Publications
Nitrate Source Apportionment and Nitrogen Export Characteristics of Spring Water in a Dolomite Karst World Heritage Site: A Tracing Study Based on Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes
Dissolved nitrogen leaching, not just surface processes, significantly drives the evolution of karst rocky desertification in the Shibing Dolomite Karst World Heritage Site. A year-long study using monthly monitoring, hydrochemistry, and nitrate dual isotopes (¹⁵N and ¹⁸O) revealed stark differences between core and buffer zone springs. The buffer zone exhibits high anthropogenic nitrate dominance (>62%) with seasonal peaks, rapid hydrological response, and limited denitrification, while the core area shows stable natural nitrate levels (5–7.4 mg/L) and potential local denitrification. Nitrogen export in the buffer zone surges 4.5 times during the rainy season, primarily as NO₃⁻ (93% of TN), whereas the core area has a higher total nitrogen export flux per unit area (3.34 vs. 0.4 g/m²/a) with a greater proportion of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). These findings highlight the critical role of dissolved nitrogen in shaping karst landscapes, offering new insights for conservation and management strategies.
Assessment of ecological and landscape services in urban green spaces in South China Karst
A significant portion (89.63%) of urban green spaces (UGS) in South China Karst exhibits low quality, with ecological services showing a distinct 'high in the east and low in the west' pattern, while landscape perception services vary nonlinearly. The study, using a multi-dimensional attribute index system and TOPSIS method, identifies that the indicator SC holds the highest weight (20.89%) among evaluated factors. Notably, there is a strong correlation between ecological benefit indicators, with GSA showing significant relationships with seven other metrics. This assessment provides critical insights for sustainable urban management in Karst regions globally.
Construction of forest ecological security patterns based on MSPA model and circuit theory in the Desertification Control forests in South China Karst
A new framework for ecological security patterns (ESP) reveals significant fragmentation and connectivity issues in karst desertification control forests, with forest patch areas decreasing as desertification severity worsens. Researchers used Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) to identify ecological sources and circuit theory to map corridors and nodes, uncovering critical insights into the structure-function dynamics of these forests. The study highlights how targeted restoration strategies can leverage these patterns for regional sustainable development. By integrating normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land use/land cover data, the research provides a scientific basis for mitigating internal degradation caused by high ecological flow resistance.
Spatio-temporal dynamics of grassland ecosystem services and the segmentation effects of their drivers: A case in South China Karst
Despite a 4.36% decline in grassland area within the South China Karst region from 2000 to 2020, ecosystem services (ES) showed significant improvement, with 73.52% of counties exhibiting an elasticity index exceeding 1. This study quantified grassland ES and its sensitivity to area changes using spatio-temporal analysis and quantile regression models, revealing segmented effects of drivers—particularly socio-economic factors—on ES dynamics. The findings highlight a counterintuitive trend where grassland degradation did not correlate with reduced ES supply capacity, offering critical insights for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030). This research advances understanding of grassland ES resilience in karst regions and informs targeted restoration strategies.
Trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services and their drivers in the forests of the South China Karst
A decline in ecosystem service values of up to 9.77% has been observed in the forests of South China Karst, primarily driven by trade-offs between services such as water yield and soil conservation, which increased by 13.44% and 4.94%, respectively, while carbon storage and biodiversity declined. The study reveals that these changes are influenced by both internal and external drivers, with precipitation and temperature positively affecting ecosystem services, whereas population density has a negative impact. These findings suggest that adopting a framework based on these drivers could guide optimal forest management strategies in this region.
Trade‐Offs/Synergies and Drivers of Ecosystem Service Sustainability at Multiple Scales: Insights From the South China Karst
A new study reveals that ecosystem service sustainability (ESS) in the South China Karst region exhibits complex trade-offs and synergies that vary with time and spatial scale. While habitat quality and carbon sequestration have declined, water yield, soil conservation, and food provision have improved, with more gradual changes observed at the watershed scale compared to county-level variations. The research highlights that social and terrain factors predominantly influence habitat quality, while vegetation and climate play significant roles in shaping soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and water yield. Notably, climate and terrain interactions often result in negative indirect effects on ESS sustainability, particularly at larger scales. To enhance ecological management, the study advocates for multi-scale approaches that prioritize synergistic management between supply and demand to resolve conflicts and achieve balanced outcomes.
Ecosystem Services Supply‐Demand Mismatch and Their Drivers in Highly Spatially Heterogeneous South China Karst Ecoregions
A significant decline in habitat quality and carbon sequestration, alongside improvements in soil conservation, food provision, and water yield, was observed across the South China Karst (SCK) ecoregions from 2000 to 2020. While demand for water yield decreased, demands for other ecosystem services increased, with mismatches primarily concentrated around urban areas. These mismatches evolved spatially, transitioning from isolated points to continuous lines or surfaces over time. The study identified key socio-ecological drivers influencing these supply-demand dynamics, particularly in medium-high mountain regions, and proposed targeted spatial planning and ecological management strategies for sustainable socio-ecological system management.
