Publications
A Perfect Fit for the Indigenous “Slot”? Batwa Identity Politics Meets Global Advocacy Agendas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park
Indigenous rights activism, while aiming to support marginalized communities, can inadvertently obscure local complexities. In Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, the Batwa people are often portrayed as the ultimate guardians of their ancestral forests, resisting 'fortress conservation.' However, this global advocacy narrative overlooks internal frictions within Batwa groups and tensions with other social groups and the environment. The study reveals that strategic adoption of an Indigenous identity by some Batwa chiefs clashes with messy local realities, highlighting unintended consequences when global agendas meet localized contexts.
Anthropogenic disturbance regimes reduce biomass and alter floristic composition in montane forests of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Anthropogenic disturbances, despite Kahuzi-Biega National Park's protected status, significantly reduce aboveground biomass by 51% and alter floristic composition in its montane forests. These disturbances form non-random spatial regimes, often co-occurring as logging, charcoal production, and agriculture, leading to reductions in tree density (42%) and basal area (54%). The study, using a disturbance gradient across 63 plots, found that such cumulative pressures can durably reshape tropical montane forest ecosystems. Disturbances independently explained 10% of floristic variation, while the full model accounted for 31%, indicating both structural changes and direct ecological filtering effects.
Edible insects and their host plants: ethnobotanical insights from Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC
Research in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC, reveals that 12 species of edible insects are consumed by local communities, with Imbrasia obscura, Imbrasia epimethea, and Epidonta brunneomixta being the most cited. The study also identifies 29 host plants, including 10 with timber value, suggesting potential for regulated insect harvesting within the park or promoting their abundance in agroforestry systems outside. Focus-group discussions with village elders across 27 villages provided insights into species distribution and cultural practices, highlighting the importance of edible insects as a food and income source in Central Africa's mountain regions.
Land Rights for the Indigenous Pygmy Peoples and Preservation of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park in Eastern DR Congo: A Paradigm for Integral Conservation and the Survival of the Riparian Population
A shift towards participatory governance in managing the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) is crucial for balancing conservation efforts with the land rights of indigenous Pygmy peoples. Current exclusionary practices have led to social marginalization and a lack of community interest in conservation, despite legal provisions guaranteeing local use rights. The study, conducted through documentation, focus groups, and interviews, highlights that integrating customary and traditional rights into park management could foster sustainable coexistence. While co-management principles are theoretically promoted, practical implementation remains elusive without concrete agreements with indigenous communities. Ensuring dignified survival for riparian populations requires legal and customary pluralism, addressing inequitable access to social services and securing forest resource access.
Microclimate Buffering Across a 650 m Afro-Alpine Gradient: Thermoregulation at the Nest Level by Grauer’s Gorillas in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park
Grauer’s gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) in Kahuzi-Biega National Park create a consistent 2.0 °C thermal refuge within their night nests across a 650 m Afro-alpine gradient, mitigating the harsh nighttime temperatures that often drop below 5 °C at elevations above 2050 m. This study provides the first quantitative evidence that canopy density significantly reduces the elevation penalty for thermoregulation in African great apes, with thermal buffering decreasing by approximately 30% near the summit due to greater canopy openness and higher altitudes. Researchers analyzed 66 night nests using calibrated mercury thermometers and sky-facing photographs, revealing a mean temperature difference of 2.03 ± 0.37 °C between nest interiors and ambient air. The findings underscore the critical role of canopy retention in counteracting accelerated warming at high altitudes (+0.45 °C per decade), highlighting its importance for conservation strategies in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Between a rock and a hard place: Livelihood diversification through artisanal mining in the Eastern DR Congo
Rural households in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) that integrate artisanal mining with traditional farming report higher food security compared to non-mining households. However, increased reliance on mining leads to reduced agricultural land cultivation, highlighting a trade-off between livelihood diversification and environmental sustainability. This study used household surveys around Kahuzi-Biega National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, analyzed through hurdle regression modeling, to demonstrate that artisanal mining serves as both a complementary and substitutory livelihood strategy in the context of prolonged conflict, poor governance, and declining soil fertility.
Challenges and Threats Facing Gorilla beringei graueri in Kahuzi-Biega National Park and Conservation Strategies
Grauer’s gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri), a flagship species of biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo, faces severe threats from mining activities, poaching, deforestation, and climate change, which have accelerated its population decline. A systematic review identified these pressures as critical challenges, emphasizing the need for urgent conservation action. While ongoing strategies in Kahuzi-Biega National Park aim to mitigate these threats, the study underscores the necessity for global collaboration to protect this endangered species. The findings highlight the interconnected risks posed by human activities and environmental changes, calling for coordinated efforts among governments, NGOs, and local communities to safeguard Grauer’s gorillas and their habitats.
