel density-based approach using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) demonstrates high accuracy and efficiency for estimating Leaf Area Index (LAI) in structurally complex forest environments. The method, tested in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, achieved 90% accuracy with a low root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.31, outperforming traditional manual methods. By leveraging the Compact Biomass Lidar (CBL), the study differentiated foliar and woody materials through point density analysis and edge detection, revealing that woody materials exhibit higher reflectance at 905 nm compared to leaves. The approach, validated against field-measured LAI data, showed consistent performance across subsets of plots spaced 30 meters apart, with R² values ranging from 0.84 to 0.96. This method offers a rapid, cost-effective solution for precise forest structural assessment in diverse ecosystems.
Digital database of the geologic map of the middle east rift geothermal subzone, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
A comprehensive digital database of the geologic map of the middle East Rift Zone (MERZ) geothermal subzone, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, reveals the distribution and characteristics of 34 late Holocene eruptions over approximately 27 square kilometers. The study provides a detailed framework for understanding lava flow patterns, vent locations, and their relationship to topographic features, with lava flows typically directed northeast or southeast based on vent positioning relative to the rift zone's crest. The database, prepared using ArcGIS and Esri shapefiles, integrates radiocarbon dating, stratigraphic relations, weathering observations, soil development, and vegetative cover to assign numerical ages to rock groups. This resource supports further research into the volcanic processes and geothermal activity of Kīlauea while also offering insights into the tropical rainforest ecosystem's interaction with volcanic terrain.
Long-term history of vehicle collisions on the endangered Nēnē (Branta sandvicensis)
Vehicle collisions pose a growing threat to the endangered Hawaiian goose (Nēnē) in and around Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, with mortality rates increasing over nearly four decades despite stable per-capita risk. A 40-year dataset revealed that while absolute Nēnē deaths rose from 1977 to 2014, the rate remained consistent. Mortality peaked during breeding season (November–December) and was concentrated along just three road segments, with no significant variation by location or sex. Surprisingly, mortality showed no correlation with visitor numbers or traffic volume, nor did it depend on population density. These findings highlight the need for targeted mitigation strategies, particularly in high-risk areas and during critical life stages.
Kilauea Eruptions and the Hawaiian Archipelago
A surge of Mount Kilauea eruptions (May to August 2018) underscores the volcanic origin and formation of the Hawaiian Archipelago, revealing a dynamic process driven by a stationary hotspot beneath the Pacific seafloor. The study highlights how this hotspot, originating from deep within Earth's mantle, creates a line of volcanic islands as the Pacific plate moves northwestward. Beyond Hawaii, submerged seamounts like the Emperor Seamount chain and similar structures in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans demonstrate that this phenomenon is not unique to Hawaii but reflects global tectonic activity over millions of years. The research synthesizes geological evidence from multiple oceanic chains, illustrating the long-term interaction between mantle plumes and plate movements.
Lava lake activity at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano in 2016
In 2016, Kīlauea Volcano's summit eruption featured continuous lava lake activity within the Overlook crater, offering unprecedented opportunities to study persistent basaltic eruptions. The lava lake, measuring 250 × 190 meters, exhibited dynamic surface behavior with north-to-south motion disrupted by spattering and frequent collapses of crater walls, which occasionally triggered small explosive events. Gas emissions averaged 1,000–8,000 metric tons per day of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), contributing to volcanic air pollution (vog) that affected the Island of Hawai'i. The study leveraged a robust geophysical monitoring network and direct observations to document these processes, enhancing understanding of lava lake behavior and its geophysical signals. Rising lake levels also improved visibility from public viewing areas in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, enriching visitor experiences.
Population estimates of the Endangered Hawaiʻi ʻĀkepa (Loxops coccineus) in different habitats on windward Mauna Loa
The global population of the endangered Hawaiʻi ʻĀkepa (Loxops coccineus) is estimated at approximately 16,428 birds, with stability or growth observed in the two largest populations on Mauna Kea. This study used point-transect distance sampling to estimate abundance across five distinct populations, including those in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park and Kaʻū Forest Reserve on windward Mauna Loa. Population densities varied significantly by habitat, reaching 1.03 birds per hectare in open-canopy montane ʻōhiʻa woodland but were highest (1.42 birds/ha) in closed-canopy forests on Mauna Kea, where the species relies on cavities in tall trees. Surveys revealed stark differences in nesting habitat availability between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, suggesting potential behavioral adaptations. The global estimate aligns with a 1986 figure, indicating no drastic decline over three decades.
