Publications
Groundwater overexploitation drives freshwater turtle declines in Doñana National Park
Groundwater overexploitation in Doñana National Park has driven significant declines in freshwater turtle populations over three decades. The Mediterranean pond turtle (Mauremys leprosa) and the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) have seen dramatic decreases in abundance—56.9% and 74.1%, respectively—and their distribution has contracted sharply, particularly for E. orbicularis. Both species are now concentrated in a shrinking subset of long-hydroperiod ponds, indicating severe loss of functional habitat at the landscape scale. The study used a snapshot resampling design with standardized fyke nets to survey the park's pond network in 1991–1994 and 2021–2024, quantifying abundance through capture–mark–recapture methods. These findings underscore that legal protection alone is insufficient without addressing basin-scale hydrological pressures. Urgent reductions in groundwater withdrawal, restoration of the pond network, and hydrologically explicit monitoring are necessary to reverse these declines and prevent local extinctions.
A Semi-Automatic Remote-Sensing-Based System for the Early Detection of Cyanobacterial Blooms: The Case of the Doñana National Park (Spain)
A semi-automatic remote-sensing system demonstrates significant potential for the early detection of cyanobacterial blooms, offering a rapid and efficient tool for monitoring water quality. The study, conducted in Doñana National Park from 2020 to 2023, combines in-situ hyper-spectral measurements with satellite data from Copernicus Sentinel-2, revealing that while satellite observations are more sensitive to general phytoplankton biomass, they provide critical spatial insights for assessing ecosystem health. In-situ hyper-spectral data, however, enable precise detection of cyanobacteria concentrations. The research also introduces an automatic processing chain and user-friendly interface to streamline data exploitation, making it accessible for monitoring teams in national parks.
Bone weathering in a Mediterranean climate region: An experimental case study from Doñana National Park (Spain)
Bone weathering progresses more slowly in Mediterranean climates, with larger animals exhibiting even slower rates. This study, conducted over six years at Doñana National Park (Spain), found that horse tibias reached only stage 1 weathering, aligning with previous findings on body size effects. Unlike tibias, wild boar skulls showed distinct modifications due to structural differences. The research also characterized local meteorological and soil conditions, contributing to the calibration of weathering scales in Mediterranean contexts—a critical gap given the region's abundant fossil assemblages.
Groundwater/Surface Water Temperature Variations and Hydrogeological Implications in Doñana National Park
A recent study on Doñana National Park reveals significant groundwater and surface water temperature shifts during a dry-warm period (2020–2023), marked by reduced precipitation and rising air temperatures. While shallow piezometers (~15 m depth) showed increased annual mean water temperatures, deep piezometers recorded a decrease in water temperature and reduced variability. A phase shift between groundwater temperature extremes and air temperature variations was also observed, with its magnitude depending on sensor depth. These findings highlight the sensitivity of Doñana's wetlands to global environmental changes and provide insights into aquifer recharge and discharge dynamics at local and regional scales. The research analyzed eight hydrometeorological years (2016–2024) using temperature data from sand-dune ponds and piezometers, offering a comprehensive assessment of flow variability under extreme climatic conditions.
Using Satellite Remote Sensing to Estimate Rangeland Carrying Capacity for Sustainable Management of the Marismeño Horse in Doñana National Park, Spain
A six-year satellite-based study reveals critical seasonal patterns in vegetation productivity and grazing suitability within Doñana National Park, essential for the sustainable management of the endangered Marismeño horse. The research, utilizing Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 data, identified strong seasonal cycles with peak biomass and nutritive value in spring, followed by sharp declines in summer. Ecotonal zones like La Vera y Sotos served as vital refuges during drought-induced resource shortages, highlighting their importance for the horse's survival. The study demonstrates the reliability of a multi-sensor approach for fine-scale mapping of forage dynamics, offering a scalable tool to support biodiversity conservation and the resilience of Mediterranean rangeland ecosystems under increasing climate variability.
Environmental factors affecting phenology and distribution of Tentyria species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Doñana National Park (Southern Iberian Peninsula)
Extreme temperatures may significantly constrain the spatial distribution of Tentyria species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Doñana National Park, potentially impacting biodiversity under future climate change scenarios. The study, based on 20 years of data from a comprehensive inventory project, identified four Tentyria species with distinct phenological patterns and distributions. While T. donanensis was ubiquitous, T. subcostata was limited to the southern coastal area, and T. platyceps and T. bifida were found in northern marshes and inland forests, respectively. Sampling involved two years of monthly pitfall trapping across the park, revealing that these species are primarily active during summer, with unimodal or bimodal activity curves depending on the species. This research provides a baseline for future studies to assess long-term changes in Tentyria populations and their response to environmental shifts.