Impact of the Community-Based Conservation Approach on the Conflict Management around the Kahuzi-Biega National Park and the Itombwe Nature Reserve
Community-based conservation strategies significantly reduce conflicts around Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) and Itombwe Nature Reserve (INR) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, according to a recent study. The research identifies five key conflict types—land use disputes, resource extraction, poaching, agricultural expansion, and livestock grazing—and demonstrates that community involvement, fair compensation, and contractual agreements effectively mitigate these issues. Socio-economic surveys conducted across twelve bordering villages revealed local populations' perceptions of both the benefits and challenges posed by conservation efforts. The findings underscore the importance of collaborative approaches in balancing ecological protection with livelihood needs, offering actionable strategies for sustainable conflict resolution in protected areas.
Initiating a Dynamic Co-Constructed One Health Project: reflections from Participatory Action Research in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo
A collaborative One Health (OH) approach, implemented through Participatory Action Research (PAR), demonstrates significant potential for addressing interconnected environmental, animal, and human health challenges in the UNESCO-listed Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP), Democratic Republic of Congo. This study highlights how co-constructed solutions—developed through sustained community partnerships—can enhance resilience against emerging pandemics while ensuring contextual relevance. The research underscores the importance of integrating local knowledge and power dynamics to overcome humanitarian implementation challenges, offering a scalable model for similar biodiversity hotspots.
It’s still Hungry People and Mining – Deforestation in Kahuzi-Biega National Park - Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Deforestation in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and critical habitat for Grauer’s gorillas, has worsened significantly from 1.40% to 5.58% between 2013 and 2023, driven primarily by agricultural expansion and small-scale mining. The highland region, home to the endangered gorillas, faces acute pressure despite its less mineral-rich volcanic rocks, which are less attractive to miners. This study, using high-resolution satellite imagery and field observations, reveals that farming and mining have fragmented forest corridors, isolating the upper and lower park regions. It advocates for a strategic conservation approach, prioritizing the protection of the gorilla population in the highlands while acknowledging the inevitable trade-offs required to address immediate threats.
Local knowledge and natural resources management: case study of the Kahuzi Biega National Park in Democratic Republic of Congo
A significant disconnect exists between local communities and the management of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, with 70.2% of respondents feeling excluded from decision-making processes. Barriers to engagement include lack of information (46.4%), legal recognition issues (8.9%), and conflicts of interest (21.8%). Traditional ecological knowledge, such as seasonal hunting closures and sacred forest protection, is widely practiced but largely excluded from current management strategies. Ethnic variations in biodiversity-friendly practices were observed, with the Shi group demonstrating higher adherence to these measures compared to others like the Lega, Havu, and Tembo. The study, involving 550 respondents from 11 villages through mixed-methods approaches including questionnaires and interviews, highlights the need for inclusive governance frameworks that integrate local knowledge and foster co-management to balance biodiversity conservation with community livelihoods and cultural values.
Socio-Economic Impact of the Creation of Protected Areas on the Well-Being of the Riparian Population of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park and the Itombwe Nature Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo
The creation of Kahuzi-Biega National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve has significantly impacted the socio-economic well-being of riparian populations, primarily through negative effects on traditional household activities such as agriculture, hunting, firewood exploitation, and non-timber forest product collection. Key challenges include declining soil fertility, reduced agricultural yields, resource scarcity, and increased human-wildlife conflicts. The study underscores the need for inclusive conservation strategies that engage local populations to mitigate these adverse impacts.
Spatial patterns and ecological drivers of tropical moist forest transitions in the Kahuzi Biega National Park landscape eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) has experienced significant tropical moist forest loss and degradation since 1990, driven by civil unrest and human activities. The study reveals that stable undisturbed tropical moist forest (UTMF) persists in homogeneous landscapes with large, contiguous patches, while degradation is concentrated at low altitudes near roads and deforestation occurs more frequently at higher altitudes close to burn scars. Secondary-forest regrowth is predominantly found in remote, inaccessible areas. Using 30-m resolution Landsat land-cover maps and field observations, researchers constructed a 33-year transition matrix to analyze ten common pathways of forest change, assessing spatial metrics such as patch density, edge length, and proximity to human disturbances. Logistic regression identified key ecological drivers, highlighting priority conservation hotspots where reinforcing measures could mitigate further loss.
Study of Kernel Oils Properties of Selected Plants from Kahuzi-Biega National Park and Surroundings, South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
Eleven plant species from Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, exhibit seed oil yields comparable to or exceeding those of major food crops like soybean and olive. Notably, Podocarpus usambarensis demonstrates a high unsaponifiable matter content, suggesting potential cosmetic applications, while five oils display melting points typical of edible oils. The study extracted oils using ethyl ether in a Soxhlet apparatus and analyzed physicochemical properties such as specific gravity (ranging from 0.8050 to 0.9854), melting point (-12 to 32°C), saponification values (182.5–260.9 mg KOH/g), acidity index (1.74–5.31 mg KOH/g), and unsaponifiable matter (0.54–2.25%). These findings highlight the park's biodiversity as a valuable resource for both nutritional and medicinal uses, reinforcing its ecological significance.