Potential impacts of projected climate change on vegetation-management strategies in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park
Climate change is projected to significantly alter the habitat ranges of both native and invasive plant species within Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) by 2090, threatening current vegetation-management strategies. Native plant species are expected to contract in range, particularly within Special Ecological Areas (SEAs), while most invasive species will also shrink in distribution, except for Lantana camara. The study combined climate modeling from the Hawai‘i Regional Climate Model (HRCM) with species distribution models, projecting changes under three climate trajectories (gradual, linear, rapid) for 39 plant species. Findings indicate a decline in congruence between species-richness hotspots and SEA boundaries over time, suggesting that current conservation efforts may need to adapt to shifting ecological conditions.
Exotic flower visitors exploit large floral trait spaces resulting in asymmetric resource partitioning with native visitors
Exotic flower visitors in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park exploit a broader range of floral traits compared to native species, leading to asymmetric resource partitioning. This study quantified the exploited floral trait space (ES) for 40 plant species and their visitors using dynamic range boxes, revealing that exotic visitors have larger ES, particularly in scent emission, while native visitors are absent from exotic plants. The asymmetry in resource use suggests a competitive advantage for exotics, potentially threatening Hawaiian ecosystems by reducing resources for natives and accelerating declines of native species.
Improving the Hawaiian Seismic Network for Earthquake Early Warning
A new method to optimize seismic station placement significantly enhances earthquake early warning (EEW) capabilities, particularly for high-risk areas. The study identifies 13 strategic sites in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and surrounding regions where additional sensors or upgrades could provide an extra 1–4 seconds of warning for damaging earthquakes, focusing on astronomical observatories on Mauna Kea and population centers like Hilo and Kailua-Kona. This approach balances seismic hazard distribution with exposure risks, offering a scalable solution applicable to other seismically active regions. The research demonstrates that even small improvements in station coverage can substantially increase warning times, with potential benefits for infrastructure protection and public safety.
Kīlauea summit eruption—Lava returns to Halemaʻumaʻu
Kīlauea Volcano's summit eruption, marked by the reemergence of lava within Halemaʻumaʻu Crater in 2008, represents an unprecedented dual-eruption scenario on the volcano, with simultaneous activity at both the summit and East Rift Zone. Since its onset, this eruption has featured continuous degassing, explosive events, and a dynamic lava lake—one of the two largest globally. The study leverages historical photographs and 4K imagery to document the evolution of Halemaʻumaʻu's vent and lava lake, while USGS scientists provide insights into monitoring techniques, the mechanics behind lake level fluctuations, and the triggers for explosive events. This work underscores the complex interplay between Kīlauea's summit and rift zone eruptions, offering a multifaceted perspective on volcanic processes and their broader impacts.
Lava inundation zone maps for Mauna Loa, Island of Hawaiʻi, Hawaii
A comprehensive mapping of potential lava inundation zones for Mauna Loa, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, reveals 18 high-risk areas vulnerable to future lava flows. This study provides critical hazard assessment tools by integrating geological data with predictive modeling, offering essential insights for risk management and emergency planning on the Island of Hawaiʻi. The approach combines historical flow analysis with terrain evaluation to identify zones at greatest threat from Mauna Loa's dynamic volcanic activity.
