Publications
Detecting strain with a fiber optic cable on the seafloor offshore Mount Etna, Southern Italy
A groundbreaking study successfully detected permanent strain at the seafloor for the first time using a 6-km-long fiber optic cable deployed offshore Mount Etna, Sicily. Over a 21-month period (October 2020 to July 2022), the cable experienced a total elongation of 2.5 cm, with significant strain (+25 to +40 microstrain) observed at two locations where it crossed an active strike-slip fault. The most pronounced changes occurred between November 19 and 21, 2020, suggesting potential fault slip or seabottom currents as causes. Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR) laser reflectometry demonstrated the cable's ability to detect strain in near real time, with strain amplitude increasing to +45 to +55 microstrain over subsequent months, affecting a longer portion of the cable. A sandbag experiment further validated the technique by showing how the cable deforms under applied load and how deformation signals partially dissipate due to elastic properties. These findings highlight the potential of fiber optic cables for seismological monitoring in deep-sea environments.
Ecological connectivity of bee communities in fragmented areas of Volcano Etna (Sicily, Italy) at different degrees of anthropogenic disturbance (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila)
A study on Mount Etna, Sicily, reveals that ecological connectivity is crucial for maintaining bee diversity in fragmented landscapes. Researchers analyzed four sites with varying levels of anthropogenic disturbance—including urban parks, a nature reserve, and an agroecosystem—from 2007 to 2010. They identified 163 bee species across six families, using diversity indices and multivariate analysis to assess community structure. Mapping biopermeability highlighted how natural corridors influence bee populations, while treating sites as 'ecological islands' underscored the impact of fragmentation on biodiversity. The findings emphasize that conservation strategies must prioritize both ecological connectivity and local plant diversity to sustain bee communities effectively.
First Insights into the Bacterial Diversity of Mount Etna Volcanic Caves
Research reveals that the microbial communities in lava tubes of Mount Etna, a UNESCO-listed volcanic site, are dominated by bacteria from phyla such as Actinomycetota, Pseudomonadota, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexota, and Cyanobacteria. The study identified Crossiella as a dominant genus, linked to biomineralization processes, alongside Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Chujaibacter, and Sphingomonas, which play roles in carbon, nitrogen, and ammonia cycles. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed diverse morphotypes, including rod-shaped, filamentous, and coccoidal cells with surface appendages. This first-of-its-kind investigation into Etna's lava tubes expands global knowledge of volcanic cave microbiology.
GNSS-based long-term deformation at Mount Etna volcano (Italy)
Mount Etna's eastern flank exhibits significant seaward motion, with deformation rates reaching up to 60 mm/year along the Pernicana fault, highlighting ongoing flank instability as a dominant process. This finding was derived from a GNSS-based analysis of long-term volcanic deformation (2004–2018) using 32 reference stations in Sicily to isolate volcanic signals from tectonic background noise. The study also detected minor contraction at the volcano's base and slight uplift, suggesting complex interactions between magmatic doming, local, and regional tectonics. Contrasting deformation patterns—radial inflation/deflation on the northwestern flank versus vigorous seaward motion on the eastern side—further underscore Etna's dynamic instability.
Is the projected landscape also perceived? A proposed research plan on Etna Park's conflicting destination image
A significant disparity exists between the projected destination image of Etna Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Regional Nature Park since 1987, and the actual perception held by tourists. This 'conflict landscape' poses challenges for effective destination promotion, particularly in the era of social media dominance, where electronic word-of-mouth content heavily influences travel decisions. The study employs a web/social media analysis strategy to examine tourists' feedback on Etna Park's naturalistic pathways, aiming to identify policy differences among stakeholders such as residents and Local Action Groups. Preliminary findings highlight disagreements across various viewpoints, which will inform future research aimed at fostering a positive relationship between nature-based tourism and the park's resilience. The goal is to recommend a coherent place storytelling that aligns projected and perceived images.
A Model to Support Sustainable Resource Management in the “Etna River Valleys” Biosphere Reserve: The Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach
A new model using Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach (DRSA) has been developed to support sustainable resource management in the Etna River Valleys Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO site. The study identifies both strengths and weaknesses in transitioning towards sustainable land management, emphasizing the need for strategic choices by stakeholders. This approach aligns with global sustainability goals, particularly SDG 15 (Life on Land), aiming to conserve biodiversity and promote territorial enhancement. The research provides a tool to navigate the complex mosaic of environmental, cultural, and economic factors within the reserve, while highlighting the necessity for information and financial support to sustain these efforts.
Bee diversity in fragmented areas of Volcano Etna (Sicily, Italy) at different degrees of anthropic disturbance (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Anthophila)
A three-year study on Mount Etna, Sicily, revealed that fragmented pedemontane areas under varying degrees of anthropic disturbance support a rich bee diversity, with 163 species identified across five families. The research, comparing four sites—two urban parks, a nature reserve, and an agroecosystem—against a control site, found similar species richness (104 vs. 102) but highlighted strong seasonal variations influenced by forage sources, nesting sites, and human activities. These findings provide a baseline for assessing management strategies to preserve bee diversity, particularly in fragmented environments, while emphasizing the importance of season-long sampling for ecological studies using bees as indicators.
Examples of Multi-Sensor Determination of Eruptive Source Parameters of Explosive Events at Mount Etna
Multi-sensor strategies prove crucial for accurately determining eruptive source parameters (ESPs) during explosive eruptions, essential for predicting tephra dispersal and deposition. A study analyzing data from Mount Etna's weak and strong paroxysmal events demonstrates that different sensors—including Doppler radars, infrared sensors, infrasound arrays, visible video-monitoring cameras, and tephra-fallout deposits—provide complementary observations. While plume height measurements align during strong activity, discrepancies arise in weaker events due to rapid dilution. Event duration varies by sensor, reflecting distinct paroxysmal phases, which impacts total erupted mass (TEM) and mass eruption rate (MER). Satellite retrievals of grain-size, combined with radar data, offer near real-time approximations of total grain-size distribution (TGSD), showing promising agreement with deposit-derived TGSD.
Mediterranean Basins and Italian Island Volcanoes
The Mediterranean Sea is composed of multiple tectonically active basins, each with distinct physical and chemical characteristics. These basins, including the Adriatic, Aegean, Ionian, and Tyrrhenian Seas, are shaped by ongoing continental collision between the African and Eurasian plates, a process that began during the Alpine Orogeny and continues today. This tectonic activity has led to frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, with notable historical impacts such as the destruction of Catania and Messina between 1169 and 1908. Italian island volcanoes, including Stromboli and Etna, are associated with convergent plate boundaries and exhibit diverse volcanic behaviors, from small, discrete eruptions at Stromboli to violent, short-lived activity at Vulcano's Fossa cone. Mount Etna, one of the world's largest and most active stratovolcanoes, remains a significant hazard and tourist attraction, protected within a national park.
The use of Mount Etna volcanic ash in the production of bricks with good physical-mechanical performance: Converting a problematic waste product into a resource for the construction industry
Volcanic ash from Mount Etna, typically a hazardous waste product causing structural damage and health risks, can be repurposed to enhance brick production. A study found that adding 10–20% volcanic ash to clay mixtures during brick firing at temperatures between 800°C and 1100°C improves durability against salt crystallization while maintaining strength above construction standards. The bricks became more compact due to sintering and vitrification, retaining their characteristic orange hue. This approach offers a sustainable solution for managing volcanic waste, converting it into a valuable resource for the construction industry.
