Challenges to the retention of the integrity of World Heritage Sites in Africa: the case of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara, Tanzania

Despite significant financial investments, the Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara in Tanzania face persistent threats to their integrity due to insufficient government commitment, lack of local community involvement, and destructive conservation practices that compromise archaeological deposits—key components of their Outstanding Universal Values (OUV). A recent study reveals that while these sites have been removed from UNESCO’s List of World Heritage in Danger, their long-term preservation remains at risk without adherence to established Management Plans and professional guidance. The research highlights the critical need for multi-focused conservation strategies that balance financial resources with stakeholder engagement and expert oversight to safeguard these cultural landmarks for future generations.

Ichumbaki, E. B., & Mapunda, B. B. (2017). Challenges to the retention of the integrity of World Heritage Sites in Africa: the case of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara, Tanzania. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 52(4), 518–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2017.1396665