Exploring social-ecological system resilience in South China Karst: Quantification, interaction and policy implication
China's Grain to Green Program (GTGP), one of the world's largest payments for ecosystem services, has shown significant ecological benefits but its impact on social-ecological system (SES) resilience remains understudied. A new study quantifying SES resilience in South China Karst reveals an upward trend in social resilience from 2000 to 2020, particularly in social development, while ecological resilience remained stable despite slight declines in ecosystem services and increased landscape fragmentation. Spatially, nearly half of the counties exhibited mismatched SES resilience distributions, with an inverted U-shaped relationship indicating a threshold effect. The study also identifies four distinct zones for SES resilience—key optimization for social systems, safety zones, restoration zones, and ecological optimization—which suggest adaptive adjustments to GTGP could maximize future SES benefits. While GTGP positively reduced regional SES trade-offs, its effectiveness is limited by the overemphasis on converting farmland to forest and grassland.
Exploring Trade-Offs and Synergies in Social–Ecological System Services across Ecological Engineering Impact Regions: Insights from South China Karst
Large-scale ecological restoration programs in karst ecosystems have led to complex social–ecological systems (SESs), where ecosystem services (ESs) contribute significantly to regional well-being. A study of South China Karst (SCK) reveals that significant engineering impact regions (SEERs) exhibit higher synergy and lower trade-off intensity among six types of S–ESs compared to non-significant impact regions (NEERs). SEERs, concentrated in central and southern SCK—particularly Guizhou and Guangxi—showed pronounced increases in soil conservation but slight decreases in water retention. Land use changes emerged as a critical driver, while natural factors remained unpredictable yet essential. The findings suggest tailored sustainable development strategies for SES optimization, offering theoretical support for integrated ecological management.
Quantitative assessment of ecological assets in the world heritage karst sites based on remote sensing: with a special reference to South China Karst
A quantitative assessment of ecological assets in two UNESCO World Heritage karst sites—Shibing and Libo-Huanjiang—reveals significant improvements in forest and impervious surface areas, while cropland and grassland declined. The study, using remote sensing data and the Ecological Asset Index (EQi), found that excellent or good asset areas increased by 95.371 km² in Shibing and 168.227 km² in Libo-Huanjiang, with EQ enhancements of 45.427 and 80.806, respectively. These changes are attributed to ecological protection projects and conservation policies, highlighting the pivotal role of socio-economic conditions and management strategies in shaping heritage site assets.
Social-ecological heterogeneity drove contrasting tree cover restoration in South China Karst
Social-ecological heterogeneity significantly influences tree cover restoration in the South China Karst, the world's largest continuous karst zone. The study found that only 33.67% of the area (652,457 km²) experienced increased tree cover, highlighting the challenges posed by carbonate geological constraints and the need to recognize synergies within social-ecological systems. Rural population decline in undeveloped areas was identified as a key driver for restoration. Additionally, the correlation degree of social-ecological networks was lower in karst areas compared to non-karst areas, indicating higher heterogeneity in these systems. These findings underscore the importance of shifting focus from natural ecosystems to coupled social-ecological systems for sustainable forest management.
Spatial Pattern of Ecosystem Services and the Mechanism of Eco-Industry Formation in South China Karst Nature Reserves
Regulatory ecosystem services, particularly those provided by forest ecosystems, dominate the ecological product value (EPV) in South China Karst nature reserves, with high-value zones concentrated in core and buffer areas. The study reveals a heterogeneous spatial distribution of EPV, where high and low-value grids coexist, and proposes a 'preservation, transformation, and appreciation' model to realize EPV. Key drivers for eco-industry formation include human resources, ecology, industry, policy, market, and economy, with grey correlation analysis identifying their relative importance. Land-use planning and regulation can leverage internal and external factors to promote sustainable development of the eco-industry in these vulnerable karst ecosystems.
Terrestrial algae: pioneer organisms of carbonate rock solutional weathering in South China karst
Terrestrial algae significantly accelerate the weathering of carbonate rocks, contributing three times more to dissolution than non-algal processes. A study on two algal species, Klebsormidium dissectum and Chlorella vulgaris, found that while both induce solutional weathering with similar intensity, their modes differ, reflecting distinct ecological adaptations. The algae achieve this through higher carbonic anhydrase activity (CAA) and increased secretion of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), which enhance rock weathering. This research provides quantitative evidence that terrestrial algae are pioneer organisms in karst ecosystems, offering new insights into soil formation processes in South China's karst regions.
The Temporal Variation and Spatial Scale Dependence of the Trade-Offs and Synergies among Multiple Ecosystem Services in the World Heritage Site of South China Karst
A strong synergistic relationship between water conservation and carbon sequestration was identified in the South China Karst World Heritage Site, highlighting their complementary roles in maintaining ecosystem health. Over 20 years (2000–2020), habitat quality and carbon sequestration showed stable, gradual improvements, while water and soil conservation exhibited greater fluctuations. Woodland emerged as the most critical land type for delivering these ecosystem services. The study also revealed negative correlations between population density and ecosystem services, contrasting with positive links to GDP. Spatial trade-offs were noted between soil conservation and other services, particularly habitat quality, carbon sequestration, and water conservation. These findings provide a framework for sustainable resource management and ecological protection in karst landscapes.