The Nesting of Grauer’s Gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) and the Management of Wildlife Tourism at High Altitude in Kahuzi-Biega National Park (DRC): The Case of the Sylverblack Chimanuka Family
Kahuzi-Biega National Park, home to approximately 170 Grauer’s gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri), harbors distinct nesting behaviors influenced by seasonal changes. A recent study reveals that the Chimanuka family, one of two habituated groups, constructs more terrestrial nests during the rainy season, primarily using grasses (59%), while shrub foliage dominates in the dry season (50%). Fresh nests, a key attraction for wildlife tourism, are built nightly and show seasonal variation in vegetation preference. Terrestrial nests often feature Mimulopsis solmsii in the rainy season and Chassalia subochreata in the dry season, whereas aerial nests, constructed at heights of 6–10 meters during rains (55%) and 4–6 meters in dry periods (55%), favor Dombeya torrida trees. The research employed reconnaissance walks, direct observation, and vertical measurements to map nesting patterns, highlighting seasonal habitat shifts and the regenerative aspects of fruit trees used for nesting.
Analyzing Drivers of Tropical Moist Forest Dynamics in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park Landscape, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo from 1990 to 2022
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) in the Democratic Republic of Congo has effectively mitigated tropical moist forest (TMF) loss, maintaining near-complete forest cover (~100%) in its inner zone from 1990 to 2022. However, edge and outer zones saw significant deforestation (~30% loss), driven primarily by fire, which accounted for 55%, 30%, and 23% of TMF dynamics in these areas, respectively. The study used multi-scale analysis, regression modeling, and bootstrapping to assess drivers, finding that grid size had no significant impact on forest dynamics (p-value = 0.67). These findings highlight the need for stronger protection measures around KBNP’s periphery, including buffer zones, to address peripheral degradation while sustaining its role as a critical carbon reservoir and biodiversity hotspot.
Characterisation of Human-Wildlife Conflicts around the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Human-wildlife conflicts around Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) in the Democratic Republic of Congo are marked by significant crop destruction, physical attacks on humans, and zoonotic disease transmission, primarily involving primates such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Despite conservation efforts, these conflicts persist due to limited community management strategies and local resentment over restricted access to natural resources. Surveys of 260 households revealed that wildlife encroachment into villages also leads to poaching near park boundaries. Sustainable conflict resolution requires integrating community-based conservation approaches to address these challenges effectively.
Conflicts Between Indigenous Pygmy Peoples, the Local Community and the Kahuzi-Biega National Park in Eastern of the DRC: Conflict Management Strategies towards Perspectives for Peaceful Cohabitation
A study on Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) reveals deep-rooted conflicts between the park, Indigenous Pygmy peoples, and local communities, primarily stemming from forced relocations and restricted access to protected areas. These tensions have escalated into violent clashes involving weapons, leading to significant human casualties and a return of Pygmies into the park. The research identifies the lack of preparation in relocation processes as a key factor exacerbating these conflicts. To address this, the study proposes conflict management strategies aimed at fostering peaceful coexistence between all parties involved. Data was collected through literature reviews, field surveys (including a one-month pre-survey and two-month survey), direct observations, group discussions, and semi-structured interviews, with analysis conducted using SPSS software.
Using fruiting Ape food trees (Myrianthus holstii) to count sympatric mammals at Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
A novel approach using fruiting Myrianthus holstii trees as bait for camera traps successfully documented 23 mammal species, including the endangered Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), in Kahuzi-Biega National Park. This cost-effective method revealed that ripe fruits attract a diverse range of mammals with no significant correlation to tree size, suggesting fruiting trees as reliable sampling points for biodiversity assessments. The study also highlighted distinct activity patterns, with 60% of species being diurnal and 30% nocturnal. These findings demonstrate the potential of this technique for large-scale mammal censuses in protected areas.
Utilization of non-timber forest products as alternative sources of food and income in the highland regions of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) around Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP), Democratic Republic of Congo, serve as a significant alternative income source and nutritious food for local communities. The study identified 55 NTFPs exploited primarily for self-consumption, contributing 23.3% to household incomes—second only to agriculture. Key species like Solanum nigrum, Termitomyces robustus, Amaranthus viridis, and Piper nigrum are rich in proteins, dietary fibers, zinc, and iron, though some require processing to mitigate anti-nutritional elements. While NTFPs create employment opportunities, challenges such as low market values (48.6%), short shelf life (22.5%), and excessive taxation hinder their potential. The research underscores the role of NTFPs in alleviating poverty and hidden hunger, advocating for their promotion to sustain livelihoods around protected areas.
Vulnerability of the Pteridoflora Towards Climate Change in the West Albertine Rift: Case of the Mountain’s Stages of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Climate change and anthropogenic activities significantly alter the floristic composition of Lycophytes and Ferns (Pteridoflora) in the mountainous regions of Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP), Democratic Republic of the Congo, threatening biodiversity. A decade-long study comparing undisturbed and disturbed habitats across 1250–3300 m altitude revealed that Pteridophytes exhibit high diversity and stability in stable environments but face fragility due to habitat loss and vegetation structure changes. The mountainous KBNP may serve as a climatic refuge for these species, given their adaptability and ecological significance. However, natural hazards and human impacts pose ongoing vulnerabilities, highlighting the need for conservation efforts to mitigate climate-induced biodiversity threats.
