Publications
A new genus and a new species in the tribe Eryciini (Diptera, Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in north-western Costa Rica
Researchers have identified a new genus and species of tachinid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) within the tribe Eryciini from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. The discovery, Santarosamyia woodorum, was made using an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphological analysis, life history data, and DNA barcoding. Additionally, two new species combinations were proposed: Santarosamyia erecta and Santarosamyia unipilum. A lectotype was designated for Exorista loxostegae, and an identification key for the new genus was provided. The study contributes to the understanding of tachinid diversity in Costa Rica, highlighting the importance of comprehensive biodiversity inventories in protected areas like ACG.
Caterpillar diet breadth in Área de Conservación Guanacaste, a large and diverse Neotropical wildland in northwestern Costa Rica: toxins, silica, aluminum, and sclerophylly
A comprehensive analysis of caterpillar–food plant interactions over nearly four decades in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica, reveals that dietary specialization is strongly influenced by plant defenses. The study, based on 431,212 rearing records spanning 7,160 Lepidoptera and 2,489 plant species, found that unpalatable, aposematic herbivores tend to be specialists while highly toxic plant families, such as Aristolochiaceae and Zamiaceae, host many monophagous caterpillars. Biochemical and structural defenses in plants appear to mediate herbivore diet breadth, with defended plant families hosting fewer polyphagous species compared to less-defended ones. The research also highlights that while plant species composition remained relatively stable, caterpillar communities showed significant changes over time, particularly in rainforest and dry forest habitats.
Cryptic diversity of Leurus wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), parasitoids of caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Researchers uncovered significant cryptic diversity among Leurus wasps, revealing ten new sympatric species within the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Initially assumed to be a single species, L. caeruliventris, these wasps were identified through COI barcoding and morphological analysis of hundreds of specimens, each matched with their host caterpillars from the Crambidae family. The study, led by Zuñiga & Valerio, describes these new species—L. billeberhardi, L. henrytownesi, L. hugokonsi, L. iangauldi, L. jesusugaldei, L. marjorietownesae, L. maryjanewestae, L. pammitchellae, L. sondrawardae, and L. wahli—along with an illustrated key to distinguish them. This discovery sheds light on the ecological complexity of these parasitoids, challenging previous assumptions about their species boundaries.
Forty-Five Years of Caterpillar Rearing in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) Northwestern Costa Rica: DNA Barcodes, BINs, and a First Description of Plant–Caterpillar–Ichneumonoid Interactions Detected
A groundbreaking 45-year study at Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica reveals unprecedented insights into tropical insect community ecology, documenting over 2,400 caterpillar species and their interactions with 1,352 host plants and 26,000 parasitoid rearings, including ichneumonoid wasps. The research, leveraging DNA barcoding and Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), found no asymptotic trends in bi- or tritrophic interactions after 1983 due to climate change impacts on caterpillar densities. Notably, ichneumonoid parasitoids show a preference for larger-bodied hosts, and introduced plant species are utilized by endemic parasitoids. The study highlights the complexity of tropical food webs and suggests new avenues for ecological research.
Amphibian diversity across three adjacent ecosystems in Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Amphibian species richness in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica, has declined by 45% since the late 1980s, coinciding with global amphibian population declines. Rainforest ecosystems within ACG exhibit significantly higher amphibian diversity than dry forests, with up to three times more species. This study compared contemporary data from five sites—Murciélago, Santa Rosa, Maritza, San Gerardo, and Cacao—to historic records from 1987-88, revealing stark differences in biodiversity. ACG's unique compression of tropical ecosystems into a small protected area offers an unprecedented opportunity to study the resilience—or lack thereof—of these habitats to climate change and disease. The findings underscore the urgent need for conservation efforts to address ecosystem-level vulnerabilities.