City Profile: Catania, Sicily
Catania, Sicily, offers a unique blend of cultural heritage and natural wonders, including the active volcano Mount Etna. The city's landscape is shaped by lava flows from Etna, which are repurposed into building stone, reflecting its dynamic geological history. Catania also preserves significant Greek and Roman antiquities, such as the Teatro Romano and remains of Sicily's largest amphitheater dating to 200 AD, showcasing its rich historical layers. The city's vibrant traditions, including puppet operas by the Napoli family since 1921, marzipan craftsmanship, and mosaics, highlight its cultural diversity influenced by Arab imports. Architectural landmarks like Piazza del Duomo and Bellini Gardens further emphasize Catania's layered identity, blending baroque flamboyance with natural beauty. The study provides an immersive account of these elements, offering insights into the city's enduring relationship with both its natural environment and historical past.
Combined Seismic and Geodetic Analysis Before, During, and After the 2018 Mount Etna Eruption
A groundbreaking analysis of Mount Etna's 2018 eruption reveals the complex interplay between seismic activity and volcanic deformation, marking one of the most significant episodes of unrest since monitoring began in 1970. The study identifies two distinct magma dikes—one shallow, near the eruptive fissure, and a deeper, larger dike between 1 and 5 km below sea level—suggesting that the eruption was driven by dual magma pathways. Crucially, the pressurization of a deep reservoir (~6 km) continued unabated during the intrusion, causing unprecedented deformation of the eastern flank. This process, active since September 2018, culminated in a destructive ML4.8 earthquake near Pisano on December 26, 2018, which devastated local infrastructure. The research combines high-rate geodetic data and seismic modeling to propose a time-dependent intrusion model that sheds light on the mechanisms underlying volcanic unrest and flank instability.
Muographic monitoring of the volcano-tectonic evolution of Mount Etna
A groundbreaking study using muographic imaging has revealed critical insights into the volcano-tectonic evolution of Mount Etna, demonstrating its potential for mid-term eruption predictions. The research, conducted from 2017 to 2019, detected a cavity months before the collapse of the North-East Crater in 2017 and identified underground fractures that preceded the emergence of a new eruptive vent in June 2019, which remains active as of February 2020. This pilot experiment underscores muography's capability to monitor the internal dynamics of active volcanoes, offering a novel approach to understanding their plumbing systems. The findings suggest that expanding this technology could establish a robust monitoring system for predicting volcanic activity on timescales of weeks to months.
Recognizing Eruptions of Mount Etna through Machine Learning Using Multiperspective Infrared Images
A machine learning system can now automatically detect, locate, and classify the main types of eruptive activity at Mount Etna using infrared images from thermal cameras. The approach combines a Decision Tree tool to assess visibility levels with a Bag of Words-based classifier to identify eruption types—such as explosions, lava flows, or plume degassing/ash—in real time. By merging these outputs, the system provides a comprehensive, automatic description of volcanic phenomena from multiple perspectives, enhancing early hazard planning and mitigation efforts.
Slab Detachment, Mantle Flow, and Crustal Collision in Eastern Sicily (Southern Italy): Implications on Mount Etna Volcanism
New geodynamic interpretations reveal that deep crustal shortening beneath Mount Etna, one of Europe's few active volcanoes, is driven by trench-parallel slab breakoff and fore-arc mantle flow. This tectonic inversion, marked by a large thrust-ramp structure, suggests that the opening of a gateway in the Ionian slab has allowed mantle mobilization, influencing magmatic source mixing and underplating processes beneath Etna. The study combines lithospheric reconstructions, seismicity analysis, and stress state modeling to argue that this compressional regime—contrasting with previous extensional conditions—significantly impacts Etna's volcanic dynamics, potentially indicating a transition toward decline. Comparisons with extinct southern Tyrrhenian volcanic systems further support these findings.
Sustainable Use and Conservation of the Environmental Resources of the Etna Park (UNESCO Heritage): Evaluation Model Supporting Sustainable Local Development Strategies
Mount Etna faces the challenge of balancing environmental protection with sustainable local development. A study published in Sustainability (2020) introduces an innovative approach using 'rough sets' theory to guide policy-making for Etna Park. This method helps formulate strategies that integrate traditional agro-silvo-pastoral activities and other human endeavors while ensuring environmental, social, and economic sustainability. The research demonstrates how active community participation can enhance specific territorial resources, mitigating the impacts of human activity in protected areas. By providing a framework to navigate the complexities of sustainable development, this model offers valuable insights for managing similar UNESCO sites globally.
The Christmas 2018 Eruption at Mount Etna: Enlightening How the Volcano Factory Works Through a Multiparametric Inspection
A multiparametric study of Mount Etna's December 2018 flank eruption revealed that magma replenishment from deep to shallow levels over several months, combined with pressure imbalances in the volcano's plumbing system, triggered the eruption. The research integrated olivine chemical zoning and diffusion chronometry data with GNSS measurements, identifying distinct magmatic environments and re-equilibration processes at shallow depths. Geodetic models showed two phases of magma pressurization—first at ~7.2 km below sea level (bsl) between June 2017 and June 2018, followed by a shallower source (~5.1 km bsl) leading to the eruption. The findings highlight how prolonged recharge and dynamic pressure changes control eruptive activity, with potential for both summit and flank eruptions depending on shallow-level magma discharge rates.
An Integrated Geophysical Approach to Track Magma Intrusion: The 2018 Christmas Eve Eruption at Mount Etna
A groundbreaking study reveals that the explosive summit activity of Mount Etna during its 2018 Christmas Eve eruption was driven by lateral dike intrusions, challenging conventional understanding. By integrating high-rate GPS data with volcano-tectonic earthquakes, volcanic tremor, infrasound tremor, and events, researchers tracked magma intrusion with unprecedented precision, showing how the central magma column lowered in response to flank eruption. This interaction zone, identified at 2–4 km below sea level, sheds light on the complex dynamics between summit and flank eruptions, offering critical insights for volcanic hazard assessment.
Changing Eruptive Styles at the South-East Crater of Mount Etna: Implications for Assessing Lava Flow Hazards
A significant shift in the eruptive style of Mount Etna's South-East Crater (SEC) since 2011 has been identified, marked by longer and more voluminous lava flows that pose increased hazards to tourist facilities. Analyzing 154 well-documented eruptions from 1998 to 2018, researchers found a cumulative lava volume of approximately 135 million cubic meters, with an average output rate of 0.21 m³/s. This change has led to a revised hazard map covering around 15 km², extending down to altitudes as low as 1,500 meters above sea level. The study highlights the need for updated hazard assessments and territorial planning to mitigate risks in at-risk areas.
DInSAR Analysis and Analytical Modeling of Mount Etna Displacements: The December 2018 Volcano‐Tectonic Crisis
A dike intrusion during the December 2018 eruption of Mount Etna triggered the opening of eruptive fissures and activated shallow volcano-tectonic faults, including the Fiandaca Fault, which experienced the strongest seismic event (ML 4.8) on December 26. The study combines DInSAR measurements from Sentinel-1 satellite data with analytical modeling to reveal that fault activation was a response to deformations caused by magma injection. This finding sheds light on the complex interactions between magma intrusion and tectonic structures, offering insights into the dynamics of volcanic crises.