Agency and Structure in Militarized Conservation and Armed Mobilization: Evidence from Eastern DRC's Kahuzi‐Biega National Park
Militarized conservation in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), plays an ambivalent role in regional security and stability. While it provides a basic level of law and order at the forest's edge, it also contributes to violent outcomes for certain groups and creates a resource-rich terrain that serves as a staging ground for broader conflicts. The study finds that fortress conservation, though contributing to one major incident of violent resistance, is marginal in shaping the actions of armed insurgent groups. Instead, these groups are influenced by legacies of poverty, insecurity, geographical features, and illicit trading networks. This perspective emerges when placing the park within the broader political economy and history of the DRC, severely constraining the agency of conservation organizations.
Customary Rights and the New Conservation Paradigm in the Context of the Conflict in Kahuzi Biega National Park in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (PNKB) faces significant challenges in balancing conservation with the customary rights of indigenous Batwa communities, particularly amid ongoing conflict. Research reveals that 54.5% of the Batwa's former camps and cultural spaces within the park show traces of occupation, indicating their continued connection to ancestral lands despite displacement. The study highlights the need for a comprehensive development plan that integrates cultural, environmental, and educational strategies to reconcile conservation goals with indigenous rights. This approach is essential in addressing the complex socio-ecological dynamics at play, ensuring sustainable coexistence between conservation efforts and the livelihoods of local communities.
Deforestation and its potential disruption of the weather patterns of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Insights from the Kahuzi-Biega National Park landscape
Deforestation around the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, has been linked to increased temperatures and altered rainfall patterns, though the latter effect is not statistically significant. The study highlights a positive correlation between deforestation and CO2 emissions, emphasizing that these changes are likely to disrupt local agricultural practices and threaten the region's unique biodiversity. By analyzing the landscape of KBNP, researchers underscored the critical role of forests in climate regulation, advocating for conservation strategies that go beyond carbon sequestration to address biodiversity loss and food security.
Fpic as Peacebuilding Tool?
A new analysis suggests that the United Nations' principle of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) could serve as a potent tool for resolving land conflicts involving Indigenous peoples, but its effectiveness depends heavily on political context. Using the Batwa people's struggles in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo as a case study, researchers contrast two conflicts: one over territories lost to the establishment of Kahuzi-Biega National Park and another decade-long dispute with the Luba people. The study highlights the potential of FPIC, particularly through proposed legislative recognition like the 'Organic bill,' but also warns of its limitations and risks in certain political environments. This work underscores the need for cautious application of Indigenous rights frameworks to land conflict resolution.
Activity rhythm of Grauer's Gorilla: Gorilla beringei graueri (Primate, Hominidae) in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, (South - Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo)
A study on Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, revealed distinct seasonal variations in their activity rhythms during tourist visits. The research, conducted from 2012 to 2014 using scanning and focal animal methods, observed six key behaviors: ground feeding, height feeding, foraging, habitat change, family resting, and agonistic interactions. These activities overlapped and varied seasonally between 8 am and 12 pm, providing insights that could enhance tourist experiences and boost park revenue.
Analysis of the Rate of Deforestation in Post-conflict Areas in the DRC: Case of Community Forests Around Kahuzi-Biega National Park in Kabare North
Deforestation rates in post-conflict areas around Kahuzi-Biega National Park (PNKB) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have reached 22.47%, despite universal afforestation efforts by local communities. The study, conducted in community forests surrounding PNKB in Kabare North, highlights that agricultural expansion, firewood collection for cooking, and illegal wood exploitation—exacerbated by refugee influxes and conflict-driven displacement—are primary drivers of deforestation. Traditional cooking methods, such as braziers, further strain forest resources, with Rwandan refugees' massive influx in 1994 marking a turning point in ecological degradation. The research employs a quantitative approach to assess deforestation trends, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable land-use strategies to mitigate environmental impacts in post-conflict regions.
Batwa return to their Eden? Intricacies of violence and resistance in eastern DRCongo’s Kahuzi-Biega National Park
Indigenous Batwa communities' violent reoccupation of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in eastern DRCongo, stems from the failure of peaceful resistance strategies, escalating threats, and new alliances. The study reveals how slow violence can transition into overt resistance, highlighting the complex interplay between conservation efforts and indigenous rights. Researchers analyzed these dynamics through qualitative methods, focusing on three key factors: the inefficacy of non-violent resistance, increasing external pressures on the Batwa, and emerging opportunities for collaboration with other stakeholders. This work contributes to broader debates on territorialization in conservation, emphasizing the need for inclusive approaches that address both ecological goals and human rights.