Groundwater decline has negatively affected the well-preserved amphibian community of Doñana National Park (SW Spain)
Groundwater decline has significantly reduced the amphibian diversity within Doñana National Park, SW Spain. A comparative survey between 2003-2004 and 2021-2022 revealed a decline in the occurrence of all 11 amphibian species present, with only two species (Pelophylax perezi and Hyla meridionalis) still found across more than half of the sampling area. The mean number of species per grid cell dropped from 4.3 to 3.1, indicating a substantial loss in biodiversity. This decline is attributed to groundwater overexploitation outside the park, which has led to shorter hydroperiods and pond desiccation, exacerbated by recent drought conditions. Restoration efforts focusing on reducing groundwater exploitation are critical to preserving Doñana's amphibian community.
Modelling Water Depth, Turbidity and Chlorophyll Using Airborne Hyperspectral Remote Sensing in a Restored Pond Complex of Doñana National Park (Spain)
Airborne hyperspectral remote sensing emerges as a powerful tool for monitoring restored wetlands, offering precise mapping of water depth, turbidity, and chlorophyll concentrations. A study in Doñana National Park demonstrated that the CASI-1500 sensor could detect significant spatial variations between experimental ponds, even after restoration efforts. These differences suggest high ecological diversity, underscoring the potential of hyperspectral technology for long-term wetland monitoring. The approach combines high-resolution imaging with spectral analysis to provide cost-effective and scalable solutions for assessing restoration success in Mediterranean wetlands and beyond.
Validation of Gross Primary Production Estimated by Remote Sensing for the Ecosystems of Doñana National Park through Improvements in Light Use Efficiency Estimation
A novel approach to estimating gross primary production (GPP) in Doñana National Park, Spain, demonstrates that the inclusion of the Sentinel-2 Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) significantly improves model accuracy compared to traditional light use efficiency (LUE) models. The study, validated with eddy covariance data from two distinct ecosystems—xeric shrubs and seasonal marshes—reveals that water status has a greater influence on GPP than meteorological variables in this water-scarce region. This finding underscores the potential of integrating remote sensing data to enhance carbon assimilation monitoring in heterogeneous landscapes, offering critical insights for global change research.
Calculation of the SPI, SPEI, and GRDI Indices for Historical Climatic Data from Doñana National Park: Forecasting Climatic Series (2030–2059) Using Two Climatic Scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 by IPCC
A significant decline of 13–14% in total precipitation and a reduction of 25–38% in severely to extremely wet periods in Doñana National Park (DNP) was identified through analysis of historical climate data (1985–2015). Projections for 2030–2060 under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios revealed a decrease in groundwater recharge rates due to increased evapotranspiration, highlighting the need for mitigation measures. The study utilized SPI, SPEI, and GRDI indices to assess drought conditions, with GRDI providing novel insights into groundwater recharge dynamics.
Pesticide contamination of bird species from Doñana National Park (southwestern Spain): Temporal trends (1999–2021) and reproductive impacts
A two-decade study of Doñana National Park (DNP) reveals alarming trends in pesticide contamination among bird species, with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) showing a decline but pyrethroids (PYRs), particularly fenvalerate, surging since 2013—up to 100,000 times higher than earlier levels. The research detected 26 pesticides in bird eggs, including new contaminants like oxadiazon and fenitrothion in 2021 samples, with 4,4′-DDE reaching concentrations linked to reproductive harm in top predators such as the booted eagle. While OCP levels have decreased overall, PYR increases pose a growing threat, underscoring the need for stricter agricultural pesticide controls to protect DNP's biodiversity.
Soil formation and hydrological evolution of Navazo del Toro small-lake ecosystem, Doñana National Park, Andalusia, Spain
Research reveals that the Navazo del Toro (NVT) wetland, one of Doñana National Park's largest temporary small-lakes, has undergone significant hydrological and pedological evolution since at least 4,255 years ago. The study identifies key processes shaping this ecosystem, including the translocation of silt and clay from dune slopes, sediment accumulation in the depression, and the development of tirsificated and vertic Luvisols. Hydromorphic conditions, marked by gleyic and stagnic features, have also incorporated organic materials like diatoms and sponge spicules, initiating incipient podzolization. The research employs a geopedological catena analysis along 230 meters with five soil profiles to unravel these processes, providing critical insights into the Middle-Upper Holocene hydrological dynamics of this unique wetland system.