Monitoring Eradication of European Mouflon Sheep from the Kahuku Unit of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park
Eradicating invasive European mouflon sheep from the Kahuku Unit of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park required a 15-year, multi-method approach that demonstrated significant challenges in scaling up ungulate control efforts. Despite initial success with aerial and ground-based removals—totaling 4,868 animals, including 261 from aerial shooting—efforts intensified dramatically in the final years, with the removal of each remaining animal requiring nearly 15 times more effort by 2013–2016. The study highlights that while ground-based methods (e.g., shooting with dogs) were most effective for large-scale removals, techniques like baiting and trapping proved ineffective for detecting small, isolated groups. Complementary active and passive monitoring, including camera traps and forward-looking infrared (FLIR)-assisted surveys, were critical in tracking the population's decline and pinpointing remaining individuals. The research underscores the logistical and operational complexities of eradicating invasive ungulates from unenclosed areas.
Rubrobacter spartanus sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic oligotrophic bacterium isolated from volcanic soil
Researchers have identified and characterized a novel species of bacterium, Rubrobacter spartanus, isolated from volcanic soil within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. This moderately thermophilic and oligotrophic bacterium thrives optimally at 50°C and pH 8.0, with a growth range spanning 45-55°C and pH 5.0-10.0. Genetic analysis revealed that Rubrobacter spartanus is closely related to Rubrobacter taiwanensis but distinct enough to warrant classification as a new species. The bacterium exhibits unique fatty acid profiles, including C18:0 14-methyl and C16:0 12-methyl, which are characteristic of the genus Rubrobacter. Additionally, it possesses MK-8 as its sole respiratory quinone, aligning with other members of the family Rubrobacteraceae. This discovery expands our understanding of microbial diversity in extreme environments like volcanic soils.
"H2Ride" Fuel Cell Plug-in Shuttle Bus Demonstration Project at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and Hydrogen Fueling Demonstration Project on the Big Island of Hawaii
A hydrogen fuel cell shuttle bus, 'H2Ride,' successfully demonstrated the viability of clean energy transportation at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The project, led by the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, showcased how hydrogen infrastructure can support zero-emission shuttles, reducing reliance on fossil fuels in remote areas. Researchers also explored the feasibility of hydrogen fueling stations on the Big Island, assessing logistical and environmental impacts. This demonstration highlighted the potential for hydrogen as a sustainable energy source in transportation, particularly in regions with limited access to traditional fuel infrastructure.
Development of a Hydrogen Energy System as a Grid Frequency Management Tool
A hydrogen energy system (HES) demonstrated limited effectiveness for rapid grid frequency management, with response times too slow to match battery energy storage systems (BESS). The study, conducted by the Hawai‘i Natural Energy Institute (HNEI), installed a 65 kg/day HES at NELHA to test electrolyzer durability and performance under dynamic load conditions. While modifications improved system response time, it remained unsuitable for fast frequency regulation (1 to 0.5 Hz). The research suggests that a hybrid electrolyzer/BESS system could optimize grid regulation services at lower costs. This study highlights the potential and challenges of integrating hydrogen systems into island grid management.
Isolation and characterization of Acidobacterium ailaaui sp. nov., a novel member of Acidobacteria subdivision 1, from a geothermally heated Hawaiian microbial mat
Researchers have identified and characterized Acidobacterium ailaaui sp. nov., a novel bacterium belonging to the Acidobacteria subdivision 1, isolated from a geothermally heated microbial mat in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. This rod-shaped, Gram-negative microorganism exhibits unique physiological traits, including growth at temperatures ranging from 15 to 55 °C (optimal at 40 °C) and pH levels between 4.5 and 7.0 (optimal at 6.5). Genomic analysis revealed its potential for polysaccharide hydrolysis, particularly pectin degradation, and confirmed hydrogen consumption capabilities, including at sub-atmospheric concentrations. Comparative genomic studies showed an average nucleotide identity of 72.2% with its nearest relative, Acidobacterium capsulatum, supporting its classification as a distinct species. The discovery expands the known diversity of Acidobacteria and highlights the ecological significance of geothermal environments in shaping microbial evolution.
Buffalo Soldiers at Kīlauea, 1915–1917
Between 1915 and 1917, African American soldiers from the Twenty-fifth Infantry Regiment, known as 'Buffalo Soldiers,' played a pivotal role in the development of Kīlauea Volcano on Hawai‘i Island. Their contributions spanned trail-building, tourism, and security, while also advancing scientific research at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (established 1912). This period saw the establishment of Kilauea Military Camp and Hawaii National Park (later formally opened in 1921), marking a significant milestone in the region's history. The study leverages historical records and newspaper coverage to shed light on the soldiers' experiences, their interactions with Hawai‘i’s multicultural society, and their lasting impact on the landscape and infrastructure of Kīlauea.