Revision of Belvosia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera, Tachinidae) and 33 new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica with a key to known North and Mesoamerican species
A groundbreaking revision of the fly genus Belvosia (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Costa Rica's Area de Conservación Guanacaste reveals 33 new species, significantly expanding our understanding of this diverse group. This work, part of an ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars across multiple lepidopteran families, provides detailed morphological descriptions, molecular data, and photographic documentation for each species. The study also redefines the genus Belvosia with a comprehensive identification key for North and Mesoamerican species, while proposing new synonyms and combinations that clarify taxonomic relationships. Notably, it records Belvosia canalis from the region and provides updated host information. This research underscores the biodiversity of tropical ecosystems and contributes critical data to conservation efforts in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Bosques de coral negro del Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica: especies y distribución
Black coral forests, previously thought to be rare and limited to Isla del Coco, have been discovered in multiple sites within the Guanacaste Conservation Area (ACG) in Costa Rica's north Pacific. This study identifies two dominant species, Myriopathes panamensis and Antipathes galapagensis, with distinct depth distributions: M. panamensis thrives between 15-35 meters, while A. galapagensis is found at 30-45 meters. The research involved visual censuses and laboratory analysis of samples to characterize these ecosystems, revealing no significant morphological variations compared to other regions. Associated fauna, including the anemone Nemanthus californicus, bivalve Pteria sterna, and longnose hawkfish Oxycirrhithes typus, were documented but require further study to understand their ecological roles. The findings underscore the ACG's critical role in marine biodiversity conservation, particularly for these understudied antipatharian ecosystems.
Revison of Metaplagia Coquillett (Diptera: Tachinidae) with description of five new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica
A taxonomic revision of the tachinid fly genus Metaplagia reveals five new species from Costa Rica's Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG). These discoveries, derived from an ongoing inventory of Sphingidae caterpillars, integrate morphological, molecular, and life history data to redefine the genus and provide a revised identification key for Metaplagia species. Additionally, the study proposes a new combination for Plagiomima latifrons, expanding our understanding of this fly group's biodiversity in ACG.
A new genus and new species in the tribe Uramyini (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica
Researchers have identified a new genus and species within the tribe Uramyini (Diptera: Tachinidae) from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. This discovery, documented through morphological analysis, life history observations, molecular data, and photographic evidence, expands our understanding of biodiversity in this region. The study also provides an updated key to the Uramyini tribe, aiding in the identification of related species. The findings contribute valuable insights into the taxonomic diversity of flies in ACG, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its ecological significance.
Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species from the Western Hemisphere and Food Plant Records from Area de ConservaciÓn Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Researchers have identified three new species of the Neotropical moth genus Asturodes (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica, bringing the total to four recognized species. A key discovery was a unique petaloid scale structure in the male genitalia's androconial organs, previously undescribed in Pyraloidea. The study also documented larval food plant records for three species, all associated with Rhamnaceae, contributing to a long-term inventory of ACG caterpillars, their hosts, and parasitoids, which includes DNA barcoding for species identification.
Daniel H. Janzen: Forever the Rebel
Daniel H. Janzen, an internationally renowned entomologist and evolutionary ecologist, has made groundbreaking contributions to biodiversity research and conservation, particularly in Costa Rica's Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG). His pioneering work with DNA barcoding revealed over 45,000 species in ACG, including hundreds of cryptic species such as the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator, significantly increasing species estimates from 9,500 to more than 15,000. Janzen's research approach combines fieldwork with genetic analysis, focusing on tropical biodiversity and its societal interface. His efforts have also been instrumental in habitat restoration and community outreach, earning him numerous prestigious awards, including the Crafoord Prize (1984) and the Blue Planet Prize (2014).
Primate life history, social dynamics, ecology, and conservation: Contributions from long‐term research in Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Long-term primate research in Sector Santa Rosa, Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica, reveals critical insights into the life history, social dynamics, and ecology of white-faced capuchins, Geoffroy's spider monkeys, and mantled howler monkeys. This study, one of the longest continuous primate studies globally, demonstrates that decades-long monitoring is essential for understanding long-lived species' reproductive success, familial relationships, behavioral repertoires, and dietary patterns. The research highlights significant inter- and intra-annual variations in forest productivity, providing a unique lens to study ecological and social interactions. Notably, this longitudinal approach has directly contributed to the conservation of the critically endangered dry forest biome, supporting education, community initiatives, and forest restoration efforts.