Changes in Grauer's gorilla ( Gorilla beringei graueri ) and other primate populations in the Kahuzi‐Biega National Park and Oku Community Reserve, the heart of Grauer's gorilla global range
A significant decline in Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) populations, alongside other primate species, has been documented within the Kahuzi-Biega National Park and Oku Community Reserve, a critical stronghold for these endangered primates. This study, conducted over an extended period, reveals alarming population trends, with Grauer's gorillas experiencing a 75% reduction in their range since 1980, primarily due to habitat loss, poaching, and human encroachment. Researchers employed a combination of direct observations, camera trapping, and community-based monitoring to assess primate populations across the region. The findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced conservation efforts, including anti-poaching measures and sustainable land-use practices, to mitigate further declines in this iconic species and its ecosystem.
Changes in Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) and other primate populations in the Kahuzi‐Biega National Park and Oku Community Reserve, the heart of Grauer's gorilla global range
A comprehensive survey of Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) and the contiguous Oku Community Reserve (OCR) reveals that the global population of Grauer's gorillas is significantly higher than previously estimated, at 6,800 individuals, up from an earlier estimate of 3,800. This revision comes from extensive nest counts across 230 line transects, which also indicated a significant decline in gorilla numbers within KBNP itself, while chimpanzee populations remained stable compared to mid-1990s estimates. The study highlights the negative impact of proximity to mines, villages, and roads on ape densities, with higher concentrations found in more rugged and remote areas. Additionally, other primate species, particularly the Endangered Ulindi River Red Colobus, have declined due to bushmeat hunting. These findings suggest that while population declines are less severe than initially feared, conservation efforts must address human encroachment and insecurity to protect these critical habitats.
Diet of Grauer’s Gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) in a Low-Elevation Forest
Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) in low-elevation forests, primarily studied in highland habitats, exhibit a diverse diet dominated by vegetative plant parts, particularly from Marantaceae and Fabaceae families, with fruit consumption peaking during the wet season. A study in the Nkuba Conservation Area (NCA), Democratic Republic of Congo, recorded over 10,500 feeding signs across 100+ species between 2014-2020, revealing a diet distinct from highland populations but similar to lowland gorillas and western lowland gorillas. The research highlights the importance of community-based conservation efforts in protecting unhabituated gorilla populations.
An annotated checklist of the fish fauna of the river systems draining the Kahuzi‐Biega National Park (Upper Congo: Eastern DR Congo)
A comprehensive annotated checklist of the fish fauna in Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP), Eastern DR Congo, reveals 118 species across its river systems, with five cichlid introductions. The Lowa basin dominates with 30 Cyprinidae species (25% of diversity), followed by Mormyridae and Alestidae. Seven new species were discovered, and 11 are endemic to the Lowa system, highlighting KBNP's ecological significance but also its limited coverage of the region's fish diversity. The study combined museum collections with recent fieldwork (2013–2017) from the Lowa River and Lake Kivu affluents.
Bushmeat Poaching and the Conservation Crisis in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo, has experienced severe declines in its gorilla and elephant populations due to intensive bushmeat poaching. Over four years, the park lost more than 95% of its elephants and about 50% of its gorillas, driven by economic desperation, starvation, and the proliferation of small arms during political instability. While conservation efforts, including ecotourism promotion and community engagement, have reduced gorilla poaching since 1999, sporadic hunting persists amid ongoing civil conflict. The study highlights the urgent need for enhanced protection measures to safeguard the park's biodiversity.
Données préliminaires sur l’exploitation des pangolins (Pholidota) autour du Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega, République Démocratique du Congo
A preliminary study around Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), reveals that pangolins are primarily exploited for traditional food and medicine, with increasing demand driven by illegal trafficking of their scales. The research, conducted through surveys of 116 individuals in March and April 2019, identified that local children often act as intermediaries in this trade, which is fueled by demand from urban centers like Bukavu, Goma, and Kisangani, as well as neighboring countries (Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania) and international entities such as the UN Stabilization Mission. While hunting pangolins is strictly prohibited within the park, the study highlights the emerging threat to these endangered species due to external commercial pressures. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), were used to assess exploitation patterns and actor involvement.
Etude Des Plantes Médicinales Utilisées Par Les Femmes Autochtones Pygmées (Batwa) Enceintes Dans L’hinterland Du Parc National De Kahuzi-Biega (Rift albertin, RD. Congo)
A study on the medicinal plants used by indigenous Batwa women during pregnancy in the hinterland of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, reveals a rich pharmacopoeia with high fidelity. Eleven plant species, including Dichrocephala integrifolia and Aloe barbadensis, were identified for their consistent use across different stages of pregnancy. Leafy stems (37.14%) were the most commonly used plant parts, with pressing being the predominant preparation method (66.6%). The research employed semi-structured interviews to gather ethnobotanical data, which were analyzed using specialized software to select plants for future laboratory testing. The findings highlight the significant role of traditional knowledge in maternal healthcare and underscore the need for scientific validation and valorization of these plant resources.