Lava lake level as a gauge of magma reservoir pressure and eruptive hazard
Lava lake levels at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, serve as a direct indicator of magma reservoir pressure, providing a novel tool for short-term forecasting of eruptive activity. The study found that fluctuations in the lava lake's surface height in Halema'uma'u Crater closely correlate with ground deformation and precede changes in eruption rates from Kīlauea's East Rift Zone. This relationship suggests that the lava lake acts as a simple piezometer, offering real-time insights into subsurface magma dynamics. By analyzing these short (hours to days) and long-term (weeks to months) variations, researchers can predict rift zone activity and associated hazards more effectively, enhancing volcanic hazard assessment at this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Preferential Associations of InvasiveLantana camara(Verbenaceae) in a Seasonally Dry Hawaiian Woodland
Lantana camara, one of the world's worst invasive species, shows preferential associations with specific factors in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Research reveals that its spread is significantly influenced by the presence of the native nitrogen-fixing tree Sophora chrysophylla and disturbances such as fire and proximity to roads. Lantana was absent from unburned plots but more common within 200 meters of roads in burned areas, indicating that fire and human-made corridors facilitate its invasion. The study used 105 vegetation plots across submontane woodland to measure plant cover, soil depth, pig disturbance, and fallen trees, providing critical insights into the ecological drivers of lantana's establishment at the edge of its distribution.
Communicating the World Heritage brand: visitor awareness of UNESCO's World Heritage symbol and the implications for sites, stakeholders and sustainable management
A significant disconnect exists between UNESCO's World Heritage (WH) branding efforts and visitor awareness, with only 19% of visitors to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park recognizing its WH status. Despite the WH symbol's intended purpose to prompt positive emotions and behaviors, a survey of 2539 visitors across six sites revealed that nearly all—96% in Queensland and 99% in Hawaii—could not recall what the symbol represented. This suggests park agencies may undervalue or strategically restrict WH branding, limiting opportunities to educate visitors about the importance of preserving these irreplaceable properties. The findings underscore the need for stronger branding strategies to support sustainable management and long-term conservation efforts.
Cycles of explosive and effusive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
Kīlauea Volcano, a prominent feature of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, exhibits complex eruptive cycles characterized by alternating periods of explosive and effusive activity over the past 2500 years. Contrary to its reputation for continuous effusive eruptions, Kīlauea has experienced three prolonged effusive phases and two explosive ones, each lasting several centuries. Explosive activity, marked by phreatic and phreatomagmatic events within the summit caldera, correlates with a significant drop in magma supply rates to the shallow storage volume beneath the volcano. This reduction can lead to caldera collapse when erupted or intruded magma is not replenished. The study identifies unique glass compositions in explosive tephra, suggesting disruption of the shallow reservoir complex during caldera formation. These findings highlight Kīlauea's dynamic and modulated system, influenced by factors such as melting rate, supply rate, conduit stability, and water table interactions. The research underscores potential hazards associated with prolonged explosive periods, which could have substantial societal impacts if they were to recur.
Fencing to Protect Hawaiian Petrels from Feral Cats: A Progress Update
A 5.5-mile-long barrier fence is being constructed around the largest known Hawaiian petrel colony within Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park to protect the endangered birds from feral cat predation. The modified design, inspired by an Australian model, features a skirted base and rolled top to deter cats while allowing petrels to navigate it. Since construction began in 2013 at over 9,000 feet elevation, approximately 3,900 posts have been installed along the rugged lava terrain, with additional work seasons anticipated for completion. Ongoing nest monitoring will assess the fence's effectiveness, while interpretive panels educate visitors about the conservation efforts for this elusive species.
