Publications
Biodiversity on the Intertidal Rocky Reefs of Oceanic Islands: the Lord Howe Island Marine Park as a Case Study
Intertidal rocky reefs of oceanic islands, such as those in the UNESCO-listed Lord Howe Island Marine Park (LHIMP), harbor exceptionally high biodiversity with a significant proportion of endemic and vulnerable species. This study reveals that rubble reefs support the greatest species richness, taxonomic diversity, and number of rare or habitat-restricted species, while topographic complexity emerges as the dominant driver of biodiversity patterns across reef types. However, these topographic effects are complex and variable, limiting their use as robust surrogates for broader biodiversity assessments. The research also identifies lagoonal reefs as particularly susceptible to cumulative human impacts. By integrating systematic biodiversity surveys with high-resolution drone-based photogrammetry, the study provides novel baseline data and practical management recommendations to safeguard these fragile ecosystems in the LHIMP and similar oceanic island environments.
Genetic assessment of the introduced rats found on Lord Howe Island post rodent eradication, new invaders or remnant survivors?
Genetic analysis reveals that black rats detected on Lord Howe Island (LHI) after a successful rodent eradication program are likely remnant survivors, not new invaders. Using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers, researchers found that the post-eradication rats shared identical haplotypes with pre-eradication populations, while differing from mainland Australian and other Pacific island rat populations. Microsatellite data further showed that LHI's pre- and post-eradication rat populations were genetically distinct from mainland NSW populations, indicating limited gene flow despite potential dispersal routes. The low genetic diversity in post-eradication rats suggests they descend from a small number of survivors rather than new introductions.
Molecular Phylogeny of Tiny Land Snails From the Family Punctidae (Stylommatopohora, Punctoidea) in Australia
A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Australian punctid snails reveals a rapid diversification event on the mainland around 5.5 million years ago, with basal groups comprising taxa from Tasmania, New Zealand, Macquarie Island, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. The study, utilizing mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear (ELAVI8, ITS2) markers, demonstrates that several genera are junior synonyms of Paralaoma, including Gratilaoma, Iotula, Laomavix, Miselaoma, Pseudiotula, Tescilaoma, Trocholaoma, and Westralaoma. Additionally, it clarifies the taxonomic placement of Pasmaditta jungermanniae, Pedicamista sp. ‘Bull Hill’, and Trocholaoma spiceri as part of Cystopeltidae, while Norfolk Island charopids Norfolcioconcha, Penescosta, Cryptocharopa, and Frustropa are shown to belong to Punctidae. Morphological data supported these findings, with shell dimensions analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum test.
Pleistocene Sea‐Level Fluctuation Shapes Archipelago‐Wide Population Structure in the Critically Endangered Lord Howe Island Cockroach Panesthia lata
Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations have significantly shaped the population structure of the critically endangered Lord Howe Island cockroach (Panesthia lata) across its archipelago, revealing historical faunal connectivity. The study, which analyzed nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphisms and complete mitochondrial genomes from four islands in the Lord Howe Island Group (LHIG), found that the lineage on Ball's Pyramid is highly divergent from others, while populations on Lord Howe Island, Roach Island, and Blackburn Island may have diverged as recently as the end of the last interglacial period. Surprisingly, a relict population of P. lata was discovered on Lord Howe Island, despite its presumed local extirpation by rodents, though this population shows high kinship indicative of a strong bottleneck. The findings suggest that genetic rescue from other islands could be a viable conservation strategy for this species and others similarly impacted by rodents.
Island Syndrome in the Critically Endangered Lord Howe Island Cockroach Panesthia lata
Research on the critically endangered Lord Howe Island cockroach, Panesthia lata, reveals novel evidence of behavioural island syndrome in an invertebrate. The study found a significantly lower incidence of male agonism and large aggregations of unrelated individuals in P. lata compared to its Australian sister species, P. cribrata. This aligns with previous findings of relaxed intraspecific aggression in island mammals and reptiles. Additionally, courtship behaviour did not vary between populations, suggesting potential for interbreeding—a promising outcome for the conservation of this fragmented species. The study used behavioural assays and nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphism analyses to compare P. lata with P. cribrata, providing insights into adaptive radiation and ecological release in island environments.
Local adaptation in the wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus)
Research on the wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) reveals significant local adaptation driven by oceanographic conditions, challenging traditional speciation models reliant on physical barriers. The study found that seabirds breeding in distinct colonies exhibit divergent foraging behaviors and chick developmental patterns, with Heron Island birds adopting a 'dual-foraging' strategy due to less productive environments, while Lord Howe Island birds show faster growth despite lower meal mass per night. Morphological analyses highlighted sex-specific differences and disassortative mate choice based on bill width, suggesting selection rather than plasticity. Genetic markers indicated restricted gene flow, contrasting with historical connections, implying that environmental factors play a pivotal role in seabird diversity. This study underscores the importance of considering colonies independently for conservation and highlights the need to explore selection mechanisms further.