Exposure-based risk assessment and emergency management associated with the fallout of large clasts at Mount Etna
A probabilistic hazard assessment at Mount Etna reveals that large-clast fallout from plume margins poses significant threats to visitors and infrastructure, extending risks beyond the typical 5 km proximity to vents. The study, using a calibrated particle sedimentation model, identified a 72 km² hazard zone encompassing 125 km of paths/roads and 15 buildings. Evacuation times could be reduced from nearly 4 hours to under 3 hours with two shelters, underscoring the need for integrated risk management strategies in volcanic areas with summit access.
Mapping Recent Lava Flows at Mount Etna Using Multispectral Sentinel-2 Images and Machine Learning Techniques
A novel machine learning classifier achieves high accuracy in mapping recent lava flows at Mount Etna using multispectral Sentinel-2 imagery, addressing challenges in distinguishing fresh from older lava fields. The method leverages bands 2, 3, 4, and 8 (10 m resolution) to automatically classify pixels based on reflectance properties, validated against ground measurements of 2017–2018 eruptions. This approach offers a scalable solution for monitoring hazardous volcanic events with moderate-resolution satellite data, enhancing predictive capabilities for lava flow behavior.
Mechanisms of Ash Generation at Basaltic Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Etna, Italy
A new model for ash generation at basaltic volcanoes, exemplified by Mount Etna, reveals that variations in magma mass flow rate govern the formation of volcanic ash. The study identifies three distinct mechanisms tied to eruptive styles—lava fountains, Strombolian activity, and ash explosions—by analyzing deposit features and ash characteristics from four historical eruptions (2001, 2006, 2007, 2010). It also demonstrates that tachylite magma constitutes a minor proportion of conduit residence time compared to sideromelane, aligning with observed ash composition during lava fountain episodes. This research advances the understanding of explosive basaltic volcanism and offers critical insights for hazard mitigation at similar volcanic systems.
Multispectral remote sensing for post‐dictive analysis of archaeological remains. A case study from Bronte (Sicily)
A post-dictive analysis using WorldView-2 (WV-2) multispectral imagery demonstrates the potential of remote sensing for detecting archaeological features in the volcanic landscape of Bronte, Sicily. The study, conducted within UNESCO's Etna Park, highlights the effectiveness of specific vegetation indices—particularly the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Simple Ratio Index (SRI)—in identifying subsurface structures despite challenges posed by geology and spontaneous vegetation. By analyzing pre-excavation imagery from 2015, researchers identified the Near-Infrared 1 (NIR_1) and Red Edge bands as most useful for archaeological investigations. The study emphasizes the feasibility of low-cost, open-source software (FOSS) approaches in landscape archaeology, offering a scalable method for future research.
Space- and Ground-Based Geophysical Data Tracking of Magma Migration in Shallow Feeding System of Mount Etna Volcano
A rapid magma migration event at Mount Etna, captured using space-based (MODIS and SENTINEL-2) and ground-based geophysical data, revealed that a lateral effusive eruption on 24 December 2018 was preceded by a persistent increase in summit activity. The study tracked thermal, seismic, and infrasonic changes in near real-time, showing that magma intruded along a ~2.0 km dyke at a speed of 0.15–0.20 m/s, shifting explosive activity from the summit to the volcano's flank. Satellite data estimated erupted lava volumes of 1.4 Mm³ (±0.5 Mm³) at the summit and 0.85 Mm³ (±0.3 Mm³) laterally, highlighting the potential of integrating satellite observations with ground-based geophysical monitoring to improve volcanic hazard assessments during eruptive crises.
Three‐Dimensional Modeling of Mount Etna Volcano: Volume Assessment, Trend of Eruption Rates, and Geodynamic Significance
A groundbreaking three-dimensional model of Mount Etna, Europe's largest and most active volcano, reveals that its eruption rates have surged dramatically over the last 15,000 years, nearing levels typical of oceanic-arc volcanic systems despite its continental rift setting. This finding challenges conventional geodynamic frameworks, suggesting a possible transition in Etna's magmatic source from plume-related to island-arc related. The study also proposes that slab breakoff north of the volcano may have triggered this shift by allowing fluid-enriched mantle material to flow toward Mount Etna, mixing with its magmatic source. Researchers used 3-D modeling to assess volcanic product volumes emitted over the past 60,000 years, providing unprecedented insights into Etna's eruptive history and geodynamic significance.
A multivariate probabilistic graphical model for real‐time volcano monitoring on Mount Etna
A novel multivariate probabilistic graphical model demonstrates significant potential for real-time volcano monitoring, offering rapid and accurate assessments of volcanic states. This approach addresses the challenges posed by nonlinear volcanic processes and measurement uncertainties, providing a robust tool for early warning systems. Tested on Mount Etna using extensive multivariate data, the model effectively estimates probability distributions of feasible volcanic states, enhancing decision-making capabilities for civil protection personnel.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Casteanea sativa Miller chestnut honey produced on Mount Etna (Sicily)
Chestnut honey from Mount Etna, Sicily, exhibits significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, rivaling those of Manuka honey. The study compared two samples of Castanea sativa Miller monofloral honey for their antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxidant activity was assessed using ORAC, NO scavenger assays, FRAP, and DPPH methods. Results showed that Etna chestnut honey outperformed chestnut honeys from other regions in both antioxidant and antimicrobial tests, suggesting its potential as a functional food or natural preservative. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to characterize major components, providing insights into the biochemical basis of these properties.
Status of the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos in Sicily
The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in Sicily predominantly occupies the northern ridge of the island, from the Trapani mountains to the Peloritani range, with a notable absence in the southeastern region. Habitat preference modeling revealed that mean altitude, slope, and the extent of open habitats—such as arable land and grasslands—are critical predictors for the species' occurrence. This study synthesizes historical records, breeding phenology data, and conservation project findings to map the eagle's distribution and habitat preferences across Sicily, providing insights into its ecological requirements and potential threats.
A new approach in the monitoring of the phytosanitary conditions of forests: the case of oak and beech stands in the Sicilian Regional Parks
A new monitoring approach revealed severe decline symptoms in oak stands (85% symptomatic) and mixed conditions in beech stands across three Sicilian Regional Parks, with Nebrodi Park showing significant decline. Fungal pathogens were identified on both species, including Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Armillaria sp. for oaks, and Biscogniauxia nummularia and Neonectria radicicola for beeches. The study used a synthetic phytosanitary index (PC) to assess tree health in 81 sampling areas, with 22 designated as permanent for long-term monitoring.
Influences of aspect and tillage on two winegrape cultivars on Mount Etna
Research on Mount Etna reveals that the autochthonous grape cultivars Nerello mascalese and Carricante exhibit significant differences in yield and quality under varying tillage practices, with aspect playing a crucial role. Nerello mascalese demonstrated higher yields due to its adaptability, while minimal tillage led to excessive yield reduction in Carricante. The study found that yield per vine varied significantly across cultivars, seasons, and tillage treatments, with total soluble solids increasing in Nerello mascalese under reduced tillage conditions. Linear discriminant analysis highlighted the strongest discrimination for cultivar type, with tillage showing the least impact. This research provides insights into optimizing viticultural practices on volcanic slopes to enhance grape quality and yield.