Reconstructing the deadly eruptive events of 1790 CE at K lauea Volcano, Hawai'i
A deadly eruption of Kīlauea Volcano in 1790 CE, which killed numerous people, was reconstructed through detailed analysis of the Keanakāko'i Tephra deposits. The study identified three successive units that recorded shifts in eruption style, aligning with survivor accounts from 46 years later. The findings suggest that a wet ash fall, followed by pulsing pyroclastic density currents likely caused by phreatic activity, was responsible for the fatalities. This reconstruction highlights the potential danger of similar future eruptions at Kīlauea, representing one of its most hazardous and unpredictable threats.
Displacing place: ‘translating’ Pele in cyberspace
This study reveals how the spiritual symbolism of Pele, the Hawaiian volcano goddess, has been misappropriated by non-Indigenous groups through cyberspace, particularly for New Age spiritual practices and tourism. The research demonstrates that online platforms, often tied to settler colonialism, displace traditional Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) spiritual practices, contributing to Indigenous erasure while reinforcing colonial agendas. The study examines how this digital appropriation of Pele supports broader settler colonial projects on the ground, raising ethical concerns about cultural displacement and the ethics of place. It highlights the tension between Indigenous reverence for sacred sites like Kīlauea and their commodification as global tourist attractions.
Effects of repeated fires on native plant community development at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Repeated wildfires in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park's mesic and wet forests can shift ecosystems into treeless, less-desirable stable states by overwhelming community resilience. Unlike single fires that top-kill dominant trees like Metrosideros polymorpha (which often survive via basal sprouting) and reduce native tree fern (Cibotium glaucum) survival, repeated fires drastically increase mortality by killing these resprouts. Post-fire understorey composition also diverges unexpectedly from once-burned or unburned forests, with aggressive herbaceous species rapidly occupying space, potentially stalling native forest recovery. The study highlights how feedback processes post-fire may lock ecosystems into novel states, delaying or preventing natural succession.
First Report of Calonectria Leaf Spot on Ohelo in Hawaii
This is the first documented report of Calonectria leaf spot disease affecting Vaccinium reticulatum, commonly known as ohelo, a native Hawaiian shrub. The study identified Calonectria pseudocolhounii as the causative pathogen through morphological and molecular analysis, including β-tubulin gene sequencing. Symptoms included severe leaf spots, stem lesions, and defoliation in greenhouse-grown ohelo plants in Hilo, Hawaii, but no natural outbreaks were observed in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park or along Saddle Road. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by successfully re-isolating the fungus from artificially inoculated ohelo seedlings, confirming its pathogenicity. Ohelo berries are culturally significant and serve as a food source for the endangered nene goose.
The ongoing Puʻu ʻŌʻō eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi: 30 Years of eruptive activity
The Puʻu ʻŌʻō eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, ongoing since 1983, stands as the longest rift-zone eruption in over 500 years. This prolonged volcanic activity has reshaped the landscape, burying 48 square miles (125 square kilometers) and expanding the Island of Hawaiʻi by approximately 500 acres (200 hectares). The eruption presents both challenges and opportunities: it disrupts local communities while attracting millions of visitors to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park. USGS scientists monitor hazards and collaborate with park rangers to ensure visitor safety during lava viewing, highlighting the intersection of scientific study, conservation, and public engagement in this dynamic natural setting.
Cultural landscape preservation in United States national parks
This study identifies key differences and similarities between the National Park Service (NPS) and UNESCO criteria for designating cultural landscapes, with a focus on five U.S. national parks, including Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. It evaluates how these parks meet the characteristics of cultural landscapes under both frameworks, analyzing their preservation strategies, visitation patterns, and infrastructure. The research highlights that while some U.S. parks are currently listed as natural sites, they have potential to be re-designated as cultural landscapes due to their significant human-natural interactions. Recommendations are provided for enhancing protection through UNESCO World Heritage Listing, emphasizing the benefits of global recognition for long-term preservation efforts.