More than just a dot: the enigmatic ‘large’ Punctidae of Lord Howe Island (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)
A comprehensive taxonomic revision of the 'large' Punctidae snails on Lord Howe Island reveals that three nominal genera—Dignamoconcha, Pernastela, and Charopella—belong to a single radiation. The study, using morpho-anatomy and phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear (ITS2, ELAVI8) DNA, synonymizes Pernastela and Charopella with Dignamoconcha, reducing the group to three accepted species: D. dulcissima, D. charon, and D. wilkinsoni. Additionally, it clarifies that Scelidoropa is not part of Cystopeltidae but is sister to (Charopidae + Punctidae), while other Charopidae species are reclassified as cystopeltids. Radular morphology aids in identifying higher-level groups like Punctidae and Scelidoropa but cannot distinguish between Cystopeltidae and Charopidae.
Assessing changes in threatened black rockcod Epinephelus daemelii abundance and length over the past 15 years in New South Wales, Australia
Despite being protected from fishing and spearfishing for over 40 years, the relative abundance of the threatened black rockcod (Epinephelus daemelii) has not increased over the past 15 years in New South Wales, Australia. A study comparing surveys conducted between 2009-2011 and 2023 found that while the proportion of mature females in the population has risen, overall abundance either declined or remained constant at long-term monitoring sites. This lack of recovery is concerning for a slow-growing, late-maturing species still vulnerable to incidental capture mortality. Researchers used roving diver timed counts and stereo-video measurements to assess relative abundance and length, revealing that more active management may be needed to aid the species' recovery.
Plio‐Pleistocene decline of mesic forest underpins diversification in a clade of Australian Panesthia cockroaches
A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis reveals that the diversification of a clade of Australian Panesthia cockroaches was primarily driven by the fragmentation of mesic forests during Plio-Pleistocene glacial cycles (2–5 million years ago). The study identified six previously unrecognized, highly divergent lineages, suggesting that vicariance events played a significant role in their speciation. Ancestral niche estimations indicate an origin in tropical rainforests, followed by at least three transitions into drier forest habitats, including one associated with the colonization of Lord Howe Island Group. The research also provides evidence of frequent parallel wing reduction, potentially linked to habitat contraction into small refugia. This study underscores the profound impact of ancient aridification on speciation, niche expansion, and morphological evolution in Australian fauna.
Will the real invasive snail please stand up? A phylogenetic reconsideration of Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Punctidae)
A phylogenetic analysis challenges the long-held assumption that Paralaoma servilis, a snail species believed to be one of the most globally invasive, is a single entity. Using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA data, researchers identified at least five distinct species within what was previously classified as P. servilis. These include P. amblygona, P. borealis, P. caputspinulae, and P. morti, each with distinct native ranges, alongside the invasive clade of P. servilis. The study highlights how outdated taxonomic classifications can mislead biodiversity assessments and conservation efforts, particularly when native species are mistakenly treated as invasives.
Conservation of the surface-nesting Kermadec Petrel Pterodroma neglecta neglecta in the South Pacific: clarifying breeding ecology and the threat of avian ground predators
Successful management of invasive Purple Swamphens on Phillip Island significantly boosted breeding success of Kermadec Petrels from 25% to 56%, highlighting the critical impact of predator control on seabird conservation. The study identified that these surface-nesting petrels prefer sloping terrain (182–228 m above sea level) within 85 m of the coast, under low scrubby woodland, and exhibit year-round breeding with a peak in late austral spring. Prudent management of this population could support regional recovery efforts, including potential reintroduction to Lord Howe Island, while also aiding island restoration through increased marine-derived nutrient transfers. Adaptive management strategies will be essential to mitigate threats from native avian predators.
Endemism among Lord Howe Island Thysanoptera, with new species of Baenothrips (Phlaeothripidae) and Scirtothrips (Thripidae)
A recent study identifies 13 likely endemic species of Thysanoptera (thrips) on Lord Howe Island, a remote volcanic remnant. Among these, three new species of Baenothrips and two of Scirtothrips are described, expanding the known diversity of this group in the region. The research highlights the island's unique biodiversity, particularly among wingless, fungus-feeding thrips (Baenothrips) and those associated with tree ferns (Scirtothrips). The study contributes to our understanding of endemism in isolated ecosystems, using morphological analysis to distinguish new species.
Long-term decline in fledging body condition of Flesh-footed Shearwaters ( Ardenna carneipes )
A long-term decline in the fledging body condition of Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Ardenna carneipes) on Lord Howe Island has been documented, with significant implications for survival. Between 2010 and 2022, chick body mass, wing length, culmen length, and head + bill length all showed consistent declines, particularly in beach-washed birds. Body mass decreased by 16.1 grams per year, while culmen and head + bill lengths declined by 0.17 mm and 0.23 mm annually, respectively. This decline has resulted in an increasing number of chicks fledging at less than 400 grams, a threshold below which survival is unlikely. The study highlights a growing division within the shearwater population, with some adults successfully provisioning their offspring while others fail to meet nutritional demands. These findings suggest that anthropogenic pressures on marine systems may have reached a critical point, with severe consequences for seabird populations.