Wavelet Analysis on Groundwater, Surface-Water Levels and Water Temperature in Doñana National Park (Coastal Aquifer in Southwestern Spain)
Groundwater abstraction for agriculture and urban use is threatening the ecological integrity of Doñana National Park. A study using wavelet analysis reveals that temporary ponds in the park remain connected to the underlying sand-dune aquifer despite heavy pumping, as evidenced by semi-diurnal (6-hour) water level fluctuations linked to tidal influences. Additionally, diurnal (12-hour) signals indicate the impact of evaporation and evapotranspiration on these groundwater-dependent ecosystems. The findings underscore the vulnerability of Doñana's fragile wetland systems and provide critical data for sustainable water resource management.
Effects of Population Declines on Habitat Segregation and Activity Patterns of Rabbits and Hares in Doñana National Park, Spain
A significant shift in habitat use and activity patterns among European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) in Doñana National Park, Spain, has been linked to population declines caused by virus-borne diseases. Initially, rabbits were confined to scrublands while hares occupied marshlands, with both species sharing rush and fern belt ecotones. However, following a decline in rabbit populations due to disease outbreaks between 2005–2016, hares expanded their habitat use into scrublands, previously exclusive to rabbits. This shift is attributed to reduced competition and predation pressure from the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), a rabbit specialist, which nearly disappeared due to the decline in its primary prey. Consequently, generalist predators increased, leading both lagomorph species to adopt nocturnal activity patterns to avoid higher predation risks during the day.
Survey of Culicoides ‐borne bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses at the wildlife‐livestock interface in Doñana National Park (Spain)
A comprehensive survey of bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in Doñana National Park, Spain, reveals widespread exposure and active circulation among wild and domestic ungulates. The study found high seroprevalence of BTV in red deer (97%) and fallow deer (64.7%), with viral RNA detected in multiple individuals, indicating ongoing transmission. SBV exposure was also prevalent across cattle (37%), red deer (16.8%), fallow deer (23.5%), and wild boar (2%). Notably, co-exposure to both viruses occurred in 18.7% of deer, though no co-infections were detected. The research underscores the role of wild cervids as potential reservoirs for these Culicoides-borne pathogens, particularly in vaccinated livestock scenarios, emphasizing the need for wildlife surveillance to inform disease control strategies.
A survey of shared pathogens at the domestic–wild ruminants’ interface in Doñana National Park (Spain)
A study conducted in Doñana National Park, Spain, revealed shared pathogens between domestic cattle and wild ruminants, including red deer and fallow deer. The research identified seroprevalence of pestiviruses (2.2%), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (11.6%), and bovine herpesvirus 1 (27.5%) exclusively in cattle, suggesting these viruses have epidemiological cycles limited to domestic animals. Additionally, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was detected in both cattle (15.9% incidence) and wild ruminants (14.3% seroprevalence), with identical Mycobacterium bovis spoligotypes found across species. This indicates potential cross-species transmission at the domestic-wild interface. The study highlights the need for targeted surveillance to inform control strategies in multi-host epidemiological scenarios.
Monitoring of pharmaceuticals in aquatic biota (Procambarus clarkii) of the Doñana National Park (Spain)
A clear ecotoxicological risk to the Doñana National Park ecosystem was demonstrated by the presence of ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, following punctual and massive human activity within the park. The study, conducted between 2011 and 2016, analyzed 23 pharmaceuticals from eight therapeutic families in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and water samples across six sampling points to assess pollution sources. Using enzymatic-microwave assisted extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, researchers detected ciprofloxacin, ibuprofen, salicylic acid, flumequine, and carbamazepine at various sites. Flumequine and carbamazepine were found in crayfish specimens at concentrations of 30 ng g−1 and 14 ng g−1, respectively, suggesting persistent discharge sources. The primary source of pharmaceuticals was identified as livestock farming activities, with minimal influence from surrounding urban wastewaters.
Protected areas enter a new era of uncertain challenges: extinction of a non‐exigent falcon in Doñana National Park
Doñana National Park, renowned for its rich predator community, has witnessed the alarming extinction of the Eurasian hobby (Falco subbuteo), a non-exigent falcon species. Originally abundant with 50–60 pairs, the hobbies were unique specialist hunters of swifts and dragonflies, occupying a distinct niche within the raptor assemblage. The study attributes their rapid decline post-2000 to synergistic factors including prey depletion, farmland intensification, chemical contamination, predation, and climate warming, with most drivers traceable to external pressures like farming practices and climate change. This extinction underscores mounting broad-level pressures on ecosystems, even in well-managed protected areas, highlighting the need for increased knowledge, quality monitoring, and rapid management action to mitigate such losses. The study suggests that unexpected species extinctions will become more common in protected areas due to growing anthropogenic pressures and climate change.