Explosive eruptions triggered by rockfalls at Kīlauea volcano, Hawai‘i
Researchers at Kīlauea volcano, Hawai‘i, have discovered that rockfalls from the vent walls trigger transient outgassing bursts and weak explosive eruptions. These events, previously thought to be random, are linked to composite seismic events and occur during the evolution of a collapse crater within the volcano's summit. The study leveraged geologic observations, particularly from a network of webcams, to provide unprecedented insights into lava lake dynamics and shallow outgassing processes. While the exact mechanism is not fully understood, it is hypothesized that rockfalls generate a rebound splash or Worthington jet, which then fragments, leading to explosive activity. This finding introduces a new class of small transient explosive eruptions triggered externally by rockfalls.
Gravity fluctuations induced by magma convection at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
Researchers have uncovered evidence of magma convection within Kīlauea Volcano's subsurface reservoir, a process previously inferred but never directly observed. By analyzing continuous microgravity measurements at the summit of Kīlauea, the team detected gravity oscillations with a period of approximately 150 seconds, which they attributed to density inversions in a magma chamber located about one kilometer beneath Halema'uma'u Crater. These fluctuations, distinct from seismic activity, provide a novel method for characterizing convection in magma reservoirs, offering new insights into the dynamics of persistently active volcanoes.
Invasive Species Mapping in Hawaiian Rainforests Using Multi-Temporal Hyperion Spaceborne Imaging Spectroscopy
Multi-temporal spectral analysis of Hyperion satellite data significantly enhances the detection accuracy of invasive tree species in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park's montane rainforests, with Kappa coefficients reaching 0.80 when integrating spectral features from September, August, and January. This improvement stems from capturing species-specific phenological variations, reducing spectral overlap among species. The study demonstrates that combining data across different growing seasons provides a more robust method for invasive species mapping compared to single-timepoint analyses, which showed lower detection success (Kappa: 0.51–0.69).
Sacred mountains and national parks: spiritual and cultural values as a foundation for environmental conservation
Sacred natural sites, such as mountains, hold profound spiritual and cultural significance that can serve as a powerful foundation for sustainable environmental conservation. This study highlights how reverence for sacred landscapes—like Hawaii's volcanic systems—can inspire long-term public support for biodiversity protection by engaging deep-seated values beyond mere scientific or economic justifications. Unlike conventional conservation approaches, which often rely on monetary valuation, this research emphasizes the importance of integrating spiritual, cultural, and aesthetic dimensions to foster enduring commitment from both indigenous communities and secular societies. By analyzing sacred mountains as microcosms of diverse ecosystems, the study demonstrates their potential to bridge cultural perspectives and rally global support for environmental stewardship.
The Epidemiology of Extreme Hiking Injuries in Volcanic Environments
Extreme hiking in volcanic environments, particularly in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, poses significant risks due to the inexperience of hikers and their unfamiliarity with volcanic hazards. Studies highlight common injuries such as respiratory irritation from volcanic gases, dehydration, and extremity injuries like scrapes, lacerations, and thermal burns, ranging from treat-and-release incidents to fatalities. The research underscores a critical gap in epidemiological data from other volcanic destinations and the need for preventive strategies to mitigate injury occurrence and severity.
Videographic evidence of endangered species depredation by feral cat.
Researchers captured the first direct evidence of feral cats preying on endangered ‘Ua‘u (Hawaiian Petrel) chicks in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, using digital infrared video cameras to monitor burrows during breeding seasons. Over two years, 7 cameras recorded 819 videos and 89 photographs, documenting interactions with feral cats at 6 burrows, along with rats and ‘Ôma‘o (Hawaiian thrush) at other sites. The study highlights the effectiveness of videographic monitoring in understanding predator behavior, which could inform targeted conservation strategies to mitigate nest predation threats to endangered seabirds.