Micromechanics of brittle faulting and cataclastic flow in Mount Etna basalt
Water significantly weakens basalt under stress, with saturation reducing strength by up to 50% compared to dry samples. This finding emerges from 65 uniaxial and triaxial compression experiments on Mount Etna basalt, covering porosities of 5–16% and effective pressures up to 200 MPa. The study reveals that brittle faulting in low-porosity (5%) samples is governed by wing crack propagation under triaxial stress and pore-driven cracking in uniaxial conditions, particularly in more porous rocks. Additionally, shear-enhanced compaction occurs at lower pressures (≥80 MPa) in 8% porosity samples, driven by cataclastic pore collapse—a process consistent with a dual-porosity model. These insights are critical for understanding volcanic system dynamics and have implications for geothermal energy and reservoir management.
Synergistic use of Lagrangian dispersion and radiative transfer modelling with satellite and surface remote sensing measurements for the investigation of volcanic plumes: the Mount Etna eruption of 25–27 October 2013
A relatively weak volcanic eruption at Mount Etna on 25–27 October 2013 had significant regional effects on aerosol properties, with sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and ash reaching altitudes of 10–12 km and influencing aerosol size distribution over 350 km downwind. The study combined Lagrangian dispersion modeling (FLEXPART), satellite data from MODIS and SEVIRI, and surface remote sensing measurements at the ENEA Station on Lampedusa to track plume evolution and assess its impact. Secondary sulfate particles were found to dominate the plume composition and radiative forcing, contributing substantially more than ash. Radiative forcing efficiencies ranged from −39 to −48 W m⁻² AOD⁻¹ at the top of the atmosphere and −66 to −49 W m⁻² AOD⁻¹ at the surface, highlighting the role of sulfate in volcanic plume radiative effects.
Temporal variations of helium isotopes in volcanic gases quantify pre-eruptive refill and pressurization in magma reservoirs: The Mount Etna case
A pioneering approach using helium isotope ratios (3He/4He) in volcanic gases has revealed strong correlations with pre-eruptive magma refill and pressurization at Mount Etna, Italy. This method provides a unique tracer for monitoring volcanic activity, enabling near real-time estimation of key parameters such as magma input rate and volume changes in deep chambers preceding eruptions. The study demonstrates that increases in 3He/4He ratios precede main eruptive episodes, reflecting deep magma influx and pressurization beneath the volcano. By integrating these findings with geodetic data, researchers have developed a model that offers unprecedented quantitative insights into the physics of magmatic systems. This approach holds significant potential for global application, particularly in volcanoes exhibiting similar unrest episodes.
The borehole dilatometer network of Mount Etna: A powerful tool to detect and infer volcano dynamics
A network of four borehole dilatometers on Mount Etna provides unprecedented precision in measuring volcanic strain, enabling the detection and analysis of magma dynamics during eruptions. Installed between 2010–2011 and 2014 at depths exceeding 100 meters, these instruments record volumetric strain with a nominal precision up to 10−11 across a wide frequency range (10−7–25 Hz). The study demonstrates their capability to capture short-term strain changes during lava fountains (2011–2013 and December 28, 2014), while analytical and numerical models constrain eruption source depth and magma volume. This tool offers potential for long-term monitoring of volcanic activity phases, bridging gaps in understanding Etna's dynamic behavior.
The epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Mount Etna region: a possible pathogenic role of volcanogenic metals
A higher incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was observed on the eastern flank of Mount Etna, Europe's largest active volcano, compared to its western flank. The study, conducted between 2005 and 2010 in the province of Catania, found a mean annual crude incidence rate of ALS at 2.0 per 100,000 person-years, with a significantly higher rate (2.4) on the eastern flank—more exposed to volcanogenic trace elements (TEs)—versus the western flank (0.9). This suggests a possible link between volcanic emissions and ALS pathogenesis, warranting further investigation into TEs and genetic factors. The study used retrospective data from neurological centers, applying El Escorial diagnostic criteria, and estimated incidence rates for the entire province and its sub-regions.
The unusual 28 December 2014 dike‐fed paroxysm at Mount Etna: Timing and mechanism from a multidisciplinary perspective
A multidisciplinary analysis of Mount Etna's 2014 volcanic activity revealed that the unusual December 28 paroxysm, characterized by dike-fed lava fountains and flows, was triggered by structural modifications in the shallow magmatic plumbing system. The study, combining seismic, geodetic, geochemical, and volcanological data, showed that this event followed a period of pressurization beneath the summit craters starting in August 2014. The research suggests that drainage of the main shallow conduit during earlier eruptive fissure activity (July–August 2014) altered the plumbing system, facilitating magma emplacement as a dike-like structure. This finding provides new insights into the complex dynamics governing volcanic eruptions at this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
On the radiative forcing of volcanic plumes: modelling the impact of Mount Etna in the Mediterranean
Small to moderate volcanic eruptions, such as those from Mount Etna, significantly impact regional and global radiative forcing and climate, potentially more than previously estimated. This study quantifies the radiative effects of upper tropospheric volcanic plumes using advanced modeling techniques. It reveals that the single scattering albedo (SSA) and asymmetry factor (g) of aerosols—key optical properties—strongly influence radiative forcing at the surface and top of the atmosphere, particularly for sulfate-dominated plumes. While the Ångströem coefficient (alpha) has a lesser but noticeable effect, plume altitude and thickness show negligible impact on radiative effects. Additionally, coexisting marine or dust aerosols in the Mediterranean slightly modulate these effects, with changes up to 14% for surface forcing and 4% for the forcing ratio. These findings highlight the complex interplay between volcanic aerosols and climate, emphasizing the need for refined models to accurately assess their global impact.
Pressurization and depressurization phases inside the plumbing system of Mount Etna volcano: Evidence from a multiparametric approach
A sudden explosion at Mount Etna's Bocca Nuova crater on September 5, 2013, triggered an instantaneous depressurization of the volcano's plumbing system, halting a gradual pressurization phase observed between April and September. This shift was detected through multiparametric monitoring, including long-period (LP) events, volcanic tremor, geodetic inflation-deflation data, and CO2 flux measurements. The explosion also activated a new infrasonic source at Bocca Nuova, while the New Southeast Crater resumed activity, leading to a second lava fountain cycle. Pressure source depths were estimated at 3–9 km below sea level using geodetic and CO2 data, providing insights into the volcano's dynamic subsurface processes.
Quantification of the depletion of ozone in the plume of Mount Etna
Mount Etna's volcanic plume significantly depletes ozone, with average reductions of 15–45% observed during ground-based measurements. The study found that reactive halogen species, particularly bromine, drive rapid ozone destruction within the early stages of the plume (1–4 minutes post-emission). A numerical model confirmed this chemistry, revealing a strong dependence on volcanic NOx emissions and suggesting near-vent ozone levels can serve as an indicator of NOx activity. The research highlights the role of high-temperature 'effective source regions' in generating reactive halogens, contributing to our understanding of volcanic atmospheric impacts.
Very shallow dyke intrusion and potential slope failure imaged by ground deformation: The 28 December 2014 eruption on Mount Etna
A rare instance of very shallow dyke intrusion beneath Mount Etna's New Southeast Crater, accompanied by potential slope failure, was captured during the 28 December 2014 eruption. Ground deformation patterns, including local displacements and synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) data, revealed a complex interaction between magmatic intrusion and gravitational instability on the volcano's upper eastern side. While GPS and DInSAR analyses identified a NE-SW oriented intrusion beneath the crater, the observed deformation could not be fully explained by this model alone, suggesting an additional slope failure component. This study highlights the dynamic interplay between magmatic processes and structural instability in volcanic systems.