Bleaching Susceptibility and Resistance of Octocorals and Anemones at the World’s Southern-Most Coral Reef
A study on the Lord Howe Island Group, the world's southernmost coral reef, reveals significant variability in bleaching susceptibility among octocorals and anemones during marine heatwaves. Cladiella sp. 1 exhibited notable bleaching and mortality, with surviving colonies recovering their endosymbionts within seven months. This species showed lower Symbiodiniaceae density, chlorophyll levels, and photosynthetic efficiency in bleached colonies compared to unbleached ones. Intriguingly, other symbiotic octocoral species did not experience bleaching, suggesting a higher resistance to thermal stress than stony corals in this ecosystem. The research highlights the need for species-specific assessments of bleaching responses, as responses can vary even within closely related groups.
Changing fortunes of the Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis following the Lord Howe Island Rodent Eradication Project - interactions with other recovering species
The Lord Howe Island Rodent Eradication Project (REP) led to a dramatic increase in the breeding success of Black-winged Petrels (Pterodroma nigripennis), from as low as 2.5% before rodent removal to 67% in 2020 and 50% in 2021, suggesting decades of suppressed reproductive output due to invasive ship rats (Rattus rattus). The study used surveillance cameras to assess nest failure causes pre-REP and monitored breeding success post-REP. However, emerging pressures from a recovering predatory rail (Lord Howe Woodhen) and burrow competition from Little Shearwaters (Puffinus assimilis) may threaten sustained success. Despite this, the petrel population is expected to surge, with hundreds of fledglings annually, potentially benefiting island biodiversity and nutrient cycling.
Ctenostegus hansoni sp. nov., a new species of spider wasp endemic to Lord Howe Island (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Researchers have identified Ctenostegus hansoni sp. nov., a new species of spider wasp endemic to Lord Howe Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its unique and highly endemic biota. This discovery highlights the island's significance in evolutionary studies, particularly regarding long-distance dispersal and speciation from mainland Australia. The study, conducted during 2017-2018 expeditions, provides detailed morphological descriptions and an identification key for the C. immitis species-group, along with new distribution records for Hymenoptera on the island, including additional genera of Pompilidae and a first record for Mutillidae. The findings underscore the importance of oceanic islands as hotspots for biodiversity and evolutionary research.
Phylogeography and evolutionary dynamism of marine gastropods from the Lord Howe Island Group
Marine gastropods from the Lord Howe Island Group (LHIG), located ~580 km off continental Australia, exhibit recent genetic connections to both tropical and temperate regions. A study using mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed that most LHIG species of the muricid subfamily Ergalataxinae, particularly Tenguella marginalba, share close relationships with temperate mainland conspecifics, while endemic taxa like Cellana howensis and Bembicium flavescens show tropical and southern temperate affinities, respectively. The most recent common ancestors (MCRAs) of these species postdate the archipelago's emergence, suggesting either recent colonization or the influence of Pleistocene environmental changes on their genetic diversity. This research sheds light on the dynamic evolutionary history of marine gastropods in the LHIG, challenging assumptions about long-term endemism.
The Enigmatic Dead-Leaf Miner Geochus Broun (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Phylogenetic Placement, a New Species, and Lectotype Designations
A new species of the enigmatic weevil genus Geochus, found on Lord Howe Island, challenges long-held assumptions about its taxonomy. Unlike other Geochus species, Geochus kuscheli retains tarsal claws, a trait previously thought unique to this genus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Geochus is not closely related to the subfamilies Curculioninae or Molytinae but instead forms a basal grade with Entiminae, Cyclominae, and Phrynixini, with Afrogeochus reclassified from Curculioninae to Cossoninae based on molecular evidence. The study also designates lectotypes for 26 Geochus species, stabilizing their taxonomy, and groups the 27 known species into 13 species groups, providing a key for identification.
Classification and typification of Australian lycophytes and ferns based on Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification PPG I
A comprehensive update of the classification and typification of Australian lycophytes and ferns reveals significant advancements since the 1998 Flora of Australia, incorporating Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I standards. The study introduces 8 new nomenclatural combinations and 85 lectotypifications, identifying 208 endemic species—with Queensland showcasing the highest diversity and endemism. Lord Howe Island stands out for its exceptional concentration of species and endemics per unit area. Contrary to prior classifications, no fern or lycophyte genera are now considered wholly endemic to Australia, highlighting diverse links with Africa, Asia, and Oceania, particularly with Asia-Oceania regions.