Ant-Plant Mutualism in Hawai‘i? Invasive Ants Reduce Flower Parasitism but also Exploit Floral Nectar of the Endemic Shrub Vaccinium reticulatum (Ericaceae)
Invasive ants in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park exhibit a previously undocumented mutualistic relationship with the endemic shrub Vaccinium reticulatum, reducing flower parasitism by introduced plume moth caterpillars while simultaneously exploiting floral nectar. This dual effect—protection from herbivory and resource exploitation—highlights a complex interaction that may alter plant reproduction dynamics. Researchers experimentally manipulated ant presence to assess impacts on flower parasitism and seed viability, finding that while ants mitigated caterpillar damage, they did not appear to act as effective pollinators, suggesting limited or absent primary pollinators like Hylaeus bees. The study underscores the unintended ecological consequences of invasive species, particularly their role in shaping plant reproductive success.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Live Interactive Virtual Explorations Involving a Hard-to-Reach Native American Earth Lodge and a Pacific Island Volcanoes Site
Live Interactive Virtual Explorations (LIVE) effectively bridge geographical and accessibility barriers, enabling inner-city youth to engage with remote UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This study demonstrates that LIVE activities significantly enhance educational experiences by linking participants with experts at Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site in North Dakota and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Utilizing high-performance wireless networks, the research highlights how real-time interactions—facilitated by computers with headsets and microphones—capture audience interest, deepen learning, and foster connections to cultural and natural heritage. The findings underscore the potential of LIVE as a transformative tool for education and public engagement in protected areas.
Microbial diversity in nonsulfur, sulfur and iron geothermal steam vents
Research reveals that geothermal steam vents, or fumaroles, harbor diverse and novel microbial lineages, including previously unknown ammonia-oxidizing Archaea. The study, conducted across Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Lassen Volcanic National Park, developed innovative DNA isolation techniques to analyze microbial communities in these extreme environments. Fumarole deposits were classified as nonsulfur, sulfur, or iron-dominated based on X-ray microanalysis. While sulfur-dominated vents were dominated by Sulfolobus and Acidianus, nonsulfur deposits contained mainly unknown Crenarchaeota, suggesting fumaroles as a potential habitat for ammonia-oxidizing Archaea. The study also successfully enriched and isolated members of the Sulfolobales, providing the first evidence of Archaea in geothermal steam deposits.
Short‐ and long‐term control of Vespula pensylvanica in Hawaii by fipronil baiting
A 0.1% fipronil chicken bait, enhanced with heptyl butyrate, demonstrated long-term efficacy in suppressing the invasive western yellowjacket wasp (Vespula pensylvanica) population in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The study found a 95% reduction in wasp abundance within three months post-treatment and sustained a 60.9% population reduction even a year later, compared to untreated sites. Heptyl butyrate significantly increased the bait's attractiveness while minimizing non-target impacts on other arthropods. This approach offers a highly effective large-scale management strategy for invasive wasp control with lasting ecological benefits.
The story of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- A remarkable first 100 years of tracking eruptions and earthquakes
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) has achieved 100 years of continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes, marking a significant milestone in volcanic and seismic research. Founded by Thomas A. Jaggar Jr., HVO began with pioneering work by Frank A. Perret in 1911, supported initially by MIT and the Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory. Over its century-long history, HVO has collaborated with institutions like the University of Hawaiʻi and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), which now operates HVO as part of the Volcano Science Center. The observatory's work, facilitated by partnerships with the National Park Service, Hawaiʻi County Civil Defense, and local pilots, ensures timely and accurate volcanic and earthquake information for public safety. HVO's enduring mission underscores its role in advancing scientific understanding of Hawaiian volcanoes while maintaining a strong commitment to community engagement and education.
Volcanology Curricula Development Aided by Online Educational Resource
A collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), NASA, and the University of Hawai`i at Manoa has developed an innovative online educational resource to enhance volcanology curricula. The Volcanoes Exploration Project: Pu`u `Ō`ō (VEPP) provides near real-time access to comprehensive geodetic, seismic, and geologic data from Kilauea volcano's active Pu`u `Ō`ō eruptive vent, along with interpretative background information. This resource addresses the gap in accessible, well-documented datasets for geoscience education, offering a dynamic tool that can be revisited to illustrate diverse volcanological principles. By integrating multiple aspects of volcanology into a single, coherent theme, VEPP effectively engages students and supports educational objectives in college and university settings.