Evaluation of Volatile Organic Compounds Obtained from Breath and Feces to Detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Doñana National Park, Spain
Researchers identified specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the breath and feces of wild boar that can distinguish between Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC)-positive and MTBC-negative individuals, particularly in juvenile animals. Using discriminant function analysis (DFA), the study successfully classified MTBC status based on VOCs from both breath and fecal samples collected from 33 wild boar in Doñana National Park, Spain. Significant VOCs were detected across different age classes, with notable findings in adult and juvenile boar. This non-invasive method offers a promising tool for surveillance and disease management in wild swine populations, though further validation with larger sample sizes and diverse geographic locations is recommended.
Long-Term Determinants of Tuberculosis in the Ungulate Host Community of Doñana National Park
A 14-year study (2006–2018) of tuberculosis (TB) in Doñana National Park revealed that wild boar, red deer, fallow deer, and cattle exhibit distinct TB prevalence patterns influenced by host density, rainfall, and ecological interactions. Wild boar showed the highest TB prevalence (76.7%), with sows acting as key drivers of transmission among young individuals within maternal groups. Rainfall significantly increased TB risk in male red deer, likely due to sex-related susceptibility or exposure differences. Fallow deer and cattle shared a positive association, suggesting interspecies transmission or overlapping risk factors. The study highlights that effective TB control requires integrated strategies targeting all host species, population dynamics, environmental exposure, and livestock management.
Taphonomic information from the modern vertebrate death assemblage of Doñana National Park, Spain
Modern death assemblages in Doñana National Park, Spain, reveal significant insights into the early stages of fossilization and the ecology of vertebrate species. The study found that lake-margin and river-margin habitats offer the highest potential for fossil preservation due to high concentrations of well-preserved bones undergoing burial. Active depositional environments, such as marshlands and beaches, show more bone breakage and scavenging marks, primarily from wild boar and red foxes. Large land mammals, especially wild and feral ungulates, dominate the bone assemblage, with good overall preservation attributed to low predator pressure on large vertebrates. The spatial distribution of species in death assemblages reflects their preferred habitats during life, with meadows being a notable winter habitat for male deer, as indicated by shed antlers. This research underscores the value of taphonomic studies in understanding both modern and past ecosystems.
The Origin and Evolution of Late Holocene Tsunamiites in the Doñana National Park (SW Spain): Trace Elements as Geochemical Proxies
Researchers have identified three distinct Holocene-age tsunami deposits (around 4.25, 3.56, and 2.2–2 kyr BP) within the Doñana National Park using trace element geochemistry as proxies for marine incursions and high-energy events. The study analyzed sediments from two boreholes, revealing complex estuarine paleoenvironments with inherited mineralogy (e.g., REE-Y-Rb-Sr-Cs-Th-U-Hf-Al-Ti-Co-Cr-Sc) and elements linked to evaporite conditions (Br-Na). Statistical analysis, including linear correlation and factor analysis, highlighted Na, Br, Sr, Hf, and Ti as key indicators of tsunamiites. The findings suggest that trace element geochemistry is a robust tool for identifying past tsunamis, with sediment provenance primarily originating from felsic sources.
Geopedological processes in Doñana National Park (Spain)
Research in Doñana National Park reveals advanced geopedological processes on its dunes, marked by the presence of dark-colored Arenosoles with clay and iron/manganese enrichments at 60 cm depth. These soils exhibit higher magnetic susceptibility, vermiculite biogenic clays, and incipient luvic and chromic properties, indicating intense pedogenesis—likely driven by Juniperus turbinata savin forest's phytostability. The study employed standard physicochemical and mineralogical characterization methods to analyze soil profile SOJ-2, uncovering patterns of sand washing that suggest differentiation between environmental conditions. This finding challenges the typical aeolian characteristics of Doñana's littoral sheet, offering insights into its complex pedological dynamics.
Protected areas under pressure: decline, redistribution, local eradication and projected extinction of a threatened predator, the red kite, in Doñana National Park, Spain
Doñana National Park, despite its status as a protected area, is facing significant challenges in maintaining viable populations of endangered species. A study on the red kite (Milvus milvus), a highly endangered raptor near-endemic to Europe, reveals a 46-55% decline in population over four decades, with the species increasingly confined to the core National Park and its buffer zones. The research attributes this decline to illegal poisoning, habitat degradation, food scarcity, competition, predation, and chemical contamination. Demographic modeling predicts potential extinction within two decades if current trends persist. While the park has prevented regional extinction, it has not guaranteed species safety, highlighting a growing issue of 'extinction debt' as anthropogenic pressures increase around protected areas.