Collections‐based systematics and biogeography in the 21st century: A tribute to Dr. Vicki Funk
A special issue of the Journal of Systematics and Evolution honors Dr. Vicki Ann Funk, a pioneering botanist whose work revolutionized collections-based systematics and biogeography. Funk's contributions spanned phylogenetic methods, plant evolution, and biodiversity conservation, particularly in the sunflower family (Compositae). Her research on Hawaiian biogeography introduced the progression rule, explaining how clades colonize older islands first before dispersing to younger ones. The issue also features studies on Pacific plant radiations, such as Bidens, which reveal rapid diversification linked to long-distance dispersal and founder events. Other papers explore global patterns in plant evolution, including Solanum's adaptation to arid climates and Celastrus's transoceanic migrations facilitated by birds. Additionally, the issue highlights advancements in phylogenomic techniques, hybridization studies, and the taxonomic challenges of megadiverse plant groups like Cirsium and Perityleae. Funk's legacy includes mentoring future generations and advocating for collections-based research, which remains crucial for understanding biodiversity.
Curious Caddis Couture: Form and function among cases of Australian Hydroptilidae
A unique divergence in larval case morphology among micro-caddisfly species (Hydroptilidae) on Lord Howe Island challenges established patterns of form and function. While mainland Australian species exhibit consistent case shapes, two endemic species on the oceanic island display distinctively different forms, defying expectations. The study examines 25 known Australian genera, analyzing case construction, shape, and materials to identify variability and hypothesize functional relationships. Notable variations include differences in materials (e.g., Hydroptila) and both materials and shape (e.g., Hellyethira and Maydenoptila). This research highlights the ecological and evolutionary significance of case morphology in this specialized insect group.
The importance of historical ecology for interpreting evolutionary processes in plants of oceanic islands
Oceanic islands, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Lord Howe Island Group, serve as unique laboratories for studying evolutionary processes. This study highlights the critical role of historical ecology in understanding plant evolution on these dynamic landscapes. Over millions of years, islands undergo significant geomorphological changes due to tectonic subsidence and erosion, while human activities in recent centuries have further altered their environments. These changes can obscure original patterns of species distribution and ecology, making it challenging to infer evolutionary processes such as founder effects, genetic variation, and speciation. The research emphasizes the need for caution when comparing islands with different geological ages and varying degrees of human impact, using examples from the Juan Fernández Archipelago and Lord Howe Island to illustrate these complexities.
Ancestral range reconstruction of remote oceanic island species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae) reveals differing scales and modes of dispersal
A groundbreaking study challenges long-held assumptions about the biogeographical origins of Plantago species, revealing that highly remote oceanic islands like Hawaii and Rapa Iti were colonized from North American taxa via dispersal patterns linked to large marine birds, rather than from New Zealand as previously hypothesized. The research, utilizing Bayesian phylogenetic and divergence time analyses along with historical biogeographical modeling, demonstrates that island endemics in the Lord Howe Island Group, among others, trace their origins to the nearest continental areas. This study highlights the complex interplay of stepping stone dispersal and extreme long-distance dispersal in shaping insular floras, while also suggesting specific traits may limit diversification in island archipelagos. The findings significantly enhance our understanding of floristic exchange between continents and islands, providing critical insights into the ancestral ranges and dispersal routes of widespread plant lineages.
Delivering allied health services to regional and remote participants on the autism spectrum via video-conferencing technology: lessons learned
A multidisciplinary tele-therapy model using video-conferencing technology effectively delivered autism-specific allied health services to regional and remote participants, including one on UNESCO-listed Lord Howe Island. The study found that staff training, collaboration among families, educators, and therapists, and access to specialized autism support were key to success, while mixed views existed on the need for in-person sessions. Barriers included scheduling challenges but technology itself was not a hindrance. This research supports tele-practice as a viable alternative when local services are unavailable, though blended models may optimize outcomes.
Cladistic classification of Mecyclothorax Sharp (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) and taxonomic revision of the New Caledonian subgenus Phacothorax Jeannel
A cladistic analysis reveals that the 15 species of Mecyclothorax Sharp native to New Caledonia form a monophyletic lineage, designated as the subgenus Phacothorax Jeannel. This includes three previously known species and 13 newly described ones, expanding the taxonomic understanding of this group. The study identifies five distinct subgenera within Mecyclothorax, each with unique geographic distributions, including a widespread nominate subgenus found across multiple island groups in the Pacific. Biogeographic analysis suggests that Phacothorax likely colonized New Caledonia around 6 million years ago, post-dating Gondwanan fragmentation and Oligocene submergence events. The research also highlights the role of flight wing loss in shaping island faunas and explores the functional complementarity of male and female genitalic structures in sister species, contrasting with more stable mate recognition systems observed in highly sympatric species swarms like those on Haleakalā volcano, Maui.
Ingestion of plastic by fish destined for human consumption in remote South Pacific Islands
A recent study reveals that plastic ingestion is widespread among fish species in remote South Pacific Islands, including Lord Howe Island Group, with microplastics found in 7.9% of individual fish and 25% of species sampled. This is the first report of plastic contamination in this region, highlighting a significant environmental concern due to the transfer of pollutants through seafood consumption. The research examined gastrointestinal tracts of 126 fish from local markets and fisheries across French Polynesia, Lord Howe Island, and Henderson Island (Pitcairn group), finding no significant differences in ingestion based on feeding style, length, region, or species. These findings underscore the pervasive nature of marine plastic pollution, even in remote oceanic areas heavily reliant on seafood.