A contribution to cavernicolous beetle diversity of South China Karst: eight new genera and fourteen new species (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini)
A significant contribution to the diversity of cavernicolous beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) in South China Karst has been made, with eight new genera and fourteen new species identified. These discoveries enrich the specific diversity of Chinese cave fauna, particularly within the ground beetle tribe Trechini. The new taxa were found across limestone caves in southern China, including regions like Xianning (Hubei), Liupanshui (Guizhou), Laibin (Guangxi), and Chenzhou (Hunan). Each genus is monospecific, with detailed generic diagnoses provided alongside discussions on their phylogenetic positions. The study also describes new species such as Dongodytes (Dongodytodes) pingjingae and Graciliblemus gui, while adding further characteristics to the genus Graciliblemus. A distribution map for all new taxa is included, offering insights into the geographical spread of these beetles within the South China Karst region.
Balancing the Effects of Forest Conservation and Restoration on South China Karst Greening
A study reveals that forest conservation and restoration have significantly contributed to vegetation greening in South China Karst, with conservation accounting for 39.85% of the increase compared to just 6.05% from restoration. The research, spanning 2000–2020, analyzed land use data, forest cover loss, and Leaf Area Index (LAI) using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. It found a nonlinear, inverted U-shaped relationship between conservation and restoration effects across provinces, suggesting that balancing both strategies is crucial for effective ecological engineering. This finding provides a scientific basis for differentiated planning to optimize greening outcomes in karst regions.
Cave-dwelling Neobisiidae in South China Karst, with descriptions of twelve new species of Bisetocreagris (Pseudoscorpiones, Neobisiidae) from Guizhou Province
Twelve new species of troglomorphic pseudoscorpions from the genus Bisetocreagris (Family Neobisiidae) have been discovered in karst caves across Guizhou Province, China. These species exhibit notable adaptations to subterranean life and were identified through detailed morphological analysis, including diagnoses, descriptions, and illustrations. The findings expand the known biodiversity of cave-dwelling pseudoscorpions in the South China Karst, a region renowned for its unique geological and ecological significance as part of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
DEM-based analysis of tectonic geomorphologic characteristics and tectonic activity intensity of the Dabanghe River Basin in South China Karst
A DEM-based analysis reveals that tectonic activity in the Dabanghe River Basin, South China Karst, is most intense midstream and decreases eastward, aligning with seismic intensity patterns. The study used geomorphic parameters like Hypsometric Integral, Asymmetry Factor, and Stream-Gradient to assess tectonic influence on landforms, including Huangguoshu Waterfall. Findings confirm that fault systems, particularly the Yadu–Ziyun Fault, control differential tectonic activity, offering a method to evaluate crustal stability in the region.
Impact of Land Use Change on the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Ecosystem Service Values in South China Karst Areas
Ecosystem service values (ESVs) in the South China Karst (SCK), particularly in Guizhou province, have shown a significant increase of US$ 31.12 million from 1980 to 2040, despite initial declines, driven primarily by shifts in arable land, woodland, and grassland. This spatial-temporal evolution highlights the critical role of forest land, grassland, and arable land changes in enhancing soil conservation, biodiversity, and gas regulation functions. The study employed equivalence factors and CA-Markov modeling to predict land-use change, revealing a basin-type distribution pattern for ESVs and demonstrating their inelasticity to value factor adjustments. These findings provide actionable insights for sustainable development, clarifying trade-offs and synergies in ecosystem services while offering practical guidance for global land optimization and resource planning.
Influences of anthropogenic acids on carbonate weathering and CO2 sink in an agricultural karst wetland (South China)
Anthropogenic acids significantly alter carbonate weathering and CO₂ sink dynamics in karst wetlands, threatening ecological stability. Research in South China's Huixian Karst Wetland revealed that nitric (HNO₃) and sulfuric (H₂SO₄) acids contribute 20–27% to carbonate weathering, disrupting natural hydrogeochemical processes. These acids, linked to agricultural runoff, also reduce CO₂ absorption by up to 41% in groundwater, potentially impacting global carbon cycles. The study combined isotopic analysis and stoichiometric modeling to quantify these effects, offering a framework for assessing acid-driven changes in karst ecosystems. Findings underscore the need to address anthropogenic acid inputs in wetland restoration efforts, particularly in intensive agricultural regions.
Migration of Dissolved Organic Matter in the Epikarst Fissured Soil of South China Karst
Research reveals that rainfall intensity, fissure aperture, and vegetation type are key drivers of dissolved organic matter (DOM) transport and loss in the epikarst fissured soil of South China Karst. The study, using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence analysis, identified five fluorescent DOM fractions and found that most DOM losses are likely protein-like, potentially accelerating phosphorus loss. It also showed that cleaved soils, except for topsoil, have low DOM content, weak aromaticity, and low humification. These findings provide critical insights into nutrient element migration in karst areas, particularly under medium-intensity rocky desertification conditions.