Walk on Lava or Choose Beaches of Green or Black
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, located on the Big Island of Hawaii, showcases dramatic geological contrasts driven by its diverse climate and active volcanic processes. Since 1983, ongoing lava flows from Kīlauea have expanded the park's land area by over 560 acres, providing a unique opportunity to study dynamic volcanic activity. The park features distinct coastal environments, including Punalūʻu Black Sand Beach, where endangered Hawaiian green sea turtles are often observed, and Mahana (Green Sand) Beach, composed of volcanic olivine and accessible via a challenging hike. Additionally, the Thurston Lava Tube offers insights into lava flow dynamics. The study highlights the park's dual role as both a natural laboratory for geological research and a destination for scientific observation and tourism.
Interactions of Fire and Nonnative Species Across an Elevation/Plant Community Gradient in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
A study in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park revealed that invasive species, particularly nonnative ferns and grasses, can significantly hinder the recovery of native tropical forests following wildfires. The research, conducted over two years post-2003 fires, found that while Metrosideros polymorpha trees often survived via basal sprouting, their growth was stunted in areas where invasive understory species rapidly established. This suggests that fire and nonnative species interactions can maintain shrublands dominated by fire-resilient, nonnative plants, potentially threatening native biodiversity. The study documented stand-replacing fires across elevation gradients, highlighting the complex dynamics between fire regimes and invasive species in tropical ecosystems.
PANGEA: pipeline for analysis of next generation amplicons
PANGEA offers a streamlined, efficient pipeline for analyzing high-throughput DNA sequencing data, enabling rapid identification and comparison of microbial communities. This Perl-based tool processes sequences from next-generation sequencers into formats compatible with BLAST and other databases, facilitating quick assessments on personal computers. Demonstrated using 16S rRNA sequences from Hawaii Volcanoes National Park soils and rat stool samples, PANGEA simplifies complex bioinformatics workflows—from pre-processing to classification—across Mac OSX, Windows, or Linux platforms. Its modular design allows users to customize databases or run the entire pipeline as a single script, 'backbone,' excluding only the chi² step. This innovation accelerates environmental and clinical microbial studies by reducing computational barriers.
Pollen foraging behaviour of solitary Hawaiian bees revealed through molecular pollen analysis
Endemic Hawaiian Hylaeus bees exhibit remarkable pollen foraging fidelity, predominantly collecting native plant species despite the availability of multiple floral resources. Molecular genetic analysis revealed that at high elevations in Haleakala, 86% of pollen samples from bee crops originated from the Hawaiian silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum), while lower elevations exclusively featured pukiawe (Leptecophylla tameiameiae) pollen. This selective foraging behavior was consistent across 21 Hylaeus specimens, with 100% of identified pollen loads being native. The study employed molecular methods to bypass traditional palynological challenges, offering a high-throughput approach for assessing pollinator-plant interactions without specialized expertise. These findings highlight the potential for similar analyses to inform conservation strategies and expand our understanding of global pollination dynamics.
Rainfall partitioning and cloud water interception in native forest and invaded forest in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park
Invasive tree species significantly alter rainfall partitioning and cloud water interception (CWI) in Hawaiian forests, potentially impacting water resources. A study comparing native Metrosideros polymorpha and invasive Psidium cattleianum forests in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park found that while the invaded site had higher stemflow (1091 mm annually), the native forest exhibited greater canopy storage capacity (1.86 mm vs. 0.85 mm) and CWI (1188 mm vs. 734 mm). Despite being located farther from orographic clouds, the native forest intercepted more cloud water, suggesting structural advantages in harvesting droplets. However, invasive species reduced net rainfall reaching the ground (110% of rainfall vs. 123%), posing risks to groundwater recharge and aquatic ecosystems.
Shallow magma accumulation at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, revealed by microgravity surveys
A study using microgravity surveys at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, revealed significant shallow magma accumulation beneath the east margin of Halemaʻumaʻu Crater between 1975 and 2008. Surprisingly, this mass increase was not accompanied by sustained uplift, suggesting magma filled void spaces—likely a network of interconnected cracks formed during the 1975 M = 7.2 south flank earthquake. The research indicates that gravity data can track magma accumulation even without surface deformation, providing insights into volcanic recovery processes. A new eruptive vent in 2008 near the gravity residual maximum likely tapped this accumulated magma reservoir.
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