A new species of Trismegistomya Reinhard (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica
Researchers have identified a new species of tachinid fly, Trismegistomya jimoharai, from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. This discovery expands the known range and diversity of the genus Trismegistomya, which was previously represented by only one species from Arizona, USA. The new species was reared from wild-caught caterpillars of the moth Melipotis januaris (Erebidae), providing insights into its life history and ecological interactions. The study integrates morphological, molecular, and photographic data to describe the species comprehensively. Additionally, it includes a redescription of the genus and its type species, Trismegistomya pumilis, contributing to the taxonomic understanding of this group within the Tachinidae family.
A revision of Dolichogenidea (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) with the second mediotergite broadly rectangular from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Researchers have identified eight new species of the wasp genus Dolichogenidea, characterized by their uniquely shaped second mediotergite and long ovipositors, within the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica. These discoveries belong to a newly proposed species group, the carlosmanuelrodriguezi group, which also includes undescribed species from the Neotropical region. All new species are parasitoids found in rainforests at elevations of 120–900 meters, with most targeting Depressariidae hosts, except one that parasitizes Choreutidae. The study highlights a notable example of convergent evolution, as these wasps share traits and host preferences with the alejandromorais species group in the genus Apanteles.
New records of marine decapods and stomatopods in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG): four years of marine biodiversity inventorying
A four-year marine biodiversity inventory in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica, has uncovered 99 new species of decapod crustaceans and stomatopods, including four potential new species and nine new records for the country. The study, part of the BioMar-ACG Project, identified a total of 271 species—more than half of those reported for Costa Rica and over a quarter of those in the eastern tropical Pacific. This significant increase (37% more species than previously recorded) highlights ACG's rich biodiversity, likely driven by its diverse habitats, seasonal upwelling, and recent sampling efforts. The project, funded by the Guanacaste Dry Forest Conservation Fund and conducted by UCR institutions, underscores the importance of targeted inventorying in marine conservation.
Twenty-two new species in the genus Hyphantrophaga Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, with a key to the species of Mesoamerica
Twenty-two new species of the parasitic fly genus Hyphantrophaga (Diptera: Tachinidae) have been identified from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), a UNESCO World Heritage Site in northwestern Costa Rica. These discoveries, reared from a diverse range of caterpillar hosts spanning 30 lepidopteran families, include detailed morphological descriptions, life history data, molecular analyses, and photographic documentation. The study also resolves taxonomic ambiguities by proposing five new synonyms for previously described genera and nine new combinations within Hyphantrophaga. Additionally, three previously known species—H. angustata, H. myersi, and H. virilis—are redescribed based on ACG specimens. This research significantly expands the understanding of tachinid fly biodiversity in Mesoamerica and provides a key for species identification in the region.
Revision of the Mesoamerican species of Calolydella Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) and description of twenty-three new species reared from caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica
A groundbreaking study identifies and describes 23 new species of the fly genus Calolydella, all reared from caterpillars across diverse lepidopteran families within the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. This research significantly expands the known biodiversity of Mesoamerican tachinid flies by integrating morphological, life history, and molecular data, alongside photographic documentation. Additionally, it provides a revised generic redescription and key for species identification, while proposing Lydella frugale as a new synonym under Calolydella, enhancing taxonomic clarity. The study underscores the ACG's ecological importance as a hotspot for insect diversity and host-parasite interactions.
A new species of Voria Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica
Scientists have identified a new species of parasitic fly, Voria erasmocoronadoi, within the genus Voria (Diptera: Tachinidae), discovered in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. This discovery was part of an ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars, encompassing diverse moth and butterfly families. The research provides a detailed morphological description, life history data, molecular analysis, and photographic documentation of the species. Additionally, the study reclassifies several previously recognized genera as synonyms under Voria, including Xenoplagia, Hystricovoria, Afrovoria, Anavoria, and Itavoria, and proposes new combinations for three species. This work not only expands our understanding of fly biodiversity in ACG but also sheds light on host-parasite relationships within this ecologically significant region.