Native Bamboo (Indosasa shibataeoides McClure) Invasion of Broadleaved Forests Promotes Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in South China Karst
Bamboo invasion into broadleaf forests in karst areas significantly enhances soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, contrary to previous assumptions. A study conducted in South China Karst revealed that the presence of native bamboo (Indosasa shibataeoides McClure) increased litterfall biomass and altered soil properties, including bulk weight, pH, and nutrient content. The research analyzed soil from 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm layers across broadleaved forests (BF), mixed forests (MF), and pure bamboo forests (IF), assessing SOC fractions and microbial communities. Bamboo invasion boosted active (MBC, DOC, EOC) and passive (Fe/Al-SOC, Ca-SOC) organic carbon groups while shifting microbial diversity, particularly increasing Actinobacteriota and Mortierellomycota while decreasing Firmicutes and Basidiomycota. Path modeling indicated that bamboo's impact on SOC is primarily mediated through litterfall biomass and fungal community changes, with bacteria playing a negligible role. These findings suggest that bamboo invasion in karst regions could be leveraged to enhance carbon sequestration efforts.
New Insights into the Variation and Admixture of the Cave-Dwelling Spider Trogloneta yunnanensis in South China Karst
A new study reveals significant genetic divergence among six populations of the cave-dwelling spider Trogloneta yunnanensis in South China Karst, with high fixation indices (FST > 0.9) and low gene flow (Nm < 0.05), suggesting extreme population structure likely driven by geographic isolation. Phylogenetic analysis identified six distinct clades, tracing their divergence to the late Pleistocene epoch. The findings imply that subterranean habitats in this region may harbor numerous organisms with similar genetic patterns, underscoring the need for reevaluation and protection of subterranean biodiversity in karst areas.
Response of the Desertification Landscape Patterns to Spatial–Temporal Changes of Land Use: A Case Study of Salaxi in South China Karst
A study of Salaxi in South China Karst reveals that land use changes, particularly the conversion of cultivated land to shrubland, grassland, and woodland, significantly influence karst desertification (KD) patterns. From 2009 to 2019, areas of non-KD and potential KD expanded, while light and medium KD regions transitioned toward potential KD, indicating a shift towards ecological restoration. The research used landscape pattern indices and KD evolution trajectories to analyze these changes, finding that yellow soil was most susceptible to KD. Additionally, land use landscape metrics showed increased fragmentation and evenness, contrasting with declining KD landscape indicators. These findings highlight the complex interplay between land use dynamics and KD, offering critical insights for sustainable management strategies in karst regions.
Rural outmigration generates a carbon sink in South China karst
Rural outmigration in South China Karst has been identified as a significant driver of increasing aboveground biomass, contributing to the generation of a carbon sink at a regional scale. Between 2005 and 2015, while the urban population increased by 8.3 million people, the rural population decreased by 4.8 million, leading to a notable reduction in rocky desertification areas. The study, utilizing local field and statistical data from 2000 to 2017, found an almost linear relationship between rural outmigration and biomass increase, with the highest aboveground biomass density increase (1.5 MgC ha −1 yr −1) observed in areas with the highest rural outmigration. This research challenges the conventional view that ecological conservation projects are the primary driver of increasing vegetation cover, highlighting instead the unintended positive environmental impacts of population movements.
Study on the driving mechanism of lagged effects based on different time scales in a karst drainage basin in South China
A significant negative correlation (R < −0.8, Sig. < 0.01) between watershed lagged intensity and frequency was identified in the South China Karst region, with the Gumbel Copula showing the best fit for joint probability simulation. The study analyzed rainfall-runoff processes using a distributed lag regression model on monthly data from 1980 to 2020, revealing distinct time-scale characteristics of lagged effects. The coefficient of variation (Cv) varied significantly across scales, being greater than 1 at 1-, 3-, and 12-month intervals but less than 1 at 6- and 9-month scales. This research provides insights into drought propagation mechanisms in karst areas, offering a scientific basis for water resource management and disaster mitigation.
Synergy and regulation of the South China Karst WH site integrity protection and the buffer zone agroforestry development
Research on the South China Karst World Heritage site reveals a strong, positive synergy between heritage integrity protection and agroforestry development in buffer zones. The study, conducted across Shibing and Libo–Huanjiang karst sites from 2020 to 2023, used remote sensing, GIS analysis, and coupling coordination models to assess their interconnected relationship. Findings indicate that while agroforestry lags slightly behind heritage protection efforts, both are mutually influential and developing harmoniously. This suggests that balanced agroforestry practices can support rural livelihoods without compromising the site's outstanding universal value (OUV). The study proposes regulatory measures to enhance this synergy, offering a model for sustainable development in similar karst World Heritage areas.
Village ecosystem vulnerability in karst desertification control: evidence from South China Karst
Village ecosystems in South China Karst exhibit varying vulnerability levels under karst desertification control (KDC), with none-potential KDC areas showing mild vulnerability, while potential-mild and moderate-severe areas display moderate to high vulnerability. The study identifies topography, climate, forest coverage, landscape pattern, soil erosion, economic development, and human activities as key factors contributing to this vulnerability. By employing a susceptibility-exposure-lack of resilience model and entropy method, researchers constructed an index system to assess vulnerability levels and driving factors. Adaptive governance strategies were designed based on these findings to promote sustainable development in vulnerable village ecosystems.