Revision of Cephennomicrus of Australia (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)
A comprehensive taxonomic revision identifies and describes 20 species of the tiny beetle genus Cephennomicrus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) across Australia, including Lord Howe Island. This includes 17 newly discovered species, expanding the known diversity of this group by nearly 85%. The study also designates a lectotype for one previously described species and proposes a working classification system for Australian Cephennomicrus, organizing them into five distinct species groups. Distribution patterns across the continent are summarized, providing critical baseline data for biodiversity studies in Australia's unique ecosystems.
The Australian Museum Lord Howe Island Expedition 2017—Coleoptera
A survey of Lord Howe Island's Coleoptera, conducted in February 2017 by the Australian Museum and the Natural History Museum of Denmark, identified nine new beetle species on the island. The study focused on larger species (1 cm or more), assuming greater vulnerability to predation by the introduced rodent Rattus rattus. Among the 32 large species collected, the cerambycid Oricopis insulana was recorded for the first time since its original collection in the early 1880s. Additionally, a smaller number of large beetle species were documented from Balls Pyramid, located 22 km from the main island. The findings contribute to understanding the biodiversity and conservation status of Lord Howe Island's beetles.
A new species ofTriteSimon, 1885 (Araneae: Salticidae) from New Zealand, with remarks onTriterelationships and radiation
Researchers have identified and described a new species of jumping spider, Trite pollardi sp. nov., previously known from behavioral studies as 'Holoplatys sp.' This discovery contributes to the understanding of the genus Trite's diversity and distribution, particularly in New Zealand, New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. The study distinguishes two species groups within Trite: the planiceps-group, found across multiple regions, and the incognita-group, limited to New Zealand. Additionally, it proposes three scenarios for the origin, relationships, and radiation of Trite in these areas while excluding three previously misclassified species from the genus. The research integrates behavioral observations with taxonomic analysis to elucidate evolutionary patterns.
Evidence for both long‐distance dispersal and isolation in the Southern Oceans: molecular phylogeny of Sophora sect Edwardsia (Fabaceae)
A molecular phylogeny of Sophora sect. Edwardsia (Fabaceae) reveals both long-distance dispersal and isolation patterns in the Southern Oceans. The study found that while chloroplast and nuclear sequences are shared across vast geographic distances, species on Pacific Islands like Lord Howe Island, Easter Island, Hawaii, and French Polynesia exhibit unique haplotypes, indicating genetic isolation. Notably, the S. chrysophylla haplotype is more closely related to those from French Polynesia than to S. denudata from Réunion Island, despite shared morphological traits. The research used DNA sequences from chloroplast spacers (trnQ-5′rps16 and trnH GUG-psbA) and the nuclear-encoded glutamine synthetase gene, analyzed through median-joining networks and phylogenetic approaches. This suggests complex evolutionary histories shaped by both dispersal and isolation in the region.
Preliminary surveys of the endangered Lord Howe Island cockroach Panesthia lata (Blattodea: Blaberidae) on two islands within the Lord Howe Group, Australia
A significant population of the endangered Lord Howe Island cockroach (Panesthia lata) persists on Blackburn and Roach islands, with estimates of 10,000 and 3,500 individuals respectively. The species exhibits a preference for sheltering within specific microenvironments, such as beneath the Banyan tree on Blackburn Island or in Leafy Flat Sedge habitat on Roach Island, rather than foraging openly. This behavior suggests that surface counts underestimate population sizes, while novel attraction stations show potential for more accurate monitoring without disturbing habitats. The cockroach appears to play a role in soil conditioning and nutrient cycling, feeding primarily on dead vegetation. Maintaining rodent-free status on these islands is critical for the species' survival, offering hope for reintroduction efforts once eradication programs are completed.
Molecular-assisted alpha taxonomy of the genus Rhodymenia (Rhodymeniaceae, Rhodymeniales) from Australia reveals overlooked species diversity
A molecular-assisted alpha taxonomy study of the genus Rhodymenia (Rhodymeniaceae, Rhodymeniales) from Australia has uncovered significant overlooked species diversity. The research resolved 188 specimens into 12 genetic species groups, identifying seven novel taxa (R. compressa, R. contortuplicata, R. gladiata, R. insularis, R. lociperonica, R. norfolkensis, and R. womersleyi) and confirming the presence of R. novazelandica in Lord Howe Island, expanding its biogeographic range. The study employed DNA barcoding (COI-5P) alongside morphological and biogeographic analyses to provide a reliable means of species identification, highlighting the importance of integrating multiple approaches for accurate taxonomic resolution.