Descriptions of Four New Species of Struthoscelis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae: Oecophorinae), One from Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Northwestern Costa Rica, Providing the First Known Biology for the Genus, and Discovery of a Novel Wing Morphology in Males
Researchers have uncovered four new species of Struthoscelis, including one from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Notably, this study provides the first known biology for the genus and identifies a novel male wing morphology, challenging existing generic diagnoses. The discovery was achieved through detailed morphological analysis and comparative illustrations, shedding light on the diversity and evolutionary intricacies of this lepidopteran group.
Five new species of Vibrissina Rondani (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in Northwestern Costa Rica
Researchers have identified five new species of the fly genus Vibrissina Rondani within the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. These species, named Vibrissina randycurtisi, V. randyjonesi, V. robertwellsi, V. danmartini, and V. hallwachsorum, were discovered after being reared from wild-caught sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Argidae and Tenthredinidae). The study combines morphological descriptions with life history data, molecular analysis, and photographic documentation to characterize these new species. This discovery contributes significantly to the understanding of biodiversity in the ACG and highlights the importance of detailed taxonomic studies in ecological research.
Marine biodiversity baseline for Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica: published records
A comprehensive baseline of marine biodiversity for the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica, reveals 594 marine species, representing 15.5% of known Pacific coast species. Crustaceans, mollusks, and cnidarians dominate, while groups like red algae, polychaetes, and marine fishes appear underrepresented due to sampling bias. Notably, 89 species are endemic to ACG, and 30 have been originally described from the region. Sampling has been concentrated in specific areas, prompting an ongoing BioMar project to inventory marine organisms systematically, with plans for digital cataloging and voucher specimen deposition. This initiative aims to address knowledge gaps and serve as a model for future marine biodiversity studies.
Nine new species of Uramya Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica, with a key to their identification
Researchers have identified nine new species of the tachinid fly genus Uramya from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica, significantly expanding the known biodiversity of this group. These discoveries were made through an extensive inventory of wild-caught caterpillars, incorporating morphological descriptions, life history data, molecular analysis, and photographic documentation. The study also includes a redescription of Uramya sibinivora and proposes new synonyms for two other genera, Olinda and Procleonice, while revising the key to species identification in Central and South America. This work contributes critical taxonomic insights to the understanding of tachinid diversity in ACG, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its ecological significance.
Nuclear genomes distinguish cryptic species suggested by their DNA barcodes and ecology
Researchers have uncovered three cryptic butterfly species within the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, using nuclear genome analysis combined with mitochondrial DNA barcoding and ecological data. These species, previously overlooked due to their extreme similarity, exhibit distinct genetic and morphological traits that align with their ecological niches. The study highlights the power of integrating multi-faceted genomic and ecological approaches to identify cryptic biodiversity, significantly increasing species counts in the region. Additionally, the findings reveal that a century-old type specimen from Venezuela belongs to one of these cryptic species, while the other two are newly described.
Revision of the species of Lytopylus from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae)
A groundbreaking study reveals the diversity of Lytopylus wasps (Agathidinae) in Costa Rica's Area de Conservación Guanacaste, describing 32 new species. This revision provides detailed morphological descriptions and an interactive key for identification, alongside comprehensive ecological data linking these wasps to their host caterpillars and food plants. Genetic analysis using mitochondrial COI barcodes supported species delimitation, offering a robust taxonomic framework. The findings significantly advance our understanding of wasp biodiversity in this UNESCO-listed region, highlighting the importance of integrating molecular and ecological approaches in systematics.
Three New Species of Rectiostoma Becker, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Depressariidae) from Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Northwestern Costa Rica
Researchers have identified three new species of the moth genus Rectiostoma from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica: R. annemayae, R. eowilsoni, and R. philipmayi. Using DNA barcoding of cytochrome oxidase I, alongside morphological analysis of male and female genitalia, the study confirmed these species as distinct. The findings include the first host plant records for Neotropical Rectiostoma species and provide illustrations of adult specimens, their genitalia, and larval photographs for two species. A neighbor-joining tree with supporting statistics further supports the taxonomic distinctions.