A Study Revelation on Market and Value-Realization of Ecological Product to the Control of Rocky Desertification in South China Karst
Ecological products derived from rocky desertification control in South China Karst not only mitigate environmental degradation but also deliver higher economic value than traditional industries, offering a sustainable model for poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. This study synthesizes the development of such products across key domains—industrial models, quality monitoring, market spaces, and value realization—while identifying critical gaps requiring further research. By integrating ecological and economic attributes, it proposes a framework to maximize the long-term benefits of rocky desertification control efforts, supported by national policies spanning multiple five-year plans.
Characterization and attribution of vegetation dynamics in the ecologically fragile South China Karst: Evidence from three decadal Landsat observations
A comprehensive analysis of the South China Karst region reveals significant vegetation recovery over the past three decades, with 74.80% of the area experiencing greening trends. This recovery is primarily attributed to large-scale ecological engineering projects, rather than climate change, which contributed only one-fifth to the observed changes. The study utilized high-resolution (30m) Landsat imagery from 1987 to 2018, analyzed using Google Earth Engine, to detect fine-scale vegetation dynamics in this ecologically fragile karst landscape. Notably, the area of vegetation recovery tripled following the implementation of ecological engineering compared to a reference period (1987-1999), and the restoration trend shows strong sustainability beyond 2018. These findings highlight the effectiveness of anthropogenic interventions in accelerating vegetation greenness gains in karst areas since the start of the new millennium.
Dynamics of landscape ecological quality based on benefit evaluation coupled with the rocky desertification control in South China Karst
A significant improvement in landscape ecological quality was observed in the South China Karst region from 2015 to 2020, with a comprehensive score rising from 0.539 to 0.662 due to effective rocky desertification control measures. The study applied spatial heterogeneity and landscape pattern theories to assess ecological quality at three levels: landscape stability, disturbance degree, and restoration ability. While overall progress was noted, areas of unused land and mining remained ecologically degraded, highlighting the negative impact of unsustainable activities like ore mining. Treatment strategies such as returning farmland to forest and agroforestry proved effective in enhancing ecological quality, particularly in northern and southern regions, though their benefits varied significantly. This research introduces a quantitative method for evaluating ecological quality in karst areas, offering insights for sustainable restoration efforts.
Evaluating the Accuracy and Spatial Agreement of Five Global Land Cover Datasets in the Ecologically Vulnerable South China Karst
Global land cover datasets show significant discrepancies in accuracy and spatial agreement, particularly in ecologically vulnerable areas like the South China Karst. A study assessing five widely used datasets (CCI-LC, MCD12Q1, GlobeLand30, GlobCover, and CGLS-LC) found that while CGLS-LC was the most accurate overall, MCD12Q1 performed best in high-elevation or steep-slope regions. Accuracy declined with increasing landscape heterogeneity and was notably lower in karst areas compared to non-karst areas. These findings highlight the challenges in land cover mapping for complex terrains and provide guidance for future dataset fusion and regional sustainable development efforts.
Large scale rocky desertification reversal in South China karst
Large-scale rocky desertification reversal has been achieved in the South China Karst region, primarily driven by extensive ecological protection efforts. Between 2005 and 2016, restoration projects led to a net decrease of 26.14% in areas affected by rocky desertification, with the extent of mitigation directly proportional to the intensity of restoration efforts. The study, combining field campaigns, satellite imagery analysis, and project statistics, demonstrated that human intervention significantly enhanced vegetation resilience and resistance against climate variations. This reversal underscores the critical role of targeted ecological initiatives in promoting sustainable development in one of the world's most rapidly changing karst landscapes.
Soil Organic Carbon Distribution and Its Response to Soil Erosion Based on EEM-PARAFAC and Stable Carbon Isotope, a Field Study in the Rocky Desertification Control of South China Karst
Abandoned land restoration is the most effective strategy for enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) quality in South China's karst regions, according to a new study. Researchers analyzed SOC distribution and its response to erosion across five restoration types—abandoned land, grassland, peanut cultivated land, Zanthoxylum bungeanum land, and forest—using fluorescence spectroscopy (EEM-PARAFAC) and stable carbon isotopes (δ13Csoc). The findings revealed three distinct fluorescence components: two humus-like (C1 and C2) and one protein-like (C2), with SOC content and isotopic values indicating soil redistribution from midstream to downstream. This study provides critical data for optimizing rocky desertification control in karst areas, improving carbon sequestration potential.
Unraveling Trade‐Offs Among Reforestation, Urbanization, and Food Security in the South China Karst Region: How Can a Hinterland Province Achieve SDGs?
A significant food deficit of 4.9–9.8 million tonnes, equivalent to the needs of 10.2–20.6 million people, is projected for South China Karst by 2030, primarily driven by population growth and urbanization rather than reforestation policies. This study, using shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and land use competition frameworks, reveals that while large-scale reforestation enhances ecosystem services, it exacerbates local food shortages by reducing cropland, increasing reliance on imports and posing risks to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The findings underscore the need for integrated governance across multiple scales to balance socio-economic development with environmental sustainability in less-developed hinterland regions.