Systematic and biogeographic review of the Staphylinini rove beetles of Lord Howe Island with description of new species and taxonomic changes (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)
A systematic and biogeographic review of the Staphylinini rove beetles on Lord Howe Island reveals that the fauna is predominantly derived from lineages on mainland Australia, despite the island's oceanic and young geological origins. This study advances taxonomic knowledge by describing two new species—Cheilocolpus olliffi and Quediopsis howensis—and proposing several new combinations for existing species, including Cheilocolpus castaneus, Cheilocolpus kentiae, Ctenandropus mirus, and Hesperus dolichoderes. The research leverages recent global advancements in rove beetle systematics to refine biogeographic conclusions, providing a foundation for deeper exploration of this unique island's biodiversity. These findings highlight the interconnectedness of Lord Howe Island's ecosystems with mainland Australia, offering insights into its complex biogeographical history.
Endemic or introduced? Phylogeography of Asparagopsis (Florideophyceae) in Australia reveals multiple introductions and a new mitochondrial lineage
A new cryptic mitochondrial lineage of the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis has been identified, alongside multiple human-mediated introductions across Australia and South Korea. Phylogeographic analysis revealed a significant genetic and geographic break between western Australian isolates and those from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), suggesting the existence of a sixth lineage distinct from previously described ones. The study also documented the presence of lineage 4 in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and the highly invasive Indo-Pacific Mediterranean lineage 2 in South Korea and Lord Howe Island, Australia. This research underscores the critical need for periodic surveys to detect cryptic invasive seaweeds, given the accelerating impacts of climate change on biota relocation and niche colonization.
Human-Assisted Invasions of Pacific Islands by Litoria Frogs: A Case Study of the Bleating Tree Frog on Lord Howe Island
The bleating tree frog (Litoria dentata), native to mainland Australia, was accidentally introduced to Lord Howe Island (LHI) in the 1990s. This study reveals that the founding population originated from the Ballina region in northeastern New South Wales and identifies the species' widespread distribution across LHI, including human habitats, cattle pastures, and undisturbed forests. Using a mitochondrial phylogeographical approach, researchers traced the introduction route and assessed its ecological impact. The findings highlight the risks posed by human-assisted amphibian invasions to ecologically sensitive oceanic islands and propose biosecurity measures to prevent future introductions.
Pigeons and Doves in Australia
Pigeons and doves, part of the Order Columbiformes, are one of the most successful and recognizable bird groups globally, with a strong presence in Australia's diverse ecosystems. The book 'Pigeons and Doves in Australia' by Forshaw and Cooper provides a comprehensive overview of these birds, including their distribution, plumage diversity, and historical significance. It highlights the impact of excessive hunting on local populations, leading to the extinction of two species on Lord Howe Island and one on Norfolk Island. The work also includes detailed management practices for all species and historical accounts of extinct species, making it a standard reference for ornithologists and aviculturists. Recognized with a 2015 Whitley Awards Certificate of Commendation, the book combines scientific knowledge with superb artwork to visually appreciate these birds in their natural habitats.
Synopsis of the hymenopteran fauna of Lord Howe Island with a preliminary checklist of species
A comprehensive survey of Lord Howe Island's hymenopteran fauna reveals 318 species from 31 families, significantly advancing the understanding of this understudied group. The study combines recent intensive sampling with historical records to provide a preliminary checklist and assesses the proportion of flightless and potentially endemic species. This research lays critical groundwork for future taxonomic and biodiversity studies on one of Australia's most iconic World Heritage Sites.
Freshwater macroinvertebrates of Lord Howe Island
Lord Howe Island Group boasts the highest recorded freshwater macroinvertebrate richness per unit area (3.9 taxa/km²), with 54 taxa identified, including two undescribed chironomid species. The survey revealed high endemism across most taxonomic groups, though further genetic analysis is needed to confirm true levels of endemism compared to nearby islands. The majority of taxa belonged to Insecta, with notable contributions from Diptera (15 species), Hemipterans (5 species), and Trichopterans (5 species). Additional arthropods, gastropods, and mites were also documented, highlighting the island's unique biodiversity despite its small size.
Molecular dating of Winteraceae reveals a complex biogeographical history involving both ancient Gondwanan vicariance and long‐distance dispersal
A molecular dating analysis of Winteraceae reveals a complex biogeographical history shaped by both ancient Gondwanan vicariance and long-distance dispersal. The study estimates the crown-group age of Winteraceae at 91.2 million years ago (Ma), with a confidence interval ranging from 118 to 67 Ma, providing robust evidence for the origin of Takhtajania perrieri in Madagascar through Gondwanan vicariance—the only angiosperm for which this has been confidently demonstrated. The analysis also identifies sister clades within the Bubbia/Zygogynum group, one from New Caledonia and another including Australian species, including those from Lord Howe Island. This suggests a dynamic interplay of continental rifting, submergence, exhumation, dispersal, and extinctions in shaping the family's distribution.