Unraveling the Hydrological Behavior of a Coastal Pond in Doñana National Park (Southwest Spain)
Groundwater pumping near a coastal resort threatens the hydrological stability of Doñana National Park’s Santa Olalla pond, despite no immediate visible damage. Advanced time-series analysis—including wavelet techniques and seasonal decomposition—revealed hidden, seasonally driven interactions between surface water and groundwater, challenging previous conceptual models. These methods, unprecedented in such ecosystems, highlighted critical groundwater inputs essential for maintaining the pond’s permanent hydroperiod. The study underscores the need for vigilant monitoring to preserve this fragile system amid rising coastal development pressures.
Assessment of the hydrological status of Doñana dune ponds: a natural World Heritage Site under threat
Groundwater discharge sustains the hydroperiod of Doñana dune ponds, contributing up to 80% of their total water inflows. However, some ponds now act as recharge systems due to declining piezometric levels from nearby groundwater extraction for urban use. Researchers quantified these fluxes using daily hydrological balances and classified the ponds accordingly. The study highlights the vulnerability of this UNESCO World Heritage Site's hydrology to anthropogenic pressures, particularly in coastal resorts adjacent to Doñana National Park.
Using Water Temperature, Electrical Conductivity, and pH to Characterize Surface–Groundwater Relations in a Shallow Ponds System (Doñana National Park, SW Spain)
Groundwater discharge significantly influences the thermal and chemical dynamics of shallow ponds in Doñana National Park, as revealed by a study analyzing water temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH. The research demonstrated heterogeneous groundwater flow through pond sediments, particularly in Santa Olalla Pond, and quantified its role in surface-subsurface heat exchange using a heat transfer model. Conducted between 2016 and 2018 across two ponds—Santa Olalla and Dulce—the study integrated spatial measurements of temperature, pH, and EC to characterize groundwater-surface water interactions. Findings align with prior hydrological data, deepening the understanding of these ecologically critical systems within Spain's protected Doñana National Park.
Long-Term Monitoring of the Flooding Regime and Hydroperiod of Doñana Marshes with Landsat Time Series (1974–2014)
Doñana National Park's marshes exhibit contrasting hydroperiod trends, with the northwestern region experiencing increased flooding duration while the southwestern area shows a steady decline. This finding emerges from a long-term analysis (1974–2014) using Landsat satellite imagery, which identified a reliable threshold in near-infrared reflectance to distinguish flooded areas with high accuracy (Kappa = 0.65). The study employed a semi-automatic classification method based on band 5 reflectance values from TM and ETM+ sensors, validated against extensive ground truth data. By retroactively applying this technique across the entire Landsat archive, researchers reconstructed historical flooding patterns, providing critical insights for hydrodynamic modeling and evaluating management interventions.
Long‐term patterns in Iberian hare population dynamics in a protected area (Doñana National Park) in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula: Effects of weather conditions and plant cover
A long-term decline in the Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis) population was observed in Doñana National Park between 1995 and 2012. The study, conducted using spotlighting surveys in marshland and ecotone habitats, revealed that hare abundance varied significantly with weather conditions and plant cover. Early flooding in October, which partially submerged the marsh, positively correlated with hare abundance in both habitats, while dense grass and graminoid growth reduced hare numbers. These findings highlight the sensitivity of this endemic species to environmental changes, underscoring the need for targeted conservation strategies in protected areas.
The GenusTentyria(Latreille, 1802) in Doñana National Park (Southern Iberian Peninsula) with Descriptions of Two New Species (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
A comprehensive study of the genus Tentyria in Doñana National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its ecological diversity, reveals four distinct species, including two newly discovered ones: T. donanensis sp. nov. and T. bifida sp. nov. The research provides detailed morphological comparisons, phenological data, distribution patterns, and abundance records of these beetles, which are significant representatives of the park's soil-dwelling fauna. Additionally, it clarifies taxonomic ambiguities by designating a lectotype for T. subcostata and proposing new synonymies and validations for other species within the genus. A key to identify Tentyria species in Doñana is also included, contributing valuable insights for both academic research and conservation efforts.
Wireless Sensor Network for Wildlife Tracking and Behavior Classification of Animals in Doñana
A hierarchical wireless sensor network deployed in Doñana National Park has demonstrated the potential for high-accuracy wildlife behavior classification, addressing longstanding challenges in tracking and monitoring endangered species. The system integrates intelligent devices equipped with neural networks to analyze sensory data collected from animals, enabling real-time detection of behaviors that may threaten their survival. Once identified, this information is transmitted to an external database for further analysis by biologists. This approach significantly reduces power consumption while enhancing the efficiency and precision of wildlife monitoring in one of the world's most biodiverse protected areas.