Analysis of the Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter in Groundwater from a Subtropical Cave in Dry Season—Daxiao Cave in South China Karst
Researchers identified that dissolved organic matter (DOM) in Daxiao Cave's groundwater, a subtropical karst site, is primarily influenced by microbial degradation and subsurface leakage during the dry season. Using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, parallel factor analysis, and excitation-emission matrix techniques, they found that DOM fluorescence fractions were dominated by humus-like, tryptophan-like, and tyrosine-like components, with protein fluorophores playing a significant role. The study also revealed that Ca–Mg–HCO3 was the dominant hydrochemical type in the cave's drip water, with Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3− as key ions. While the exact process linking DOM to water chemistry remains unclear, this research advances understanding of geochemical behavior and sources of DOM in cave systems.
Evolution and determinants of ecosystem services: insights from South China karst
A comprehensive analysis of the South China Karst (SCK) reveals significant improvements in ecosystem services (ES) from 1982 to 2018, driven by re-greening and rewilding efforts. Key ES metrics such as soil conservation (+8.12%), net primary productivity (+21.14%), and carbon storage (+0.86%) showed marked increases, while water yield (-13.23%) declined due to large-scale afforestation. Urban development further degraded habitat quality (-0.50%) and biodiversity (-1.91%). The study highlights that karst regions exhibit lower ES maintenance capacity compared to non-karst areas, with population distribution posing the greatest threat in karst landscapes and farming being a primary concern in non-karst regions. Improved vegetation coverage and increased precipitation positively influenced plant-carbon sequestration and water yield, respectively. Biodiversity was identified as a critical factor in sustaining ES. The research underscores the potential of nature-based solutions combined with targeted management strategies to mitigate ecosystem degradation and promote sustainable development.
Hydrological and biogeochemical controls on temporal variations of dissolved carbon and solutes in a karst river, South China
Riverine carbon cycling in karst regions exhibits high sensitivity to climate change, with hydrological and biogeochemical processes playing pivotal roles. A study on the Guijiang River, South China, revealed that high discharges during warm-wet seasons accelerate solute transport and organic carbon mineralization, leading to significant CO2 consumption (760.4 × 10³ mol/km²/year), far exceeding global averages. Stable carbon isotope analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ¹³C_DIC) showed that biological carbon contributes up to 53% of DIC, influencing temporal carbon dynamics. The research highlights the critical impact of climate variability on chemical weathering and carbon fluxes in karst areas, emphasizing the need for further investigation into these processes under changing climatic conditions.
Mechanism and Evolution of Soil Organic Carbon Coupling with Rocky Desertification in South China Karst
Rocky desertification in South China Karst initially reduces soil organic carbon (SOC) storage but may later lead to SOC accumulation, depending on the severity. This counterintuitive finding emerged from an analysis of 1212 soil samples across five distinct karst landforms: karst low hills/virgin forest (KLH), peak-cluster depressions (KPCD), canyons (KC), plateau basins (KPB), and trough valleys (KTV). Researchers found that while SOC content decreases with increasing rocky desertification, light desertification stages may paradoxically enhance SOC accumulation. The study also revealed that slope position, gradient, and aspect significantly influence SOC distribution by affecting vegetation composition and desertification evolution. Notably, the KPCD landform exhibited the highest SOC storage capacity (10.79 kg·m−2), followed by KPB, KLH, KTV, and KC. These insights suggest that rocky outcrops control SOC dynamics, while environmental factors indirectly shape SOC content through their impact on vegetation and desertification processes.
Terrestrial algae diversity of the two world natural heritage sites in China
A comparative analysis of terrestrial algae diversity between two UNESCO World Heritage Sites in China—Shibing Yuntai Mountain (dolomite karst) and Chishui Danxia (danxia landform)—reveals distinct yet interconnected species compositions shaped by geological and environmental factors. Both sites exhibit high algal abundance, dominated by cyanobacteria families like Chroococcaceae and Oscillatoriaceae, with Shibing Yuntai Mountain showing greater species diversity (higher G-F index) due to dolomite soil's nutrient-promoting effects. In contrast, Chishui Danxia's algae are influenced by its red layer soil and arid climate. Despite differences in family, genus, and species similarity (56.25%, 44.05%, and 37.62% respectively), the two sites cluster together at broader taxonomic levels, suggesting shared aquatic ancestry diverging under terrestrial adaptation pressures. The study highlights how algal diversity reflects geological history, stratigraphic lithology, and evolutionary adaptations in these unique landscapes.
Identification and Estimation of Solute Storage and Release in Karst Water Systems, South China
In karst water systems under concentrated recharge conditions, solute storage and release processes significantly influence pollutant attenuation during underground floods. Research reveals that greater recharge flow or stronger dynamic conditions reduce the solute storage rate to below 10%, while lower water levels increase storage rates up to 26% due to longer residence times in fissures. The study employed advection-dispersion modeling and field tracer tests to characterize two distinct solute transport pathways: a linear pathway through karst conduits and a dynamic pathway involving fissures. By segmenting breakthrough curves, the team quantified solute storage volumes, offering critical insights for groundwater remediation and protection strategies in vulnerable karst environments.
