Topological and Fractal Modelling of Nagara Temple Architecture: A Comparative Mathematical Study of Kandariya Mahadeva and Konark Sun Temples

A novel mathematical framework integrating topology, graph theory, and fractal geometry provides quantitative insights into the geometric sophistication of Nagara temple architecture. The study introduces the Nagara Temple Geometric Index (NTGI), a composite parameter that normalizes recursive vertical clustering, spatial connectivity, radial organization, and symmetry analysis for comparative assessment. Applied to the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho—known for its recursive tower clustering—and the Konark Sun Temple in Odisha—renowned for its radial geometry and astronomical alignment—the framework reveals measurable patterns underlying these UNESCO World Heritage Sites' architectural designs. The NTGI serves as a comparative indicator, distinct from cultural or artistic significance, enabling interdisciplinary research at the intersection of mathematics, architecture, and computational heritage studies. Validation pathways using photogrammetry, GIS analysis, and image processing are proposed for future empirical verification.

Dr. Pratiksha Kadam. (2026). Topological and Fractal Modelling of Nagara Temple Architecture: A Comparative Mathematical Study of Kandariya Mahadeva and Konark Sun Temples. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering Management & Applied Science, 15(5), 3161–3177. https://doi.org/10.51583/ijltemas.2026.150500259