Reef-Fidelity and Migration of Tiger Sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, across the Coral Sea
Tiger sharks exhibit complex migration patterns and reef-fidelity, with sub-adults and adult males showing year-round residency in the Chesterfield Islands, while females display long-distance movements across the Coral Sea. A study using passive acoustic transmitters and satellite tags tracked 33 tiger sharks, revealing transient behavior in coastal barrier reefs and wide-ranging migrations up to 1,114 km, with some individuals utilizing three-dimensional activity spaces averaging 2,360 km³. The findings suggest that while certain reefs like the Chesterfields are critical habitats for specific shark demographics, coastal Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) provide only brief protection due to the sharks' extensive movements. This underscores the need for broader research on oceanic Coral Sea reefs to inform effective conservation strategies.
Abundance and Genetic Diversity of Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria of Coastal Regions of the Pacific Ocean
Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, significant to marine microbial ecology and biogeochemistry, exhibit distinct abundance and genetic diversity patterns across coastal regions of the Pacific Ocean. Research reveals that these bacteria are most abundant near shore and in areas with high chlorophyll or Synechococcus levels, with their genetic diversity structured along nearshore/offshore transects and varying between islands. The study, conducted using samples from five Pacific islands (Oahu, Molokai, Futuna, Aniwa, and Lord Howe) and off California, employed the pufM gene biomarker to quantify AAP bacteria and analyze their genetic diversity. Findings suggest that environmental variables regulate both abundance and diversity of AAP bacteria, while endemism may also play a role in structuring these communities.
Development of yolk sac and chorioallantoic membranes in the Lord Howe Island skink, Oligosoma lichenigerum
A unique developmental pathway for the yolk sac and chorioallantoic membrane in the oviparous Lord Howe Island skink, Oligosoma lichenigerum, was identified. Unlike viviparous squamates, where the yolk cleft forms a placenta, this species' yolk cleft transforms into a tube-like structure filled with cells, leading to distinct extraembryonic membrane topology. Early development mirrors viviparous species, but the bilaminar omphalopleure persists over the abembryonic yolk surface before being displaced by allantoic mesoderm. The resulting chorioallantoic membrane shares structural similarities but differs in its developmental origin. This study used light microscopy on a developmental series to elucidate these differences, providing insights into the evolutionary adaptations of squamate reproduction.
Biogeography of Nicotiana section Suaveolentes (Solanaceae) reveals geographical tracks in arid Australia
A biogeographical analysis of Nicotiana section Suaveolentes reveals distinct geographical tracks in arid Australia, shaped primarily by vicariance rather than range expansion. The study, using phylogeny based on morphology and molecular data, identified three major biogeographical tracks—northern, central, and southern—that reflect the continent's aridification history, dating back to at least the Early Miocene (15 million years ago). These tracks connect regions like the Great Sandy Desert, Western Desert, and Nullarbor, with plesiomorphic taxa occurring on continental peripheries and derived taxa marking internal arid zones. The research provides insight into the evolutionary history of this largely Australian-endemic plant group and its adaptation to arid conditions.
Comparative morphology and phylogeny of Nicotiana section Suaveolentes (Solanaceae) in Australia and the South Pacific
The evolutionary relationships within the Nicotiana section Suaveolentes, primarily composed of Australian endemics, have been clarified through a combined morphological and molecular analysis. The study revealed that N. fragrans (New Caledonia and Tongatapu) and N. fatuhivensis (Marquesas islands) form a basal lineage in the Australian and South Pacific clade, while N. forsteri (eastern mainland Australia, Lord Howe Island, and New Caledonia) is the sister taxon to all other Australian species within this section. A phylogenetic sequence was identified, reflecting a reduction in chromosome number, with early lineages exhibiting counts of n = 24 or 23. Two distinct clades emerged: the 'N. simulans clade' (n = 20) and the 'N. suaveolens clade' (n = 19, 18, 16, or 15). The research integrated discrete morphological characters of seeds and trichomes, along with gap-coded quantitative measurements of flowers and vegetative organs, analyzed using maximum parsimony and splits network methods. These findings were compared to and combined with previously published molecular datasets, providing a comprehensive understanding of the group's evolutionary history.
New World Origins of Southwest Pacific Gesneriaceae: Multiple Movements Across and Within the South Pacific
A groundbreaking study challenges the long-held Gondwanan origin hypothesis for the Southwest Pacific Gesneriaceae, revealing instead that the tribe Coronanthereae originated in South America and dispersed across the South Pacific through multiple long-distance dispersal events. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences, combined with ancestral-area reconstruction and molecular dating, identified three distinct subtribes within Coronanthereae: Negriinae (including Lenbrassia from Australia, Depanthus from New Caledonia, and Negria from Lord Howe Island), Mitrariinae (grouping Australian Fieldia with South American epiphytes), and Coronantherinae (encompassing Coronanthera from New Caledonia and Rhabdothamnus from New Zealand). The findings underscore the significance of long-distance dispersal mechanisms in shaping the geographic distribution of this unique plant group, rather than Gondwanan vicariance.