Three new species of the aphaenopsian trechine genus Pilosaphaenops Deuve & Tian, 2008 from South China Karst (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Scientists have identified three new species of the trechine genus Pilosaphaenops from caves in South China Karst, specifically P. qianzhii n. sp. from Lubian Dong (Guizhou) and P. mengzhenae n. sp., P. weiguofui n. sp. from Xia Dong and Shenlong Gong (Guangxi). These discoveries expand the known biodiversity of the genus, which is notable for its cave-dwelling adaptations. The study employed morphological analysis to distinguish these species, supported by detailed illustrations. A key to all known Pilosaphaenops species was also provided, aiding future taxonomic research in this region.
Tourism space reconstruction of a world heritage site based on actor network theory: A case study of the Shibing Karst of the South China Karst World Heritage Site
Research on the Shibing Karst, part of the South China Karst World Natural Heritage Site, reveals that its transformation into a world heritage tourism space involved two distinct phases: normal tourism destination construction and world heritage site construction. During these phases, the actor network evolved significantly, with key changes in actors' intentions, governance mechanisms, and roles. The study found that the People's Government of Shibing County played a central role in the initial phase, while international enterprises and residents gained more influence during the heritage phase, alongside supervisory rights from UNESCO bodies. These shifts in actor networks and power dynamics were identified as critical factors affecting the sustainable development of tourism and the economic growth of heritage sites.
Fractal analysis of tropical karst relief – South China Karst case study
Fractal analysis reveals that numerical characteristics, particularly the cover factor parameter, can effectively distinguish and classify tropical karst landscapes. The study analyzed 17 areas within South China Karst's Guilin and Huanjiang regions, identifying distinct patterns in fenglin (tower karst) and fengcong (cone karst) reliefs. These findings provide a quantitative tool for recognizing and typifying the diverse geomorphological forms resulting from long-term karst erosion under humid tropical conditions. The research highlights the potential of fractal dimensions to complement traditional classification methods, offering new insights into the complex structure of these spectacular landscapes.
The contrasting leaf functional traits between a karst forest and a nearby non-karst forest in south-west China
Trees in karst forests exhibit higher phosphorus concentrations, photosynthetic capacity, and water use efficiency compared to those in nearby non-karst forests. This adaptation suggests that karst trees are more conservative in water use, while soil phosphorus deficiency may limit growth in non-karst forests. The study analyzed gas exchange, anatomical traits, and mineral nutrient concentrations in leaves from 21 tree species in a tropical karst forest and 19 in a non-karst forest in south-west China. It found that evergreen and deciduous trees differed more significantly in leaf functional traits in the karst forest than in the non-karst forest, with the palisade:spongy mesophyll thickness ratio positively correlated with stomatal conductance but negatively with photosynthetic water use efficiency—contrasting patterns not observed in the non-karst forest.
Satellite‐Observed Major Greening and Biomass Increase in South China Karst During Recent Decade
A significant greening and biomass increase has been observed in the South China Karst region, one of the largest globally, despite declining rainfall and soil moisture. Satellite data from 1999 to 2017 revealed a rise in vegetation cover from 69% to 81%, covering approximately 1.4 million km². This phenomenon, attributed to large-scale forestry and conservation efforts since 2002, has had profound implications for ecosystem services such as carbon storage, water filtration, and timber production. The study highlights the potential of national conservation policies in mitigating deforestation and climate change impacts on natural resources.
Temporal–spatial evolution of the hydrologic drought characteristics of the karst drainage basins in South China
Hydrologic droughts in South China's karst drainage basins exhibit complex temporal-spatial patterns, characterized by a decline from the 1970s to 1990s followed by an increase from the 2000s to 2010s. This study, analyzing 55 hydrological control basins, reveals that drought intensity and occurrence frequency are highest during these two decades, with significant variability among different basin types. The research employs the Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) to assess drought characteristics, providing insights into the evolving nature of hydrologic droughts in response to climate change.
Quantitative Evaluation of Ecosystem Health in a Karst Area of South China
A decade-long study reveals that comprehensive control measures can significantly improve ecosystem health in karst regions, such as the Huajiang Demonstration Area in Guizhou Province. Using a GIS-based mechanism and multi-factor indicator system, researchers tracked spatial and temporal dynamics of rocky desertification (KRD) over 10 years, finding an increase in healthy areas from 3.7% to 8.2%. Despite this progress, unhealthy and middle-health areas still dominated by 2010. The study highlights the effectiveness of integrated KRD mitigation strategies in curbing ecosystem deterioration, offering a model for sustainable management in South China's karst landscapes.
South China Karst 1999, Preliminary Research in Yunnan
South China Karst 1999, Preliminary Research in Yunnan presents key findings on the geological characteristics of karst landscapes in Yunnan Province, China. The study, conducted by researchers from the Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU and their Chinese counterparts, focuses on the unique formations of 'shilin' (stone forests) and tower karst structures around Babao and Puzhehei regions. These formations exhibit distinct geological features that contribute to the understanding of karst development in subtropical environments. The research employed field observations and analyses to document these landscapes, which are less explored in tourist literature. This work builds on prior studies published in 'South China Karst' (1998) and provides preliminary insights into the complex processes shaping these iconic karst formations.