Turismo y Territorio en Áreas Naturales Protegidas, Parque Nacional Santa Rosa: del Monumento Nacional a la Conservación del Bosque Tropical Seco, Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
A key insight from this study is the critical role of community integration in enhancing conservation efforts within protected areas, particularly in the context of incipient tourism development. The research highlights that while Costa Rica's rich natural and cultural resources, including landscapes like the Parque Nacional Santa Rosa in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), attract tourism interest, the challenge lies in incorporating local communities to strengthen conservation beyond the core protected zones. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining secondary data review with field observations and interviews with local residents. This methodology revealed that despite the ACG's significance for research and its potential as a tourist destination, there is an ongoing need to balance ecological preservation with community engagement to ensure sustainable development in adjacent areas.
A new species of Phosocephala Townsend, 1908 (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica
Researchers have identified a new species of Phosocephala fly, Phosocephala alexanderi, within the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. This discovery, authored by Fleming and Wood, was made through a combination of morphological analysis, life history observations, and molecular data. Additionally, the study provides the first description of the male Phosocephala metallica species, previously unknown. Both species were reared from wild-caught Lepidoptera larvae, highlighting their ecological significance in the ACG ecosystem.
Revision of the genus Promicrogaster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, with a key to all species previously described from Mesoamerica
A comprehensive revision of the wasp genus Promicrogaster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Costa Rica's Area de Conservación Guanacaste identifies 21 new species and provides a key to all Mesoamerican species. The study reveals that Promicrogaster is predominantly Neotropical, with most species thriving in cloud forests above 1,000 meters. Notably, all verified host records indicate these wasps parasitize caterpillars living deep within plant tissues, though no ACG-specific host data exists. The research restricts the genus to the New World and reclassifies a previously described Indian species as incertae sedis.
Two new species of Erythromelana Townsend, 1919 (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica
Scientists have identified two new species of the fly genus Erythromelana within the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. These discoveries, Erythromelana jimmychevezi and Erythromelana glenriverai, were made by rearing flies from wild-caught caterpillars of the moth family Geometridae. The research integrates morphological descriptions, life history observations, molecular data, and photographic documentation to characterize these species. This study highlights the biodiversity of ACG and contributes new insights into the taxonomy of Tachinidae flies, which are important predators in ecosystems.
Integrative taxonomy of New World Euplectrus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), with focus on 55 new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica
A groundbreaking integrative taxonomy study identifies 55 new species of Euplectrus wasps (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica, bringing the total treated to 90 species. This research, led by C. Hansson, provides detailed descriptions and illustrations for all species, including 20 previously known ones found in ACG. The study also establishes one new synonym and designates lectotypes for eight species with uncertain status due to damaged type material. Host records are available for 74 Euplectrus species, contributing significantly to the understanding of their natural history. Two identification keys—one for females and one for males—facilitate species differentiation, enhancing taxonomic precision in this region.
Nine new species of Itaplectops (Diptera: Tachinidae) reared from caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with a key to Itaplectops species
Nine new species of the fly genus Itaplectops (Diptera: Tachinidae) are described from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. These species were reared from caterpillars in the families Limacodidae and Dalceridae, with descriptions supported by morphological, photographic, and genetic barcode data. The study also revises the systematic placement of Itaplectops, moving it to the tribe Uramyini, and provides a key for differentiating Itaplectops species and related genera. This research contributes significantly to the understanding of fly biodiversity in ACG.
Seven new species of Spathidexia Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) reared from caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Researchers have identified seven new species of Spathidexia, a genus of tachinid flies, from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica. These discoveries were made through an extensive study combining morphological analysis, photographic documentation, life history data, and molecular evidence. The new species—Spathidexia atripalpus, Spathidexia juanvialesi, Spathidexia marioburgosi, Spathidexia luisrobertogallegosi, Spathidexia luteola, Spathidexia hernanrodriguezi, and Spathidexia aurantiaca—were reared from various caterpillar species within the ACG. Additionally, Minthodexiopsis Townsend was proposed as a new synonym of Spathidexia, with a revised combination for S.flavicornis (Brauer & Bergenstamm). This study contributes significantly to the understanding of biodiversity in the ACG and the taxonomy of tachinid flies.
