Publications
Tectonic relationships between the Paleozoic basement and the Mesozoic cover succession in the northern Dora-Maira Massif (Susa Valley, Western Alps)
A key insight into the multistage tectonic evolution of orogenic belts emerges from the northern Dora-Maira Massif, specifically within the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Susa. The study reveals that the Bussoleno Detachment Shear Zone, acting as a critical basement-cover interface, likely originated in the Early Triassic and localized deformation, predating Alpine polyphase deformation. This zone, along with the ophiolite-bearing Foresto Shear Zone, was deformed through four main phases (D1 to D4), with the early tectonic setting established during subduction-related D1 phase. The research utilizes a 1:5,000 scale geological map to elucidate these complex tectonic relationships, offering a deeper understanding of how detachment zones influence orogenic processes.
Mineralogical and petrological constraints and tectonic implications of a new coesite-bearing unit from the Alpine Tethys oceanic slab (Susa Valley, Western Alps)
Researchers have identified a new Ultrahigh Pressure (UHP) oceanic unit in the Susa Valley, Western Alps, marked by the presence of coesite—a rare mineral indicating extreme pressure conditions. This discovery, analyzed through Raman spectroscopy and thermometry, suggests that the region once experienced subduction to mantle depths, similar to other UHP units like Lago di Cignana and Lago Superiore. The findings imply a previously underestimated extent of UHP oceanic slices in the Western Alps, challenging models of localized pressure and supporting the idea of a dismembered slab during exhumation.
Comparative Study of Architectural Bricks from Khorsabad and Susa Sites: Characterization of Black Glazes
A comparative analysis of black glazes on architectural bricks from Susa and Khorsabad reveals distinct coloring techniques between the Neo-Assyrian (Khorsabad) and Achaemenid Persian (Susa) periods. At Susa, black glaze composition varies by function: manganese oxide for colored fields and iron-rich compounds for raised lines separating glazed areas. In contrast, Khorsabad's black glazes contain spherical copper sulfide and galena nanoparticles, a rare technique with poorly understood formation mechanisms. The study employed optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, synchrotron µ-XRD, and µ-Raman spectroscopy to characterize these glazes, offering new insights into ancient brick manufacturing processes.
Post-wildfire erosion rates and triggering of debris flows: A case study in Susa Valley (Bussoleno)
Post-wildfire erosion rates can increase by more than 20 times, significantly raising the risk of debris flows and floods. A study in Susa Valley, Italy, applied a modified version of the RUSLE model on GIS to quantify these changes, leveraging high-resolution rainfall data and field surveys. The research found that the Erodibility Index (EI), monthly soil loss (A), and sediment loss (SL) all rose dramatically post-fire, with the highest erosion occurring in April, May, and June. This surge is attributed to a more than one-order magnitude increase in the Erodibility Index compared to pre-fire conditions. The findings highlight the severe impact of wildfires on geological hazards in Alpine regions, where such events are not typically expected.
Traditional Knowledge Evolution over Half of a Century: Local Herbal Resources and Their Changes in the Upper Susa Valley of Northwest Italy
A significant decline in traditional medicinal plant knowledge and usage has been observed in the Susa Valley, Italy, over the past 50 years. This study, comparing data from 2018 with a 1970 survey, documented 36 species—21 for medical purposes and 15 as food-medicines—highlighting a loss of ethnobotanical practices likely due to socioeconomic and cultural shifts. Promising species like Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica, and Artemisia genipi were identified for potential future use in nutraceuticals, food, and medicine. The research employed 30 semi-structured interviews to capture current practices, offering insights into the erosion of traditional ecological knowledge in mountainous regions.
Zerynthia polyxenaLocally Monophagous onAristolochia pallidain the Susa Valley
Research reveals that the protected butterfly Zerynthia polyxena exhibits local monophagy on Aristolochia pallida in the Susa Valley, despite being oligophagous across Europe. While larvae of Z. polyxena thrive and develop similarly on A. clematitis and A. rotunda until the third larval stage, only those fed with A. pallida successfully reach the pupal stage. This finding underscores the importance of understanding local host plant preferences for designing effective conservation strategies for protected Lepidoptera species. The study employed controlled laboratory conditions to investigate oviposition choices and larval development, providing critical insights into the ecological specificity of this butterfly.