Study on Monitoring Problems and Solutions of South China Karst
South China Karst, a UNESCO World Heritage site, faces significant monitoring challenges that threaten its ecological integrity and sustainable development. The study identifies critical issues such as the lack of a unified monitoring system, inadequate or non-targeted indicators, and insufficient professional resources and equipment. To address these, researchers recommend establishing a collaborative monitoring framework with standardized indicators, targeted plans, and improved surveillance networks. These measures aim to preserve the site's outstanding universal value by ensuring systematic, effective, and sustainable monitoring practices.
Resilience of Groundwater Impacted by Land Use and Climate Change in a Karst Aquifer, South China
A subtropical karst aquifer in South China has shown significant groundwater discharge decline, with nearly 50% reduction during the dry season, primarily driven by land use changes and climate change. The study, which analyzed long-term hydrochemical data, found that groundwater quality deteriorated more in runoff and discharge zones compared to recharge areas. While land resource exploitation and shifting land use patterns began impacting groundwater conditions around 1990, climate change effects became evident from 2001, as indicated by rising water temperatures despite high aquifer depth. These findings underscore the need for continuous monitoring and reassessment of karst aquifers to understand their resilience amid urbanization and development.
Bat species diversity and conservation in Libo World Natural Heritage Site of South China Karst
A comprehensive survey of bat species diversity in the Libo World Natural Heritage Site, part of South China Karst, revealed 24 bat species across seven families, including two new records for Guizhou Province and 11 species documented for the first time in Libo. These findings highlight the region's significant biodiversity but also underscore severe threats posed by cave exploitation for tourism, which disrupts the habitat of cave-dwelling bats. The study combined field surveys from 69 caves across six townships with museum specimen analysis and literature reviews to provide a detailed assessment. To mitigate these threats, the researchers propose specialized conservation strategies tailored to protect bat roosting sites within this UNESCO-listed area.
Concentrations and resorption patterns of 13 nutrients in different plant functional types in the karst region of south-western China
Nutrient resorption patterns in karst ecosystems vary significantly by element and plant functional type, revealing distinct strategies for nutrient retention and cycling. The study found that while phosphorus (P) emerged as the primary limiting nutrient for plant growth, four nutrients—nitrogen (N), P, potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg)—were resorbed during leaf senescence, with resorption efficiencies ranging from 13.2% to 63.2%. Conversely, seven nutrients, including calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), accumulated in senesced leaves, indicating their retention rather than resorption. These patterns strongly influenced litter quality and were linked to nutrient concentrations in green leaves, with N:P, N:K, and N:Mg ratios predicting resorption proficiency for specific nutrients. The findings underscore the complexity of plant nutrient use strategies in karst regions, providing new insights into biogeochemical cycling.
Response of soil physical-chemical properties to rocky desertification succession in South China Karst
Soil physical-chemical properties in South China Karst exhibit a non-linear response to rocky desertification succession, initially deteriorating before improving with increased severity. Key indicators such as organic matter content, nitrogen levels, capillary moisture capacity, bulk density, and porosity show significant correlations and serve as critical factors in evaluating desertification degrees. The study proposes that bare rocks in extreme desertification environments act as nutrient sinks, challenging the assumption of continuous soil degradation. Researchers analyzed 45 sample plots across three karst landforms using chemical determination and mathematical statistics to uncover these patterns. Findings provide theoretical support for karst forest ecosystem protection and rocky desertification control.
An Analysis on Resource Management of Geoheritage: A Case Study of South China Karst
South China Karst, covering 146,016 hectares and recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007, showcases outstanding universal value through its unique karst landscapes. This study highlights the site's geological significance while identifying critical threats such as over-exploitation and rocky desertification, which pose risks to its sustainability. The research employs analytical comparison from global perspectives to assess heritage resource properties and proposes conservation strategies, including the implementation of scientific management mechanisms and disaster monitoring systems. These measures aim to mitigate geological disasters and promote sustainable development, ensuring the long-term preservation of this globally significant natural heritage.
Ecological adaptation of plants and control of rocky-desertification on karst region of South-west China
South China Karst, a region characterized by its ecological fragility and severe rocky-desertification, has seen significant advancements in plant ecology research aimed at understanding vegetation restoration challenges. This study highlights key findings on the habitat characteristics of the karst region, focusing on plant adaptation mechanisms, population dynamics, community structures, and ecosystem interactions. By synthesizing recent pure and applied research, it identifies critical ecological processes that underpin rocky-desertification management strategies. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, integrating field observations, experimental data, and theoretical models to elucidate how plants adapt to the harsh karst environment. It also proposes future directions for plant ecology research, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions to mitigate desertification in this vulnerable region.
South China Karst II
South China Karst II reveals diverse geological and ecological insights across Yunnan's karst landscapes, from tropical cone karst to the stone forests of central regions and the high plateau karst of Tibet. The study highlights significant findings on soil erosion patterns, tufa formation, vegetation dynamics, and the age and sediment composition of karst caves. It also explores epikarst fauna and the preservation challenges of this natural heritage. Researchers employed a multidisciplinary approach, combining field studies with laboratory analyses to unravel the complex interactions between geological processes and biodiversity in these unique environments.
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