The fractal dimension of Islamic and Persian four-folding gardens

Islamic and Persian four-folding gardens, such as those at the Taj Mahal and Isfahan’s city plan, exhibit high fractal dimensions, indicating a sophisticated use of self-replication and scale invariance in their design. This study reveals that these gardens likely incorporated fractal principles long before modern mathematical theories were formalized, suggesting symbolic representations of divine infinity and fairness. The research employed an innovative compositional fractal analysis, demonstrating the potential for such methods to inform environmentally just urban design.

Patuano, A., & Lima, M. F. (2021). The fractal dimension of Islamic and Persian four-folding gardens. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00766-1