HP tectono‐metamorphic evolution of the Internal Piedmont Zone in Susa Valley (Western Alps): New petrologic insight from garnet+chloritoid‐bearing micaschists and Fe–Ti metagabbro
A new study reveals that the subduction of the Tethys oceanic lithosphere in the Western Alps occurred under similar high-pressure (HP) and ultra-high-pressure (UHP) conditions, as evidenced by garnet+chloritoid-bearing micaschists and Fe–Ti metagabbro from Susa Valley. The research identifies four distinct metamorphic stages, including an Alpine peak-P stage reaching HP-UHP eclogite facies boundary (25–29 kbar, 460–510°C), followed by decompression under eclogite facies conditions and later greenschist facies re-equilibration. The inferred P–T path aligns with other Western Alpine meta-ophiolites, suggesting a consistent subduction regime along the Tethys lithosphere's length. Comparison with adjacent Dora Maira continental crustal units indicates early exhumation likely occurred within the subduction channel without continental crust buoyancy contribution.
Structural evolution along the Susa Shear Zone: the role of a first-order shear zone in the exhumation of meta-ophiolite units (Western Alps)
A significant new model explains the role of the Susa Shear Zone (SSZ) in the exhumation of meta-ophiolite units within the Western Alps, revealing its function as a first-order shear zone that couples tectonometamorphic units with distinct pressure-temperature (P–T) peaks. The study identifies two key shearing events (T1 and T2) during Alpine subduction and exhumation, characterized by contrasting kinematics—'apparent reverse' Top-to-E during early exhumation and Top-to-W during late exhumation. Detailed fieldwork and structural analysis allowed the reconstruction of four main deformation phases (D1 to D4), clarifying their relative timing and geometrical relationships. This four-step geodynamic model underscores the SSZ's critical role in shaping the axial sector of the Western Alps, offering insights into the complex tectonic processes governing mountain building.
Susa mint: 311-301 BC
A synchronous event across Seleukos’s mints in Babylonia and Susiana, marked by the erasure of the anchor symbol on the last reverse dies of Group 7 coins, provides a precise chronological peg for the final issues of Alexandrine coinage from the Susa mint (311–304/3 BC). This discovery updates the dating of these coins by a decade relative to previous proposals. The study identifies three distinct groups of coinage issued during this period: Groups 5 and 6, which bear a laurel wreath symbol (with Group 6 featuring additional symbols) and were struck simultaneously during the Babylonian War (c. 311/0–309/8 BC), and Group 7, characterized by the anchor symbol that replaced the laurel wreath post-war. The research employs a die study approach to analyze these groups, revealing insights into the chronological and symbolic evolution of Seleukos’s early coinage.
Elemental Composition of Glass Beads Excavated from Saleh Davoud Tombs in Susa by micro-PIXE: Evidences of Trade of Glass Artifacts During the Parthian Period
A groundbreaking analysis of glass beads and vessels from the Saleh Davoud tombs in Susa, Iran, reveals significant evidence of trade during the Parthian-Elymae period. Using micro-PIXE and micro-RBS techniques, researchers determined that while most glass vessels were likely locally produced, the diversity and decoration of glass beads suggest extensive importation from other regions. The study identified specific pigments and gold gilding processes, with gold layers measuring between 10 to 30 nanometers in thickness, providing insights into ancient craftsmanship and trade networks. These findings challenge assumptions about local production and highlight the sophistication of Parthian glasswork.
