Bioconsolidation of calcarenite for cultural heritage conservation: Effects of application methods on mechanical and petrophysical properties

Bioconsolidation using carbonatogenic bacteria significantly enhances the mechanical and petrophysical properties of calcarenite, a highly porous rock, offering a promising eco-friendly conservation technique for weathered stone materials. The study, conducted under laboratory conditions, examined the efficacy of different bioconsolidation application methods—spray and immersion—on Macco calcarenite from the Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia. Results showed that while spray treatment led to higher mass gain, immersion provided greater mechanical reinforcement, including increased uniaxial unconfined compressive strength and seismic wave velocity. These findings support bioconsolidation as an effective non-invasive intervention for the restoration of ancient Etruscan hypogeal tombs, addressing conservators' needs while advancing sustainable conservation practices.

Benedetti, F., Volpe, G., Rinaldi, T., & Trippetta, F. (2026). Bioconsolidation of calcarenite for cultural heritage conservation: Effects of application methods on mechanical and petrophysical properties. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 42, 104909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2026.104909