Farmers’ Perceptions towards Climate Change, and Meteorological Data in Kahuzi-Biega National Park Surroundings, Eastern DR. Congo
A 39-year analysis (1980–2019) of climate data around Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Eastern DR Congo, reveals a significant decline in mean annual rainfall and a rise in temperature, corroborating farmers' observations. While smallholder farmers are aware of climate change impacts—such as reduced precipitation and increased heat—they have adopted various adaptation strategies at varying scales, with only 44.4% adjusting practices to mitigate rising temperatures and 40.6% to address declining rainfall. Key barriers include lack of funds, limited access to information on adaptation techniques, poverty, and insecure land tenure. The study highlights that access to extension services, credit, soil fertility management, and land security significantly influence farmers' perception and adaptive capacity.
Behavioral responses around conspecific corpses in adult eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei spp.)
A groundbreaking study reveals that eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei spp.) exhibit complex behavioral responses to conspecific corpses, challenging the notion that humans are unique in recognizing death. Researchers observed similar patterns of affiliative/investigative and agonistic behaviors among mountain gorillas (Gorilla b. beringei) in Rwanda and Grauer’s gorillas (Gorilla b. graueri) in Democratic Republic of Congo, regardless of whether the deceased was a same-group member or an extra-group silverback. Notably, adult females with infants avoided the corpse of an extra-group male, while close social relationships influenced interaction duration. The study highlights the role of curiosity and social bonds in gorilla responses to death, with implications for disease transmission dynamics within and between groups.
Contribution to the knowledge of the macroinvertebrate fauna of the streams of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo
A study of Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) in the Democratic Republic of Congo reveals a high diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates, with 84 morphospecies identified across 12 orders and 47 families. This richness is linked to varied substratum types and undisturbed forested river conditions, though some sites show lower species diversity due to unfavorable natural factors. The research highlights the park's ecological significance within Africa's Albertine Rift biodiversity hotspot, despite challenges like insecurity and harsh field conditions. Spatial distribution analysis of systematic groups provides insights into the environmental dynamics shaping aquatic fauna in this critical conservation area.
Understanding ranger motivation and job satisfaction to improve wildlife protection in Kahuzi–Biega National Park, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ranger job satisfaction is low but can be significantly improved through higher salaries, better promotion opportunities, and enhanced support from authorities. A 2015–2016 survey of 72% of rangers in Kahuzi-Biega National Park revealed that while most chose this profession to conserve wildlife or serve their country, factors like patrol assignment, housing at headquarters, age, and tenure influenced satisfaction levels. Improving these conditions could boost ranger commitment, performance, and conservation outcomes.
Pteridaie: indicator of the vegetation succession and dynamics in the forests Chablis and Edges in Kahuzi-Biega National Park (Eastern D. R. Congo, Albertine Rift)
A study in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, reveals that fern-dominated forests (Pteridaie) play a crucial role in the recolonization and succession of degraded areas, contributing to forest reconstruction. The research highlights the significance of these fern patches in the park's vegetation dynamics, particularly at altitudes ranging from 1531 to 2452 meters with acidic soils. Canonical Correspondence Analyses demonstrated significant relationships between environmental variables and plant species diversity, emphasizing the complexity and importance of these forests for conservation efforts. The findings underscore the need for closer attention to Chablis and Edge forest diversity to ensure effective management and protection of plant species in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Does the Altitude Affect the Stability of Montane Forests? a Study in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Higher altitudes in montane forests, such as those found in Kahuzi-Biega National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo), exhibit greater floristic stability and resilience to disturbance compared to lower altitudes. This study revealed that the Jaccard index of dissimilarity between understorey and canopy layers decreases with altitude, indicating more consistent species representation across forest strata at higher elevations. Additionally, the proportion of non-pioneer and shade-tolerant species increases with altitude, while pioneer species decline, suggesting enhanced regeneration capability and stability in higher-altitude forests. The research employed a stratified sampling approach, analyzing 10 one-hectare plots spanning altitudes from 1935 to 2760 meters above sea level (a.s.l.), with nested subplots to assess sapling dynamics.
Height-diameter allometry and above ground biomass in tropical montane forests: Insights from the Albertine Rift in Africa
African tropical montane forests exhibit significant variation in height-diameter allometry with altitude, which introduces substantial biases if regional models are used to estimate above-ground biomass (AGB). A study across Kahuzi-Biega National Park in the Albertine Rift revealed that while AGB ranged from 168 to 290 Mg ha⁻¹ without significant differences between forest types, tree size decreased and stem density increased with altitude. The research highlights that different height-diameter allometric models perform better for distinct forest types, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches in future studies. Soil attributes, particularly potassium levels and acidity, also significantly influenced AGB, underscoring the complex interplay of structural, taxonomic, and environmental factors in shaping biomass dynamics.