Geology of the Susa Shear Zone (Susa Valley, Western Alps)
A detailed geological map of the Susa Shear Zone (SSZ) in the Western Alps reveals its role as a first-order tectonic feature that drove the exhumation and juxtaposition of distinct oceanic and continental margin units. The SSZ, characterized by a block-in-matrix structure with mylonitic calcschists embedding various rock blocks, evolved through two major tectonic events: an initial phase featuring apparent reverse top-to-E shear planes, followed by extensional top-to-W structures. This study combines geological mapping and structural analysis to elucidate the overprinting relationships among shear planes, providing critical insights into the SSZ's complex tectonic evolution. The findings contribute significantly to understanding the dynamic processes shaping the inner sector of the Western Alps.
Habitat selection and morphology of Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771) in Alps (Susa Valley, Piedmont, NW Italy) (Insecta: Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Saginae)
A study on the orthopteran species Saga pedo in the Susa Valley, Italy, reveals that its habitat preferences extend beyond xerothermic oases to include xeric agricultural environments, particularly abandoned vineyards. These findings challenge previous assumptions about the species' ecological niche and highlight the importance of open, non-forested areas for its survival. The research, based on field observations from 2016–2018 and biometric comparisons between two survey areas, also suggests potential differences in morphology that warrant further investigation. Additionally, the study notes a correlation between adult presence and high prey densities, offering insights into the species' ethology. These results contribute to the understanding of S. pedo, a protected species threatened by the encroachment of shrub and tree vegetation.
Susa at the turn of the 4th and 3rd millennia
Archaeological soundings at Susa reveal a significant cultural transition between the 4th and 3rd millennia, marking its shift from Mesopotamian to Proto-Elamite influence. Conducted over four decades by the Susa Mission, these excavations on the Acropole tepe and Ville Royale tepe established a detailed chronological sequence, capturing the period when Susa evolved into a distinct cultural entity within the Iranian Plateau's Bronze Age landscape.
Susa Funerary Texts
A re-examination of the Susa Funerary Texts (SFT), a group of seven late Old Babylonian Akkadian texts discovered in a grave at Susa, reveals that their unusual find spot may be linked to a magical function. The study provides improved readings and translations of these texts, long studied since their 1916 publication by Jean-Vincent Scheil. It also refutes the claim that these texts reflect Mesopotamian belief in psychostasia (the weighing of souls), demonstrating instead their affiliation with personal prayers and reports of oracular visions. The research employs philological analysis to challenge previous interpretations, offering new insights into the cultural and religious context of ancient Mesopotamia.
Micro-PIXE: A Powerful Technique in Measurement and Determination of Raw Materials of Glass Artifacts of Parthian period From Shaur (Susa)
A groundbreaking analysis of glass artifacts from the Parthian period at Shaur, Susa, reveals that Micro-PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission) is an exceptionally powerful technique for determining the raw materials used in their production. This method allows for precise elemental mapping and quantification, providing critical insights into ancient glassmaking practices. The study highlights significant variations in the composition of these artifacts, suggesting diverse sourcing strategies or technical innovations during this period. By applying Micro-PIXE, researchers were able to identify specific chemical signatures that trace back to raw material origins, offering a deeper understanding of trade networks and craftsmanship in Parthian-era glass production.
New geomorphological and chronological constraints for glacial deposits in the Rivoli‐Avigliana end‐moraine system and the lower Susa Valley (Western Alps, NW Italy)
A new study reveals that the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the Western Alps occurred in two distinct phases, with glacier advances significantly larger and earlier than previously mapped. Using 10Be dating on boulders from glacial deposits in the Rivoli-Avigliana end-moraine system, researchers identified a pre-LGM advance between 41.2 ± 1.9 and 26.8 ± 2.1 ka, followed by two major LGM advances at 24.0 ± 1.5 ka and 19.6 ± 0.9 ka. Morphological and pedological analysis confirmed these findings, showing that the Dora Riparia glacier oscillated at its maximum extent during the first phase before a short re-advance. The study also demonstrates that the LGM ice surface reached elevations of 1000–920 m a.s.l. in the lower Susa Valley and 620–340 m a.s.l. in the amphitheatre, challenging prior reconstructions.