Ecological Design of a Crayfishing Program to Control Population Density of the Invasive Species Procambarus Clarkii in Doñana National Park Freshwater Marsh (Spain)
A proposed crayfishing program offers a dual solution to the ecological impact of the invasive species Procambarus clarkii in Doñana National Park's freshwater marsh while addressing illegal harvesting. The study reveals that P. clarkii populations exhibit varying growth patterns and recruitment dynamics, with high juvenile density under stressful conditions leading to stunted growth. By implementing targeted fishing practices, the model aims to mitigate the crayfish's destructive feeding habits—responsible for reducing submerged aquatic macrophytes and altering water clarity—while providing a legal alternative for poachers. The research combines population analysis with fishery management principles to propose an effective, controlled harvesting strategy that balances ecological restoration with sustainable resource use.
Permanent and temporary ponds in Doñana National Park (SW Spain) are threatened by desiccation
Doñana National Park faces severe threats to its aquatic habitats due to increasing desiccation. Research reveals that both permanent and temporary ponds have become more dependent on annual rainfall over recent decades, with some seasonal ponds drying up even in wet years. The largest permanent pond, which once exhibited stable inundation levels, now fluctuates dramatically with rainfall and risks complete desiccation during dry periods. Groundwater abstractions, particularly near urban pumping stations, are identified as the primary driver of this decline. Using Landsat imagery, scientists tracked changes in pond inundation areas, documenting a troubling trend toward shorter hydroperiods and reduced water availability across the park's wetland network. Urgent action to regulate groundwater extraction is deemed critical to preserving Doñana's ecological integrity.
Towards a Standard Plant Species Spectral Library Protocol for Vegetation Mapping: A Case Study in the Shrubland of Doñana National Park
Researchers developed a standard protocol for creating spectral libraries of plant species to improve vegetation mapping accuracy using imaging spectroscopy. The study, conducted in Doñana National Park's shrubland, focused on five dominant shrub species: Erica scoparia, Halimium halimifolium, Ulex australis, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Stauracanthus genistoides. Findings indicated significant intra-species variability (p < 0.05) using the Student's t-test, while spectral similarity value (SSV) and spectral angle mapper (SAM) algorithms demonstrated notable separability among species, though Ulex australis and Stauracanthus genistoides could not be distinguished. This protocol aims to enhance the reliability of spectral libraries by standardizing data acquisition methods, accounting for spatiotemporal variations in plant reflectance.
Assessing the patterns of the invertebrate community in the marshes of Doñana National Park (SW Spain) in relation to environmental factors
Doñana National Park's marshes, a Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot, host a diverse invertebrate community shaped by environmental factors. The study identified 102 taxa, with cladocerans, ostracods, and dipteran insects dominating in abundance. Clear water patches, characterized by higher macrophyte cover and structural heterogeneity, supported richer and more diverse invertebrate assemblages compared to turbid patches. Environmental variables such as conductivity, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and chlorophyll-a concentration were key drivers of community structure. The research suggests that hydrologic connectivity and flood duration significantly influence invertebrate diversity, highlighting the importance of submerged macrophytes in marsh ecosystems.
Organic Matter Fractions Controlling Soil Water Repellency in Sandy Soils From the Doñana National Park (Southwestern Spain)
Soil water repellency (WR) in sandy soils of Doñana National Park is strongly influenced by organic matter fractions, with Quercus suber (QS) exhibiting the most severe WR across all particle sizes. Research reveals that finer soil fractions (<0.05 mm) contain higher organic matter content and correlate positively with WR severity, while coarser fractions (1–2 mm) under Pteridium aquilinum (PA), Pinus pinea (PP), and Halimium halimifolium (HH) show high WR despite lower SOM levels, suggesting less decomposed organic residues. The study used water drop penetration time (WDPT) tests and molecular analysis of n-alkane/alkenes pairs and fatty acids to assess WR severity and organic matter composition across vegetation types.
Use of Metallomics and Metabolomics to Assess Metal Pollution in Doñana National Park (SW Spain)
A study employing metallomics and metabolomics reveals significant differences in metal pollution impacts on the ecosystem of Doñana National Park (DNP), SW Spain. The research, using the mouse Mus spretus as a model organism, demonstrates that metal contamination in DNP and its surrounding areas (El Partido and El Matochal) affects levels of metals and metalloproteins such as MT, Cu/Zn-SOD, or Mn-CA, disrupts membrane phospholipids, and alters metabolic pathways related to energy metabolism and oxidative stress. The approach involved size exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) for metallomics and direct infusion to a mass spectrometer (DI-ESI-QTOF-MS) for metabolomics, followed by partial linear square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Additionally, the activities of key antioxidant enzymes were assessed, providing insights into the biological response to environmental contamination.