Three new species of Ametadoria Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Researchers have identified three new species of parasitic flies, belonging to the genus Ametadoria, within the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica. These species—Ametadoria karolramosae, Ametadoria leticiamartinezae, and Ametadoria mauriciogurdiani—were reared from wild-caught caterpillars of the Zygaenidae and Lacturidae families, highlighting their role in local ecosystems. The study integrates morphological, life history, and molecular data to describe these species, alongside proposing new synonyms and combinations for related taxa. This discovery contributes to the understanding of fly biodiversity in ACG while also resolving taxonomic ambiguities within the Tachinidae family.
Three new species of Trigonospila Pokorny (Diptera: Tachinidae), from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with a key for their identification
Researchers have identified three new species of Trigonospila flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica, bringing the total known in the New World to ten. These discoveries—Trigonospila edwinbermudezi, T. uniformis, and T. josemariamoragai—were made through a comprehensive study integrating morphological analysis, photographic documentation, life history data, and molecular evidence. The study also describes the previously unknown male of Trigonospila panamensis. All species were reared from ACG caterpillars during an ongoing inventory of caterpillar-parasitoid interactions across dry, rain, and cloud forests, contributing to biodiversity documentation in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Diversity and phylogenetic community structure of ants along a Costa Rican elevational gradient
A study on the Pacific slope of the Cordillera Guanacaste within Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) reveals that ant diversity and phylogenetic community structure decline with elevation, exhibiting an asymmetrical mid-elevation peak at approximately 600–800 meters. This pattern was consistent across three volcanoes when measured using molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTU), phylogenetic diversity (PD) based on DNA barcodes, or a multi-gene phylogeny. High species turnover between sites and among mountains was observed, with significant phylogenetic clustering at the highest elevation cloud forest sites, indicating environmental filtering. The narrow elevational range of each species, combined with high diversity at sampling points, underscores the vulnerability of these hyperdiverse communities to climate change.
Recolecta de artrópodos para prospección de la biodiversidad en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
A bioprospecting study in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, identified 642 arthropod species across 21 orders and 95 families as potential sources of new medicines. The research, conducted between 1994 and 1998, collected 1800 samples (6-10 g each) using low-impact methods such as manual collection, light traps, and insect breeding, prioritizing the separation of life stages to avoid contamination in screening processes. Lepidoptera dominated the samples (49.72%), followed by Coleoptera (15.75%) and Hymenoptera (13.33%). The strategy of diversifying samples based on ecological and behavioral factors yielded a broad range of materials, including frass, to enhance pharmaceutical research potential.
Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with keys to all described species from Mesoamerica
A groundbreaking study from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica reveals the extraordinary diversity of Apanteles wasps, a critical group of caterpillar parasitoids. Researchers identified 186 new species and redefined the genus Apanteles sensu stricto, providing keys to all 205 described species from Mesoamerica. This work leverages a unique dataset of over half a million Lepidoptera caterpillars reared for their parasitoids, combining traditional taxonomy with molecular techniques like DNA barcoding and interactive software (Lucid 3.5) to distinguish cryptic species. The study also highlights the host preferences of these wasps, with about 90% exhibiting monophagous or oligophagous behavior, attacking primarily Hesperiidae, Elachistidae, and Crambidae caterpillars. This comprehensive review accelerates the understanding of hyperdiverse parasitoid groups and their ecological roles.
Review of the Neotropical genus Prasmodon (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), with emphasis on species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica
A comprehensive review of the Neotropical genus Prasmodon (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) reveals 16 newly described species, significantly advancing the taxonomy of this group. The study, focusing on specimens from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica but encompassing broader Neotropical distributions, identifies leaf-rolling and webbing caterpillars of Crambidae and Elachistidae as their sole known hosts. The research integrates morphological analysis with a broad geographic scope, highlighting the genus's highest diversity in the Amazon basin while extending its range across Central and South American rainforests. This work provides critical insights into the biodiversity and ecological roles of Prasmodon parasitoids, contributing to our understanding of Neotropical insect communities.