A Guide to the Katydids of Australia
Katydids, a diverse group of Australian insects from the family Tettigoniidae, exhibit remarkable adaptive strategies, including mimicry and bright coloration to deter predators. With over 1000 species found across Australia, Norfolk Island, and Lord Howe Island Group, these insects play significant ecological roles and continue to be subjects of scientific study due to their complex behaviors, acoustical physiology, and interactions with plants and the environment. The guide highlights their biodiversity, relationships with humans, and provides visual documentation through color photographs, contributing valuable insights into their ecological significance.
DNA barcoding reveals multiple overlooked Australian species of the red algal order Rhodymeniales (Florideophyceae), with resurrection of Halopeltis J. Agardh and description of Pseudohalopeltis gen. nov.
A groundbreaking study using DNA barcoding has unveiled approximately 20 cryptic species of red algae within the order Rhodymeniales, significantly surpassing the previously recognized eight species. This research, conducted on southern Australian samples including those from Lord Howe Island Group, identified multiple new genera and species, such as Pseudohalopeltis tasmanensis and Microphyllum robustum, while also resurrecting the genus Halopeltis J.G. Agardh with six newly assigned species. The study employed phylogenetic analysis to assign genetic species groups to their respective genera based on molecular and anatomical signatures. Notably, samples from Lord Howe Island, initially field-identified as Rhodymenia or Fauchea spp., were reclassified, highlighting the importance of DNA barcoding in uncovering hidden biodiversity within UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Lord Howe Island Group.
Hemerodromiinae (Diptera: Empididae): a tentative phylogeny and biogeographical discussion
A phylogenetic analysis of the fly subfamily Hemerodromiinae (Diptera: Empididae) reveals that certain species groups, including those found on Lord Howe Island Group, New Zealand, and the Southwest Pacific, represent relictual Gondwanan elements that have persisted as metapopulations on ephemeral islands. The study suggests an early Cretaceous divergence of Hemerodromiinae from other Empididae lineages, predating major Gondwanan fragmentation. Morphological cladistic analysis was used to hypothesize relationships, identifying a widespread Chelipoda-like group with global distribution and an austral group confined to the Southern Hemisphere. Additionally, the study proposes taxonomic changes, including the synonymization of Ptilophyllodromia under Chelipoda, and identifies Chelifera detestata as the only genuine fossil representative of Hemerodromiinae from Eocene/Oligocene Baltic amber.
New species of Crotonia (Acari: Oribatida: Crotoniidae) from Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands: further evidence of long-distance dispersal events in the biogeography of a genus of Gondwanan relict oribatid mites
Research identifies three new species of oribatid mites (Crotonia) from Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, revealing distinct biogeographical patterns. Crotonia gorgonia, found on Lord Howe Island, aligns with the Capistrata group, predominantly Australian but absent in New Zealand. Meanwhile, C. norfolkensis and C. utricularia from Norfolk Island belong to the Cophinaria and Unguifera groups, respectively, showing closer ties to New Zealand species. This distribution suggests Crotonia's remarkable ability for long-distance dispersal across the South-west Pacific, reinforcing its role as a Gondwanan relict genus. The study employs morphological analysis to elucidate these relationships, providing fresh insights into the biogeography of oribatid mites.
Origin, Diversification, and Classification of the Australasian Genus Dracophyllum (Richeeae, Ericaceae) 1
A study of the Australasian genus Dracophyllum (Ericaceae) reveals that its species richness and diversity peak in New Zealand, with evolutionary roots tracing back to the Eocene. Phylogenetic analyses using chloroplast genes matK and rbcL showed that tribe Richeeae diverged at least 33.3 million years ago, with a crown radiation during the Early Miocene (16.5 Ma). This period aligns with Australia's aridification, leading to two distinct lineages: one isolated in southern Western Australia (Sphenotoma) and another spanning eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island, New Caledonia, and New Zealand (Dracophyllum and Richea). The study also documents two independent long-distance dispersal events from Australia to New Caledonia and New Zealand during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, with rapid species radiation occurring within the last 3–6 million years. Additionally, it suggests that Dracophyllum is paraphyletic and Richea polyphyletic, necessitating taxonomic revision.
The endemic plant families and the palms of New Caledonia: a biogeographical analysis
New Caledonia's unique plant biodiversity, including three endemic families and several genera, reveals distinct biogeographical patterns shaped by tectonic history. The study identifies four palm clades with allopatric regional connections spanning western Indonesia to the eastern Tasman/Coral Sea, including Lord Howe Island Group. These patterns are attributed not to dispersal or adaptive radiation but to the complex fusion of eight terranes during New Caledonia's formation. Trans-tropical Pacific links trace back to Cretaceous igneous plateaus that migrated across the Pacific, influencing modern flora distribution. This analysis underscores the significance of geological processes in shaping regional biodiversity.
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