The White Marble of the Arch of Augustus (Susa, North-Western Italy): Mineralogical and Petrographic Analysis for the Definition of its Origin
A multi-analytical study confirms that the white marble used in the construction of the Arch of Augustus in Susa, northwestern Italy, originates from the Foresto marble, part of the metamorphosed carbonate cover of the Dora Maira Massif. This finding challenges the long-standing assumption that the marble was locally extracted. The research employed petrographic analysis (including optical and scanning electron microscopy), electron microprobe analysis, and stable isotope analyses to compare samples from the arch with reference materials. The results suggest that the choice of Foresto marble was likely driven by economic factors and the political interests of the ruling family of the Alpes Cottiae, who sought to promote a local marble despite its non-local origin.
An Architectural Pattern in Late Fourth-Millennium BC Western Iran: A New Link Between Susa, Tal-I Malyan, and Godin Tepe
A previously unrecognized architectural pattern has been identified in late fourth-millennium BC strata at three significant Iranian sites: Susa, Tal-i Malyan, and Godin Tepe. This discovery provides a new link between these locations during a period characterized by the 'Proto-Elamite phenomenon.' The research, based on close examination of architectural remains, offers insights into the cultural and historical connections across Western Iran during this transitional era. By analyzing shared design elements, the study sheds light on the development and spread of architectural practices that may have influenced later civilizations.
Judeans in Sippar and Susa during the First Century of the Babylonian Exile: Assimilation and Perseverance under Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Rule
A study of cuneiform tablets from Susa and Sippar reveals distinct patterns of name adoption among Judean exiles under Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid rule, indicating both assimilation and perseverance. While merchants in Sippar abandoned Judean names for Babylonian theophoric ones within a generation—likely due to economic integration with conservative Babylonian elites—royal officials in Susa maintained Yahwistic names despite their fathers' use of Babylonian names, suggesting tolerance for ethnic diversity in Achaemenid administration. The research analyzed 6th-century BCE tablets, highlighting the interplay between cultural assimilation and institutional openness during exile.
Problemas en torno al camino real aqueménida entre Susa y Persépolis: rutas y estaciones
Achaemenid Royal Road between Susa and Persepolis: Routes and Stations reveals significant challenges in pinpointing the exact locations of stations along the Achaemenid Royal Road, despite advancements in reconstructing its itinerary. The study leverages ancient sources, archaeological evidence, and toponymic investigations to propose hypotheses on station distribution. By analyzing texts from the Persepolis Fortification Archive, researchers aim to clarify the spatial organization of these stations, offering new insights into the logistical and administrative structure of one of the most important routes in ancient Persia.
Prosopographische Untersuchungen anhand der Rechtsurkunden aus Susa
A prosopographic analysis of legal documents from Susa reveals new insights into the chronological order of local rulers and reconstructs family archives, providing detailed information about inheritance patterns, parent-child sequences, and sibling relationships. The study leverages oaths and inheritance links to map familial connections, offering a deeper understanding of Susa's social structure during this period.
Scribal Training in Old Babylonian Susa
Scribal education in Old Babylonian Susa reveals significant adaptations of the Mesopotamian curriculum to fit the local linguistic environment, despite the overwhelming influence of Mesopotamian schooling. While Elamite language played almost no role in this scholastic context, the sequence of scribal training stages remained clearly traceable. The study of Susa's educational corpus uncovered many features of its unique curriculum, demonstrating that Mesopotamian models were not blindly adopted but tailored to local needs.
Seal Impressions from Susa. Re-evaluating Some of the Findings in Susa Available in the National Museum of Iran and Introducing Some Unpublished Samples
A re-evaluation of seal impressions from Susa, stored in the National Museum of Iran, has significantly advanced our understanding of early Elamite art. Out of 76 seal impressions reviewed, 68 were successfully identified and classified by style, with some published for the first time. This study highlights the importance of revisiting archaeological collections to uncover hidden knowledge and refine historical attributions. The research employed a systematic approach, combining archaeological expertise with careful analysis of previously unstudied or under-documented artefacts. While eight impressions remained unidentifiable, the findings provide new insights into Susa's cultural and artistic development during early periods.
Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives
Susa, a strategically pivotal city between Mesopotamia and the Iranian highlands, emerged as a critical nexus of ancient Near Eastern civilizations. Its significance lies in its role as a cultural and political bridge, influencing socio-economic and historical developments from prehistoric times to the Persian Empire. A multidisciplinary congress held in 2009 reassessed knowledge gaps in Elamite and Susean studies, integrating archaeological, philological, historical, and geographical perspectives. This approach revealed Susa's enduring impact on regional dynamics, underscoring its importance as a crossroads of civilizations.
The Palace of Darius at Susa
The Palace of Darius at Susa, constructed 2500 years ago by the Achaemenid King Darius I, reveals groundbreaking insights into ancient Persian architecture and iconography. Key discoveries include bull-headed capitals, enamel friezes depicting archers, and intricate carvings of lions and winged monsters, which introduced novel artistic motifs to the region. Extensive excavations between 1969 and 1979, led by French archaeologist Jean Perrot, uncovered the palace's full scale and complexity, casting new light on the Achaemenid period (522-486 BCE). The research employed systematic fieldwork to document this UNESCO World Heritage Site, offering a comprehensive understanding of its historical significance within the vast Persian Empire that once spanned from the Nile to the Indus Valley.
Ur-Nammâ(k)’s Conquest of Susa
A recent reanalysis of forgotten cuneiform tablets from Ur, rediscovered in the archives of the University of Pennsylvania's Museum of Anthropology, reveals that the strategic conquest of Susa was achieved by Ur-Nammu(k), the founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur, rather than his successor as previously believed. This challenges long-standing historical narratives and redefines the significance of Ur-Nammu(k)'s reign in Mesopotamia's political landscape. The study leverages Woolley's original excavations, offering new insights into the dynamics of early urban dominance through epigraphic evidence.
Dual power in Susa: Chronicle of a transitional period from Ur III via Šimaški to the Sukkalmaḫs
A new chronology for the early Sukkalmaḫat period at Susa, previously poorly understood, has been established by analyzing documentary texts and royal inscriptions. This breakthrough refines the timeline of Atta-ḫušu's rule, a key figure in the transition from the Ur III empire to the Sukkalmaḫ regime, and provides fresh insights into the socio-economic dynamics of this pivotal era. The study integrates archaeological and archival evidence, offering a more coherent narrative of political and administrative changes during this transitional phase.
A round peg in a square hole?: the Sikkatu in Old Babylonian Susa
A unique legal practice involving the symbolic driving of wooden pegs, known as sikkatu, into real estate was identified in Old Babylonian contracts from Susa. Unlike other Mesopotamian uses where such pegs marked public ownership, these were employed hypothecary pledges to secure loans or sales, ensuring reimbursement if a third party claimed the property. The study reveals that while the physical presence of the peg was not crucial, its symbolic act—recorded in contracts—was pivotal for legal permanence. This finding sheds light on ancient financial and property transaction mechanisms, with some texts detailing pledge transmission upon forfeiture.
The Exercise Tablets from Chantier B in Susa Revisited
A re-examination of thirty-three exercise tablets from Susa, Chantier B, reveals their significance as discarded scribal training materials spanning 450 years. These tablets, excavated in 1966-67 and previously published only in transcription, provide new insights into the formation of scribes during this period, particularly highlighting the use of the Silbenalphabet A script. The revised publication includes photographs and refined dating, offering a more comprehensive understanding of ancient scribal education practices.
The Organization of Ceramic Production during the Susa I Period
A new analysis of ceramic production during the Susa I period (late 5th millennium BCE) reveals sophisticated organizational structures and learning processes behind one prominent vessel type: open bowls with internal painted decoration. Examining over a thousand restored ceramics from Suse's necropolis, researchers found evidence that production involved standardized techniques while allowing for artistic variation, suggesting both specialized craftsmanship and social reproduction of style. The study highlights the short-lived nature of this burial site—likely used for a single episode—and provides insight into how Susa I's signature ceramic aesthetic was maintained through systematic training and stylistic continuity.
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