A New Take on the Field Trip: A Low-Tech, Inquiry-Based Virtual Field Experience
A novel, low-tech virtual field experience (VFE) model enables inquiry-based geoscience education without relying on internet access or specialized software. This approach, developed by a former geologist-turned-educator, uses hyperlinked PowerPoint slides saved as PDFs to simulate field trips, addressing logistical challenges like budget constraints and technical limitations in schools. The VFE is designed with clear learning goals, curated photo resources (either pre-existing or collected), and structured navigation to guide students through geologic sites—such as Mount Etna, Italy—focusing on hazards, mythology connections, or risk assessment. By emphasizing advance planning (1.5–2.5 hours) and aligning content with curriculum standards, the VFE fosters critical observation skills and argumentation while remaining adaptable to diverse educational contexts.
Evolutionary dynamics of birch (Betula aetnensis Rafin) coppices on the Mount Etna (Sicily)
Research on Mount Etna reveals three distinct evolutionary dynamics for birch (Betula aetnensis Rafin) coppices following the cessation of silvicultural activities. Stable birch stands persist in high mountain areas, potentially representing an edapho-climax forest. In intermediate zones, birch populations show progressive depletion, replaced by monospecific or mixed stands of Calabrian pine, beech, and oaks. Pure birch stands tend to regress under stress, transitioning to xerophilous grasslands. The study highlights that reintroduction of adapted coppice selection systems could sustain traditional forest landscapes while minimizing environmental impact. Investigations focused on forest structure, natural regeneration, vegetation, and deadwood across different stand types.
Real‐time measurements of the concentration and isotope composition of atmospheric and volcanic CO 2 at Mount Etna (Italy)
Real-time measurements of CO₂ concentration and isotope composition at Mount Etna reveal distinct isotopic signatures in volcanic emissions, with fumarole gases showing δ¹³C values ranging from -3.24‰ to -3.71‰—comparable to traditional mass spectrometry results. Plume gases sampled over 1 km from craters exhibit δ¹³C ≈ -2.2‰, consistent with crater fumarole analyses. Anthropogenic CO₂ inputs in urban areas along the study route further influenced isotopic values. The study leverages laser-based spectroscopy for high-frequency (360 measurements/hour) monitoring, demonstrating its potential for advancing volcanic and environmental surveillance. These findings highlight the technique's utility in real-time gas analysis, offering new perspectives for volcanic monitoring.
The urban edge of the historical center of Randazzo (CT): a multiscale approach for restoration and rehabilitation
A multiscale approach for the restoration and rehabilitation of Randazzo's historical center, located on Mount Etna's northern slopes, reveals significant potential to mitigate recent urban alterations while preserving medieval fortifications. The study highlights that strategic interventions can reduce detrimental elements in this critical area, characterized by basalt rock and medieval structures severely impacted by modern construction. By maximizing conservation efforts, the proposed rehabilitation project aims to prevent dereliction and enhance the area's cultural and natural heritage value. This approach offers a model for balancing historical preservation with urban development in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Volcanic conduit migration over a basement landslide at Mount Etna (Italy)
A large stratovolcano, Mount Etna (Italy), has been found to be growing on a pre-existing basement landslide, challenging conventional understanding of volcanic dynamics. Using aeromagnetic data, researchers constructed a 3D model revealing that the eastern flank of Etna, which slides toward the sea independently of volcanic activity, moves coherently with the underlying landslide. The study suggests that lava flows filling the landslide depression over time create a stiffness barrier, influencing long-term magma pathway migration from the coast to the summit. This discovery provides new insights into volcanic instability and conduit deflection mechanisms.
A retrospective study on acute health effects due to volcanic ash exposure during the eruption of Mount Etna (Sicily) in 2002
A significant increase in emergency department visits for acute respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as ocular disturbances, was observed during the 2002 eruption of Mount Etna. This retrospective study, analyzing data from public hospitals in the Province of Catania, found a clear association between volcanic ash exposure and adverse health effects among local residents. By comparing ED visits during the ash fall period in 2002 with the same timeframe in 2001, researchers documented notable spikes in respiratory and cardiovascular cases, highlighting the immediate health risks posed by volcanic ash. The findings underscore the critical need for public health preparedness to mitigate potential health impacts from future eruptions of this active European volcano.
Cultural Landscape: Stone Towers on Mount Etna
A comprehensive investigation of stone towers on Mount Etna reveals their significant architectural complexity and historico-cultural-landscape validity, dating from the late 1700s to early 1900s. These unique structures, built from stones removed during agricultural land regeneration, are part of a renewable heritage that supports biodiversity while holding cultural and historical importance. The study identified 19 clearly identifiable towers across four council zones using historical documents, tower censuses, and field data. It underscores the urgent need for state intervention to preserve these towers, which are currently in a state of extreme abandonment or gradual disappearance due to agricultural land conversion.
Insights into magma and fluid transfer at Mount Etna by a multiparametric approach: A model of the events leading to the 2011 eruptive cycle
A multiparametric analysis of Mount Etna's volcanic activity from 2009 to 2011 revealed a cyclical eruptive behavior characterized by 18 lava fountains from the New Southeast Crater (NSEC) in 2011. The study, which integrated volcanological, geophysical, and geochemical data, identified distinct phases of magma recharge and movement within the volcano's plumbing system. Key findings included accelerated displacement in the eastern flank since April 2009 and renewed summit activity in late 2010, leading to the 2011 eruptive cycle. Geochemical data and ground deformation GPS inversions constrained the depth and area of magma degassing, providing insights into intermediate and shallow storage zones feeding the NSEC activity.
Lava flow hazards at Mount Etna: constraints imposed by eruptive history and numerical simulations
A quantitative assessment of lava flow hazards at Mount Etna reveals that historical eruption patterns and numerical simulations can predict the most likely future paths of lava flows, enabling more effective land-use planning to mitigate damage in densely populated areas. This study combines extensive field data spanning over 2000 years with probability analyses to create hazard maps for both flank and summit eruptions, offering a scalable methodology applicable to other volcanic regions. By integrating these findings, authorities can minimize risks for nearly one million residents living near the volcano.
Modeling the effects of eruptive and seismic activities on flank instability at Mount Etna, Italy
A study modeling the effects of seismic and magmatic activities on flank instability at Mount Etna, Italy, reveals that high-magnitude near-field earthquakes (with a return time of approximately 103 years) and vertical magma dike ascent beneath the volcano summit can induce significant strain, potentially leading to displacements of tens of centimeters in the summit area and stress releases up to 107 Pascals. These findings suggest that such events may trigger major effusive flank eruptions but do not necessarily lead to catastrophic flank collapses. The research employed a 2-D finite difference method numerical modeling approach, incorporating data on seismic actions (including near-field and far-field earthquakes) and magmatic pressure changes from lava fountains and dike ascent. Model results were validated against monitoring data and recent eruptive activity, providing insights crucial for risk assessment in densely populated volcanic regions.
Multiple Sclerosis in the Mount Etna Region: Possible Role of Volcanogenic Trace Elements
A higher prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) was observed in populations living on the eastern flank of Mount Etna, where exposure to volcanogenic trace elements is greater due to prevailing wind patterns, compared to those on the western flank. The study found a prevalence rate of 137.6 per 100,000 in the eastern region versus 94.3 per 100,000 in the west (p-value 0.04), with a borderline significant increase in incidence risk over the study period (1980-2009). While the exact role of trace elements in MS pathogenesis remains unclear, these findings suggest they may act as a co-factor. The research compared MS rates in six communities, analyzing prevalence and incidence trends to assess potential associations with volcanic emissions.
Oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) of pine and cypress litter in selected habitats of Sicily (Italy)
A study of oribatid mites in pine and cypress litter across Sicily, including UNESCO World Heritage Site Mount Etna, reveals distinct community structures shaped by habitat. The highest diversity and abundance were found in cypress litter in Agrigento and on Etna's slopes, with small species like Suctobelbella subcornigera dominating near the crater. In contrast, pine litter in Agrigento showed the lowest diversity, while Giardini Naxos habitats featured Oppiella nova and Ramusella clavipectinata dominance. The research used Shannon, Pielou, and Hurlbert indices to quantify evenness, highlighting low species evenness except near Etna's crater. Juvenile mites were also notable in certain taxa. This work contributes to understanding microarthropod ecology in Mediterranean ecosystems.
Periodic volcanic degassing behavior: The Mount Etna example
Researchers have uncovered rapid, periodic fluctuations in volcanic gas emissions from Mount Etna, representing the first observation of such behavior at high temporal resolution. Using a novel UV imaging technique sampling at 0.5 Hz, the study identified two distinct period bands—40–250 seconds and 500–1200 seconds—suggesting that these modulations may arise from periodic bursting of gas bubble trains at the magma-air interface. A correlation between gas flux fluctuations in the longer-period band and seismic activity further supports this hypothesis, offering new insights into the dynamics of volcanic degassing.
Probabilistic modeling of future volcanic eruptions at Mount Etna
A probabilistic model of future volcanic eruptions at Mount Etna reveals that flank eruptions follow a nonhomogeneous Poisson process, with space-time varying intensities. The study, based on comprehensive historical data from 1610 to the present, demonstrates spatial nonhomogeneity and temporal nonstationarity in eruption patterns. It calculates recurrence rates to produce spatiotemporal probability maps predicting vent opening over the next 1, 10, and 50 years, providing critical insights for volcanic hazard assessment. Additionally, summit crater activity shows a significant increase in eruptive frequency since the mid-20th century, particularly after the formation of the Southeast Crater in 1971.
Sustainability and Support for the Ecotourism within Etna Park Area
A sustainable ecotourism project within the Natural Etna Park is more likely to succeed when local residents are actively involved in its design and community leaders promote environmental education programs. The study, conducted through a 23-item Likert-type attitudinal scale and factor analysis, reveals that without local support, policymakers are less inclined to back such initiatives. This research provides a validated tool to gauge residents' perceptions of ecotourism development, highlighting the critical role of community engagement in fostering sustainability within protected areas.
The coupling between very long period seismic events, volcanic tremor, and degassing rates at Mount Etna volcano
A significant positive correlation between volcanic tremor amplitude and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas flux at Mount Etna suggests that tremor can serve as a proxy for background degassing activity. The study, conducted from December 2005 to January 2006, also found that very long period (VLP) seismic events, which numbered over 10,000 during this period, were associated with volumetric changes in the volcano's conduit system. While VLP-related gas emissions contributed less than 5% of the total SO2 flux, a linear correlation between VLP activity and degassing was observed, particularly after a slight change in the depth of the VLP source. This indicates that conduit geometry plays a crucial role in the coupling process, marking the first quantitative relationship between instrumentally measured gas emissions and inferred gas mass from VLP source inversion at Mount Etna.
The Geological Triggers of Climate Change
Climate change significantly influences geological hazards, including volcanic activity and landslides. The study highlights that increased ice melt can destabilize glacier-clad volcanoes like Mount Etna by weakening their mechanical strength through water infiltration, potentially leading to edifice collapses. It also suggests that while shrinking glaciers may reduce volcanic eruptions due to crustal unloading, they can trigger fault slip and postglacial seismicity in formerly glaciated regions. Additionally, climate-driven changes in sea level and meteorological conditions can affect landslide potential and seismic activity, with implications for large earthquakes and tsunamis. The research combines geological, geophysical, and numerical modeling approaches to explore these complex interactions.
Sulfur isotopic compositions of fumarolic and plume gases at Mount Etna (Italy) and inferences on their magmatic source
New research reveals that sulfur isotopic compositions (δ34S) of magmatic gases at Mount Etna are systematically lower than those dissolved in melt, suggesting a distinct magmatic source with δ34S constrained to 1.0 ± 1.5‰. The study analyzed fumarolic and plume gases collected between 2008–2009, comparing them with sulfur in primitive melt inclusions from 2002 lava and whole rocks erupted over the past two millennia. Modeling isotopic fractionation during magma degassing indicated that the magmatic system is significantly more oxidizing (ΔNNO ≥ 1) than previously thought, explaining why SO2 dominates in Etna's plume. This finding challenges prior assumptions about sulfur species in oxidized basaltic melts and provides insights into volcanic processes shaping this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Volcanic deformation and flank instability due to magmatic sources and frictional rheology: the case of Mount Etna
Mount Etna's southeast flank exhibits significant horizontal deformation, but new research suggests these movements are not solely due to magma accumulation beneath the volcano. Using advanced finite element models, scientists analyzed surface displacements caused by magmatic sources and frictional rheology, finding that while such models can explain deformation up to 10 km from the source, they cannot account for the extensive horizontal shifts observed along Etna's east coast. This challenges the conventional understanding of volcanic flank instability, indicating that gravitational loads and complex internal structures play a crucial role in shaping the volcano's behavior.
Analogue modeling of flank instability at Mount Etna: Understanding the driving factors
Magmatic activity—such as reservoir pressurization and dike intrusion—is the dominant driver of flank instability at Mount Etna, amplifying seaward deformation by up to 10 times compared to other volcanic flanks. This finding emerges from analogue modeling using granular materials to simulate the volcano's structure and silicone/vegetable oil injections to mimic magmatic processes. The study also reveals that regional extensional tectonics and crustal layering contribute significantly less, with effects less than one-tenth as strong. Differential buttressing at the volcano's base, particularly on the seaside, further exacerbates instability. These insights highlight the asymmetric nature of volcanic activity, offering critical implications for predicting flank eruptions and deformation in similar volcanic systems.
Body wave attenuation heralds incoming eruptions at Mount Etna
A groundbreaking study reveals that increased seismic attenuation of body waves precedes eruptions at Mount Etna, offering a potential early warning sign for volcanic activity. Researchers analyzed high-quality seismological data from the active volcano in Italy and found that magma emplacement within the crust significantly alters seismic wave propagation, detectable before visible eruption signs. This discovery provides new insights into the predictability of magma ascent, leveraging transient changes in physical properties beneath active volcanoes. The study highlights Mount Etna's unique role as a natural laboratory for understanding volcanic processes due to its continuous magmatic activity and robust data collection infrastructure.
Clustering and classification of infrasonic events at Mount Etna using pattern recognition techniques
A novel pattern recognition system using infrasonic waveform features successfully clustered and classified explosive volcanic events at Mount Etna, enabling automatic vent identification without traditional location algorithms. The study extracted key features—peak frequency, quality factor, and peak-to-peak amplitude—to create a 3D 'feature space' where three distinct clusters were identified using the DBSCAN algorithm. These clusters correlated with specific source vents or volcanic activity types, validated by semblance location methods and volcanological data. A Support Vector Machine model trained on these clusters achieved accurate event classification, demonstrating potential for real-time monitoring advancements in volcanic hazard assessment.