Palaeoenvironments and Palaeoclimates during the Upper-Pleistocene and Holocene in the western Lake Kivu region
A 35,000-year palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the western Lake Kivu region reveals significant climatic and vegetation shifts during the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene. The study, based on palynological analysis of sediment cores from Kahuzi-Biega National Park, identified nine forest evolution phases, including a heterogeneous forest under moderately hot and humid conditions (32,000–26,000 years BP) and an expansion of open herbaceous environments during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000–15,000 years BP), indicating increased dryness. The African Humid Period (10,000–7000 years BP) marked a rise in precipitation, while a subsequent shift around 4000 years BP introduced open environments and highland grasslands, linked to the 'First Millennium Crisis' of aridity. This study provides critical insights into past climatic variability and its ecological impacts in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: Kahuzi–Biega National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Artisanal mining in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo significantly threatens large mammal species, including Critically Endangered Grauer's gorillas and Endangered eastern chimpanzees, while providing short-term economic gains for miners. A survey of 14–16% of the population—8–10 million people—revealed that miners earned higher revenues than non-miners but preferred transitioning to other sectors due to instability and risks, often linked to armed groups controlling mines. Bushmeat hunting, driven by lack of alternative protein sources, was widely acknowledged as a major cause of wildlife declines. Respondents indicated they would reduce bushmeat consumption if sustainable meat alternatives were accessible. The study recommends targeted interventions, including improving access to domestic meats, micro-financing for miners transitioning out of the sector, and demilitarizing mine sites to enhance law enforcement effectiveness in protected areas like Kahuzi-Biega National Park.
Caractérisations Structurale, Floristique Et Biomasse Ligneuse Du Peuplement À Hagenia abyssinica Du Parc National De Kahuzi-Biega (Rift Albertin, RDC)
Hagenia abyssinica, a characteristic species of mountain forests in the Albertine Rift, exhibits significant variability in its population structure and floristic composition across different altitudes within Kahuzi-Biega National Park. The study found that while species richness was low (8-24 species), the density of Hagenia abyssinica was high at 565 ± 121 individuals per hectare, with notable differences in dynamism between lower (2000-2200 m) and higher altitudes (2400-2600 m). At lower altitudes, the population showed regressive dynamics, replaced by secondary forest species, whereas at higher altitudes, it exhibited progressive dynamics with no mortality. The average woody biomass was estimated at 108 tons per hectare, increasing with vegetation heterogeneity and decreasing Hagenia density. These variations are likely influenced by human disturbance and climate change effects in the region.
Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status
A dramatic decline of up to 87% in the population of Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri), the world's largest primate, has been documented, with only around 3,800 individuals remaining—justifying its elevation to 'Critically Endangered' status. This catastrophic loss, driven by civil war and bushmeat hunting in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), was rigorously assessed using novel methods analyzing local community and ranger-collected data on gorilla occupancy across 10 sites. Spatial analysis identified three critical strongholds within a shrinking range of approximately 19,700 km², underscoring the urgent need for conservation intervention to prevent further extinction.
Variabilité Structurale Des Peuplements D’arbres En Forêt De Montagne Du Parc National De Kahuzi-Biega Et Ses Environs, RD. Congo
A comprehensive analysis of tree populations in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, reveals that the structural dynamics of mountain forests vary significantly with altitude. The study, which surveyed 16,797 trees across 30 hectares, found that while basal area remains relatively stable at around 35 m²/ha regardless of elevation, tree diameter and height decrease progressively with altitude. Dominant tree families include Meliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Fabaceae, and Rubiaceae, with Strombosia scheffleri and Xymalos monospora standing out due to their basal area, abundance, and frequency across different altitude horizons. The research also highlights the need for localized height-diameter (H/D) models due to variations in tree growth patterns along altitudinal gradients.
Composition of Fatty Acids and Tocopherols Content in Oilseeds of Six Wild Selected Plants from Kahuzi-Biega National Park/DR. Congo
Research on six wild oilseed plants from Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo, reveals significant variations in fatty acid (FA) and tocopherol content. Prunus africana seeds exhibited the highest oil yield (42.2%) with stearic acid dominating its saturated FA fraction (76.19%), while Sesbania sesban seeds showed the highest levels of polyunsaturated FAs, including linoleic acid (58.82%) and alpha-linolenic acid (5.88%). Tocopherol content was highest in S. sesban oil (10.9 mg/100 g), followed by Entada abyssinica and Macaranga kilimandscharica oils. These findings highlight the potential for selecting specific plants based on desired FA and tocopherol profiles, supporting sustainable exploitation for commercial and nutritional purposes.
Estimation of chimpanzee community size and genetic diversity in Kahuzi‐Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo
A study estimates the chimpanzee community size in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, to be 36 individuals (range: 32–42), using genetic mark-recapture analysis on 279 fecal samples. The research reveals a relatively high genetic diversity and outbreeding pattern, suggesting recent reproductive contact with neighboring chimpanzee communities. Genetic analysis also indicates a female-biased dispersal pattern typical of chimpanzees. The study highlights the importance of nest site sharing data in population studies of unhabituated chimpanzees and underscores the conservation significance of Kahuzi-Biega's montane forest, which is connected to lowland forests but faces human encroachment.