Data on nesting, incubation, and hatchling emergence in the two native aquatic turtle species (Emys orbicularis and Mauremys leprosa) from Doñana National Park
Research in Doñana National Park reveals significant differences in nesting, incubation, and hatchling emergence between two native aquatic turtle species: Emys orbicularis and Mauremys leprosa. The study found that both species can lay at least two clutches from May to July, with distinct incubation periods—83 days for E. orbicularis and 46-53 days for M. leprosa. Incubation temperatures also varied, with E. orbicularis eggs developing at a cooler 24.7°C compared to the warmer 28.7°C for M. leprosa. Notably, all hatchlings of E. orbicularis remained in the nest until extraction in October, whereas M. leprosa hatchlings emerged within one to twelve days post-hatching, with some remaining in the nest. Hatchling emergence was observed from late August to early October for M. leprosa and between September 18th and 23rd for E. orbicularis. This study provides critical insights into the reproductive strategies of these species, which may inform conservation efforts in Doñana National Park.
Ecological similarities between two Mediterranean wetlands: Sidi Boughaba (North-West Morocco) and the Doñana National Park (South-West Spain)
A limnological comparison of two Mediterranean wetlands, Merja Sidi Boughaba (North-West Morocco) and Doñana National Park (South-West Spain), reveals striking ecological similarities driven by shared palaeoenvironmental histories and hydrological processes. Both sites, designated Ramsar wetlands on Atlantic coastal dune systems with Mediterranean climates, exhibit comparable physico-chemical conditions, including a slight disproportion of magnesium over calcium due to oceanic influence. The study highlights their rich submersed macrophyte communities, particularly dense charophyte beds, supported by high primary production and biodiversity. Unlike temperate deep lakes, these shallow aquatic systems show no significant correlation between chlorophyll concentrations and phosphorus levels, reflecting efficient nutrient recycling through sediments and strong seasonal water-level fluctuations. This research underscores the value of regional-scale comparisons in understanding Mediterranean wetland dynamics.
Envisat/ASAR Images for the Calibration of Wind Drag Action in the Doñana Wetlands 2D Hydrodynamic Model
A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Doñana National Park wetlands accurately simulates wind-induced water displacement, demonstrating displacements of up to 2 kilometers. Researchers calibrated the model using Envisat/ASAR satellite images and on-site wind records, assessing different formulations for wind drag action. The study found that including an atmospheric stability parameter did not significantly improve results, suggesting that such data may not be necessary for accurate simulations in hypothetical or design scenarios. This research contributes to better predictions of flooding and emergence patterns, aiding in the assessment of hydrologic restoration actions within Doñana's basin.
The diatom flora in temporary ponds of Doñana National Park (southwest Spain): five new taxa
Researchers have identified five new diatom taxa in the temporary ponds of Doñana National Park, southwest Spain. These microscopic algae, described as Eunotia vozmedianoi, Planothidium lacustre, Halamphora tharsis, Gomphonema undulans, and Pinnularia acidophila var. baetica, were discovered during a 2010 biological survey of shallow ponds within this UNESCO World Heritage Site. Using light and scanning electron microscopy, the study revealed these taxa as novel to science, contributing to the understanding of diatom endemism in the region. The findings suggest that endemism may be more widespread among diatoms than previously thought, with implications for ecological and biogeographical studies.
Change in demographic patterns of the Doñana Iberian lynxLynx pardinus: management implications and conservation perspectives
A shift in the spatial distribution of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) population in Doñana National Park, Spain, suggests reduced vulnerability to extinction compared to the 1990s. Using camera trapping and field surveys between 2004–2008, researchers estimated an average annual abundance of 38 adult and subadult lynxes, with a more continuous distribution across three major areas, including the park itself, covering approximately 620 km². While this indicates an improved conservation status, the population remains precarious, necessitating urgent habitat restoration—particularly outside the park—and continued rabbit restocking efforts in fenced areas to maintain its viability.