DOWNFLOW code and LIDAR technology for lava flow analysis and hazard assessment at Mount Etna
A novel combination of probabilistic lava-flow simulation (DOWNFLOW) and high-resolution LIDAR technology reveals the dynamic behavior of compound lava flow fields at Mount Etna. The study found that such flows consist of narrow, disjointed units (5-15 m wide) with widely varying advance velocities (3-90 m/h), fed by uneven lava pulses within channels. This complexity challenges deterministic models due to the difficulty in measuring key parameters like discharge rate or viscosity. DOWNFLOW overcomes this by statistically accounting for perturbations and pre-eruption topography, enabling the creation of a lava-flow hazard map based on vent probability and expected flow length. The research also addresses recent morphological changes at Mount Etna, providing critical insights for volcanic hazard assessment.
Estimating the Magnitude of Historical Earthquakes from Macroseismic Intensity Data: New Relationships for the Volcanic Region of Mount Etna (Italy)
Scientists have developed new relationships to estimate the magnitude of historical earthquakes using macroseismic intensity data, specifically for the volcanic region of Mount Etna, Italy. This breakthrough enhances our understanding of past seismic activity in one of Europe's most active volcanic areas. The study leverages a rich dataset of historical records dating back to the late 1600s, comparable in scope to that of Vesuvius. Researchers analyzed macroseismic data from 1832 to 1998, refining existing methodologies to improve accuracy and reliability. These findings provide valuable insights for seismic hazard assessment and risk management in volcanic regions.
Geological evolution of a complex basaltic stratovolcano: Mount Etna, Italy
Mount Etna's geological evolution is characterized by four distinct phases of eruptive activity, spanning from 500 ka to the present. The study, based on a new stratigraphic model and 40Ar/39Ar age determinations, reveals that the volcano transitioned from scattered fissure-type eruptions in a foredeep basin (Basal Tholeiitic Supersynthem) to the formation of a lava shield (Timpe Supersynthem), followed by central-type activity (Valle del Bove Supersynthem). The most intense phase, around 57 ka, saw the development of a stratocone that filled paleovalleys. The final phase, beginning 15 ka ago, marked the formation of Mongibello volcano, characterized by recurrent flank eruptions in three weakness zones. These findings provide critical constraints for understanding Etna's origin and the geodynamic processes shaping eastern Sicily.
Hydrogen in the gas plume of an open-vent volcano, Mount Etna, Italy
A groundbreaking study reveals that Mount Etna, Italy's iconic volcano, emits hydrogen (H₂) at concentrations of 1–3 parts per million (ppm) above ambient levels. Using an upgraded MultiGAS system equipped with a specialized electrochemical sensor, researchers measured H₂-SO₂ and H₂-H₂O plume ratios during field surveys on the summit. These findings suggest that Etna's passive gas emissions likely reflect equilibrium conditions in the magma system at temperatures between 750°C and 950°C, near the nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) mineral buffer redox state. The study also estimates a time-averaged H₂ flux of approximately 0.65 gigagrams per year, indicating that volcanogenic hydrogen contributes marginally to the global atmospheric budget. Additionally, the positive correlation between H₂-SO₂, H₂-H₂O, and CO₂-SO₂ ratios implies that H₂ is partially supplied by deeply rising CO₂-rich gas bubbles moving through a CO₂-depleted shallow conduit magma.
Magma, faults, and gravitational loading at Mount Etna: The 2002–2003 eruptive period
A numerical model reveals that gravitational loading of Mount Etna's volcanic edifice opposes magmatic intrusions, contributing to up to 10% of the overall deformation pattern during the 2002–2003 eruption. The study also identifies the Pernicana fault as having a very low apparent coefficient of friction (<0.1), influencing the volcano's kinematics. Additionally, medium heterogeneities were found to favor eastern flank movements and summit spreading, playing a crucial role in magma ascent. The model, which accounts for topography, crustal discontinuities, and material properties, aligns with GPS and seismological data but highlights discrepancies suggesting regional-tectonic influences, such as the Acireale–S. Alfio fault system.
Retrospective validation of a lava-flow hazard map for Mount Etna volcano
A retrospective validation method for long-term lava-flow hazard maps at Mount Etna, Europe's most active volcano, demonstrates that such maps can accurately predict areas at risk of destructive volcanic processes. The study divided the volcano into ten probability classes based on simulated lava-flow paths and found strong agreement between predicted and actual lava-flow coverage post-1981 using two fitting scores. The approach involved identifying high-probability vent regions, characterizing eruption types for numerical simulations with the MAGFLOW model, and computing eruptive probabilities to construct the hazard map.
Source mechanism of long-period events recorded by a high-density seismic network during the 2008 eruption on Mount Etna
During Mount Etna's 2008 eruption, long-period (LP) seismic events were linked to two distinct crack mechanisms striking SW-NE, dipping at 70°SE and 50°NW respectively. These cracks, aligned with local tectonics, suggest a response to the May 10 lava fountain rather than the subsequent flank lava flow. The study used unconstrained moment tensor inversions for reliable source mechanism solutions, followed by constrained inversions to determine crack orientations accurately. High-density seismic station proximity was crucial for minimizing velocity model uncertainties and ensuring robust results.
Structural analysis of the eruptive fissures at Mount Etna (Italy)
Mount Etna's eruptive fissures, analyzed from 1900 to the present, reveal distinct patterns linked to the volcano's unstable eastern and southern flank. Flank eruptions, concentrated on the NE and S rifts, exhibit shorter durations but longer fissure systems compared to summit eruptions, which last longer with generally lower effusion rates (except during paroxysmal events). The study highlights a close relationship between eruption distribution and the dynamics of Etna's unstable flank sector, influenced by magma accumulation and gravitational forces. This process facilitates lateral magma transfer from the central conduit to the flanks, extending detachment zones and shaping eruptive behavior over the last ~2 ka.
Structural assessment of Mount Etna volcano from Permanent Scatterers analysis
A comprehensive kinematic model of Mount Etna's deformation reveals significant gravitational reorganization of its unstable flanks, particularly on the southern side. This study utilized the Permanent Scatterers (PS) technique from 1995 to 2000, combining interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data with GPS measurements to achieve millimeter-precision ground velocity mapping. The analysis identified a wide inflation of the western and northern flanks over 350 km², alongside a seaward motion on the eastern and southern sides. Notably, it detected previously unrecognized features and extended the known extent of others, attributing the observed velocity field to both gravitational forces and strong subsidence of the adjacent continental margin. This research advances understanding of Etna's structural dynamics, offering critical insights for hazard assessment in densely populated areas.
The case of the 1981 eruption of Mount Etna: An example of very fast moving lava flows
The 1981 eruption of Mount Etna exhibited an unusually high lava discharge rate of 640 m³/s, significantly faster than typical flank eruptions. This exceptional flow threatened the town of Randazzo and was reconstructed using historical photogrammetric data to analyze its temporal evolution, cumulative volume, and discharge trends. The study suggests that the high discharge rate resulted from a dike intercepting a shallow magma reservoir, leading to its rapid emptying. Comparing Etna's behavior with other high-discharge volcanoes provides insights into eruptive mechanisms, offering potential strategies for mitigating future risks in populated areas.