Fatty Acids and Tocopherols Content in Fractionated Oils from Five Wild Oilseed Plants Native to Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Kivu-DR Congo
Solvent fractionation of oils from five wild oilseed plants native to Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) in DR Congo reveals significant potential for enhancing food quality. The process effectively modifies the proportions of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFA-MUFA-PUFA), with notable nutritional benefits such as increased levels of essential unsaturated fatty acids like nevronic acid while reducing unwanted fatty acids like behemic acid. Notably, Cardiospermum halicacabum olein fraction exhibits a high monounsaturated fatty acid profile (77%), mirroring that of olive oil, suggesting its potential as a substitute for this expensive oil after minor adaptations. Additionally, Millettia dura oils are notably rich in active vitamin E compounds, including tocopherols and tocotrienol, with the highest content recorded at 9.6 mg/100 g, further enhancing their nutritional value. The study utilized solvent fractionation of crude oils, followed by Gas Chromatography (GC) for fatty acid analysis and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for tocopherol analysis, demonstrating the efficiency of this method in modifying oil profiles to improve food quality.
Conservation Strategy of Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) by the use of Biogas among the Surrounding Population
A conservation strategy using biogas technology significantly reduced the destruction of Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) by decreasing wood and charcoal consumption among surrounding households. The study found that installing 1,000 digesters could save over 20.3 tons of embers and wood annually, while also improving agricultural productivity through fertilizer derived from digesters. However, only a small percentage (6.5%) of households agreed to plant trees, indicating limited engagement in broader conservation practices. The research analyzed data from 100 households in two villages using analytical methods and observations, demonstrating the potential but also the challenges of biogas adoption for park conservation.
Exploitation de bambous (Sinarundinaria alpina(K. Schum.) C.S. Chao & Renvoize), cause des conflits entre le Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega et la population environnante: stratégie de conservation et de résolution de conflit
Research at Kahuzi-Biega National Park reveals that the mountain bamboo species, Sinarundinaria alpina, plays a critical role as a food source for endangered Grauer’s gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri), supporting 27% of their daily diet. The study identified 196 plant species in six permanent plots, confirming the bamboo's importance in rainforest recovery dynamics. However, anthropogenic activities—primarily bamboo exploitation by local communities—threaten this habitat, alongside natural factors like beetle attacks and competitive plant expansion. Conservation strategies proposed include expanding bamboo nurseries and distributing seedlings to mitigate conflicts while preserving this vital ecosystem for gorilla survival.
A Preliminary Checklist of Epilithic Algaeof Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo
A diverse and balanced algal community, comprising at least 170 species from six major groups, was identified for the first time in Kahuzi-Biega National Park. The study, conducted during the dry season (July-August 2007) across ten streams ranging from 1900 to 2400 meters above sea level, revealed that Bacillariophyceae dominated with 61 species, followed by Cyanophyceae (47), Chlorophyceae (30), Desmidiaceae (17), Euglenophyceae (10), and Dinophyceae (5). Key species such as Frustulia rhomboides, Navicula cuspidata, and Microcystis aeruginosa were consistently present. Species diversity varied significantly, with the highest recorded at Mushuva River (114 species) and the lowest at Mugaba River (91 species), indicating spatial heterogeneity in algal distribution within the park.
Diversité des Fougères et leurs alliées le long du gradient altitudinal au sein de l’écosystème forestier des montagnes du Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega (RD CONGO)
A study of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Democratic Republic of Congo, reveals that altitude significantly influences the distribution and diversity of ferns and their allies. The research found that species richness decreases linearly with increasing altitude above 2600 meters, a trend consistent across both disturbed and intact sites. Among the 157 species identified, only 37 (23.56%) were adapted to all altitudinal conditions, spanning submontane, montane, and subalpine belts. Canonical analysis indicated that altitude is the dominant abiotic factor explaining 71.7% of the variance in fern distribution, with temperature playing a secondary but crucial role. This suggests that ferns in these regions are categorized as macrothermal, mesothermal, or microthermal based on their altitudinal adaptation.
Aspects of the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Rivers in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo
Rivers in Kahuzi-Biega National Park exhibit exceptionally low nutrient levels, with phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations significantly below regional averages. A 2007 study analyzed ten rivers, finding cold (10–15°C), well-oxygenated waters (pH 5.5–7.6) with minimal conductivity (<100 μS/cm). Nitrogen and phosphorus primarily originate from natural sources like rain, atmospheric deposition, and organic decomposition, reflecting the park's pristine forested environment. This research highlights the minimal anthropogenic influence on river chemistry, providing a baseline for understanding nutrient dynamics in this UNESCO-listed biodiversity hotspot.
The importance of cloud forest sites in the conservation of endemic and threatened species of the Albertine Rift
Cloud forests in the Albertine Rift, including Kahuzi-Biega National Park, are critical for conserving 94% of endemic mammals, 95% of endemic birds, 89% of endemic reptiles, and 69% of endemic amphibians. This study ranked 40 sites in the region based on species richness and threat status, revealing that cloud forests—Rwenzori Massif, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Virunga Volcanoes, Nyungwe National Park, Kahuzi-Biega, and Itombwe Massif—topped the list for endemic and threatened species. While all face severe threats from high human population densities, the unprotected Itombwe Massif emerges as a priority for urgent conservation action.
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