Presence of raccoon (Procyon lotor) in Doñana National Park and its surroundings
A study confirms the presence of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Doñana National Park and its surroundings, marking their first documented occurrence in the region. This invasive species, native to North and Central America, has shown remarkable adaptability to diverse ecosystems and a strong ability to colonize anthropogenic environments due to its opportunistic behavior. The research, published in Galemys, highlights the potential ecological impact of this introduction, which likely stems from deliberate or accidental releases linked to fur industry interest and pet trade popularity. The study employed field surveys and data analysis to document raccoon sightings, contributing critical insights for conservation efforts in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Temporal variation of phytoplankton in two neighbouring Mediterranean shallow lakes in Doñana National Park (Spain)
A study on two neighboring Mediterranean shallow lakes, Santa Olalla and Dulce, within Doñana National Park, Spain, reveals distinct phytoplankton dynamics despite their proximity. Both lakes exhibit low Shannon diversity indices (1.11 for Santa Olalla and 1.79 for Dulce) and high phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations (365.2 mg/m³ in Santa Olalla vs. 230 mg/m³ in Dulce), with primary production rates also higher in Santa Olalla (1.29 g C m⁻³ h⁻¹ vs. 0.88 g C m⁻³ h⁻¹). The research identifies eight functional groups in Santa Olalla, dominated by H₁, K, and S₁ groups after the initial four months, while Dulce shows a more complex distribution with ten groups over time. Canonical correspondence analysis confirms that shifts in phytoplankton composition are linked to changes in physical-chemical features and hydrological conditions, which vary between the two systems. These findings highlight the resilience of phytoplankton communities under stressful conditions such as rapid water volume fluctuations, low light penetration, and low nutrient concentrations, contributing to our understanding of eutrophic wetland ecosystems.
A comparison of robust polynomial fitting, global geopotential model and spectral analysis for regional–residual gravity field separation in the Doñana National Park (Spain)
A comparison of three methods—robust polynomial fitting, the EGM2008 global geopotential model, and spectral analysis—revealed that the EGM2008 model is a highly effective tool for separating regional and residual gravity fields in Doñana National Park. The study, conducted using high-precision gravimetric data, identified correlations between residual gravity anomalies and geological features, suggesting potential refinements to existing geological boundary maps. This approach offers improved accuracy for geophysical modeling in protected areas with complex geological structures.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection of amphibians in the Doñana National Park, Spain
A study on amphibian chytridiomycosis in Doñana National Park, Spain, revealed that 7 out of 9 native amphibian species tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), an emerging pathogen linked to global amphibian declines. Despite some individuals showing higher infection intensities, all sampled animals appeared healthy, with no evidence of mortality or population declines observed so far in the park. The research, conducted during early and intermediate breeding seasons in 2007–2008, suggests that while Bd is present in this biodiverse protected area, its impact on amphibian populations may not yet be severe.
Ecosystem metabolism in a temporary Mediterranean marsh (Doñana National Park, SW Spain)
Doñana National Park's temporary Mediterranean marsh exhibits net autotrophy, with the benthic compartment being significantly more productive than the pelagic one. The study found that gross production rates exceed community respiration by 43% on average, with net community production increasing substantially with irradiance. A threshold irradiance range of 42 to 255 μE m−2 s−1 was identified, below which the system becomes net heterotrophic. This suggests that the pelagic compartment relies heavily on organic carbon produced by the benthic compartment, highlighting the marsh's complex metabolic dynamics.
Stability of the new alluvial fan of el partido stream, located in the eastern side of el rocío village in the doñana national park (spain), after the actions carried out to restore its hydrological regime
Restoration efforts to stabilize the new alluvial fan of El Partido Stream in Doñana National Park, Spain, have demonstrated significant success. The study, conducted by Mintegui Aguirre et al., found that restoring the functionality of a former alluvial fan upstream in 2006 effectively mitigated the expansion and growth of the new fan, which had previously hindered urban drainage in El Rocío village. Monitoring over several flood events, particularly from 2007 to 2011, revealed improved hydrological behavior along the stream's final reach, contributing to the current stability of the new alluvial fan. The approach involved channelizing the stream for agricultural purposes and implementing targeted restoration measures, providing a model for managing similar geomorphological challenges in protected areas.
Temporay ponds from Donana National Park: a system of natural habitats for the preservation of aquatic flora and fauna
Doñana National Park's temporary ponds, numbering over 3000 during wet years, serve as critical habitats for diverse aquatic flora and fauna. These ponds, characterized by their hydroperiod gradient—ranging from autumnal to summer persistence—support eight amphibian species dependent on them for breeding. Among the recorded taxa, coleopterans (56) and heteropterans (19) are notably abundant, alongside endemic zooplankton like Dussartius baeticus and Lecane donyanensis. The study also identifies 55 hydrophyte species, including endemics (Callitriche regis-jubae, Scorzonera fistulosa) and relic species (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae). The conservation value of these ponds is underscored by their role in preserving protected and rare species, facilitated by high pond abundance and connectivity. This research highlights the ecological significance of Mediterranean temporary ponds as priority habitats under the European Union Habitats Directive.
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