The initial phases of the 2008–2009 Mount Etna eruption: A multidisciplinary approach for hazard assessment
A multidisciplinary monitoring approach during the initial phases of Mount Etna's 2008–2009 eruption revealed critical insights into volcanic hazard assessment. The study, led by researchers from the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), demonstrated that integrating seismic, ground deformation, and magnetic data—alongside infrared satellite imagery—could accurately predict eruptive mechanisms and assess risks to populated areas. Key findings included the detection of a northward-propagating dike intrusion, characterized by a violent seismic swarm and significant ground deformation, which posed potential threats to downslope communities. The research highlighted the importance of real-time data feedback between monitoring and modeling in supporting civil defense efforts and improving risk evaluation during volcanic crises.
Climate forcing of volcano lateral collapse: evidence from Mount Etna, Sicily
A catastrophic lateral collapse of Mount Etna, Sicily, occurred around 7.5 thousand years ago (ka BP), reshaping its eastern flank and forming the Valle del Bove—a 5 x 8 km cliff-bounded amphitheatre. Cosmogenic (3)He exposure dating of eroded surfaces in an abandoned watershed adjacent to the amphitheatre provides definitive evidence for this prehistoric collapse, linked to early Holocene climatic conditions. The study suggests that increased precipitation during this period saturated the volcanic edifice, leading to excess pore pressures and reduced sliding resistance, which, combined with magma emplacement in rift zones, triggered the collapse. This mechanism highlights a potential driver for future lateral collapses in volcanic landscapes facing climate change-induced increases in precipitation or ice melt.
Detachment depth revealed by rollover deformation: An integrated approach at Mount Etna
Researchers have determined that the unstable NE flank of Mount Etna is underlain by an east-dipping rotational detachment fault at approximately 4 km below the surface, a finding supported by both short-term InSAR observations and long-term geological data. This study provides a novel, multidisciplinary approach to constrain the depth and geometry of detachment faults in volcanic flanks, which are critical for understanding flank instability—a common yet poorly constrained phenomenon. By analyzing trapdoor subsidence patterns from 1995–2008, the team linked deformation to rotational movement along this detachment, forming a rollover anticline against the NE Rift. The depth estimate aligns with seismic activity clusters, reinforcing the model's validity. This integrated method, combining InSAR and structural data, offers a scalable framework for studying other volcanoes experiencing instability or unrest.
Geological map of Mount Etna West Rift (Italy)
A comprehensive geological map of Mount Etna's West Rift, Italy, reveals the volcano's complex eruptive history and structural framework. The study identifies 40+ eruptive fissures active over the past 15,000 years, with some forming within the last 2,000 years, which have shaped the region's monogenetic cones and lava flow fields. By integrating high-resolution orthoimages and DEM analysis with detailed field surveys at a 1:10,000 scale, researchers mapped lithostratigraphic units and synthems, providing unprecedented clarity on the West Rift's evolution. This work enhances understanding of Mount Etna's eruptive dynamics, contributing to broader assessments of its structural framework.
Mount Etna–Iblean volcanism caused by rollback-induced upper mantle upwelling around the Ionian slab edge: An alternative to the plume model
A novel model explains the origin of Mount Etna and Iblean Plateau volcanism, challenging the traditional plume hypothesis. The study proposes that these volcanic activities are driven by rollback-induced upper mantle upwelling around the southern edge of the Ionian slab, rather than a deep mantle plume or lateral flow. Using three-dimensional fluid dynamic subduction models, researchers demonstrate that the rollback of the Ionian slab triggers a quasi-toroidal return flow in the mantle, with significant upwelling occurring at depths of 90-430 km and extending 55-660 km from the slab edge. This upwelling can account for the spatial separation between intraplate volcanism in Sicily and arc magmatism, as well as their contemporaneous activity over the past ~7 million years. The model predicts maximum upwelling velocities of 3.2-6.1 cm/yr below Sicily, depending on rollback rates.
New insights into banded tremor from the 2008–2009 Mount Etna eruption
Banded tremor at Mount Etna exhibits chaotic behavior, marked by sensitive dependence on initial conditions and long-term unpredictability. This study reveals that banded tremor, occurring in 25–30-minute episodes separated by similar intervals during the 2008–2009 eruption, differs from ordinary volcanic tremor in spectral content, wavefields, and source location. Nonlinear analyses suggest a model where alternating recharge-discharge phases, triggered by heat and fluid transfer from magma bodies, cause perturbations in shallow aquifers—such as fluid movement or bubble dynamics—leading to seismic radiation and acoustic signals when discharge couples with the atmosphere. Infrasound recordings further support this intermittent process, highlighting the complexity of tremor generation.
Patterns in the recent 2007–2008 activity of Mount Etna volcano investigated by integrated geophysical and geochemical observations
A study on Mount Etna's 2007–2008 activity reveals distinct patterns linking seismic, deformation, and geochemical observations to eruptive episodes at the Southeast Crater (SEC). Each eruption was preceded by a cyclic increase and decrease in CO₂/SO₂ ratios in the volcanic gas plume and summit inflation, indicating persistent supply of CO₂-rich gas bubbles and primitive magmas to a shallow magma storage zone. Overpressuring in this zone triggers magma ascent, captured as increased tremor amplitude, upward and eastward migration of seismic tremor sources, and rapid summit contraction. Declining CO₂/SO₂ ratios also anticipated resumed SEC activity, suggesting magma degassing diversion toward the crater. The research integrates seismic (volcanic tremor, long-period seismicity), deformation (GPS), and geochemical measurements to interpret Etna's dynamics, offering insights for volcanic risk assessment.
Predicting the impact of lava flows at Mount Etna, Italy
A new methodology for predicting the impact of lava flows at Mount Etna, Italy, has been developed, offering high-resolution susceptibility maps that can adapt to real-time scenarios. This approach combines a computational model simulating lava flows with a validation procedure to assess accuracy in the study area. The research provides critical tools for civil defense planning and land use management, enabling authorities to quantify potential damage from eruptions and evaluate protective measures efficiently. By extracting specific scenarios from simulation databases, this method supports both long-term strategic planning and immediate response during imminent eruptions.
Response of Mount Etna to dynamic stresses from distant earthquakes
Distant earthquakes can significantly alter volcanic activity through dynamic stress transfer, as demonstrated by Mount Etna's response to seismic events. Research shows that the 2006 Greece earthquake (M=6.8) triggered changes in tremor patterns and a swarm of volcano-tectonic earthquakes, likely due to permeability variations and magmatic fluid activation. Similarly, the 2008 Sichuan earthquake (M=7.9) modified seismo-volcanic signals and provoked an eruption by inducing bubble nucleation in volatile-rich magma, increasing pressure and long-period events. The study analyzed seismic signals during these periods, revealing that dynamic stresses can modify a volcano's state, with implications for volcanic hazard assessment.
Tutela dei monumenti antichi e trasformazioni urbane a Catania
Catania's urban landscape, shaped by the 1693 earthquake and Mount Etna's 1669 eruption, presents a complex interplay between ancient architecture and modern reconstruction efforts. Despite significant public interventions aimed at preserving Greek-Roman structures, these efforts were often fragmented and lacked systematic planning, leading to challenges in creating an accessible urban archaeological park. While some 17th-century buildings were demolished to free ancient structures, many remain difficult to access, highlighting the ongoing struggle between historical preservation and urban development.
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