Revision of the genus Pseudapanteles (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), with emphasis on the species in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica
A comprehensive taxonomic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Pseudapanteles (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reveals 25 new species from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica, bringing the total known species to 36. The study introduces three new species-groups and provides a key for identification, along with detailed descriptions and illustrations generated by Lucid 3.5 software. DNA barcoding data for 83% of the species offers a foundation for future phylogenetic studies. Most Pseudapanteles species are solitary parasitoids of small Lepidoptera caterpillars, though host records remain limited to only 25% of species. The research also clarifies taxonomic ambiguities by designating lectotypes and reclassifying two previously described species.
Revision of the New World species of Houghia Coquillett (Diptera, Tachinidae) reared from caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
A groundbreaking revision of the New World species of Houghia Coquillett (Tachinidae) identifies 35 species, including 34 new ones, all reared from caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica. This study integrates morphological, life history, and molecular data with photographic documentation to provide a comprehensive description of each species. Additionally, it proposes 19 new synonyms for previously described genera and 35 new combinations, clarifying the taxonomy of this group. Lectotypes are designated for ten valid species, stabilizing nomenclature. The research significantly advances our understanding of biodiversity in ACG by revealing the rich diversity of parasitic flies associated with caterpillars.
Cryptic species within cryptic moths: new species of Dunama Schaus (Notodontidae, Nystaleinae) in Costa Rica
A comprehensive review of the genus Dunama (Notodontidae, Nystaleinae) in Costa Rica reveals seven new cryptic species, bringing the total to eight. These were identified using distinctive CO1 barcodes, genitalia morphology, and life history traits, with one previously recorded species (Dunama tuna) corrected to Colombia. The study, based on nearly 1,700 specimens from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), also describes adult moths, caterpillars, their host plants, and parasites, contributing critical insights into biodiversity and taxonomy in this UNESCO-listed region.
Institutional Arrangements for Adaptive Governance of Biodiversity Conservation: The Experience of the Area de Conservación de Guanacaste, Costa Rica
A key insight from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica is that its adaptive governance of biodiversity conservation hinges on five critical institutional attributes: a clear, internalized vision; opportunities for learning and practice; high organizational contextualization; long-term financial and administrative autonomy; and access to diverse resources through multi-scale linkages. These attributes interact dynamically to enable effective co-production of biodiversity conservation, unlike other protected areas in Costa Rica where such factors were absent. The study identifies these attributes by analyzing the ACG's institutional arrangements, offering a model for adaptive governance that can be applied globally.
Intra‐specific and inter‐specific variation in specific leaf area reveal the importance of abiotic and biotic drivers of species diversity across elevation and latitude
Research reveals that the relative influence of abiotic and biotic factors on plant community assembly shifts along elevational and latitudinal gradients. Specifically, abiotic filtering dominates at higher latitudes and elevations, while biotic interactions play a stronger role at low latitudes and elevations. The study measured specific leaf area (SLA), a key functional trait linked to resource competition and environmental tolerance, across woody plant species in three regions: the Area de Conservación Guanacaste in Costa Rica (tropical), Santa Catalina Mountains in Arizona (mid-latitude desert), and Siskiyou Mountains in Oregon (high-latitude mediterranean). By comparing observed patterns of community-weighted means and variances to random assembly expectations, the study found that SLA variation decreases with increasing latitude, supporting greater abiotic filtering at higher latitudes. Additionally, low-elevation communities exhibited higher trait variation than expected by chance, indicating stronger biotic filtering. The ratio of intra- to inter-specific SLA variation was negatively correlated with species richness in tropical and latitudinal contexts, further suggesting the influence of biotic interactions on plant assembly at low latitudes.
Hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae) reared from dry forest and rain forest caterpillars of Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
A study of hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae) in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, identified five species associated with dry and rain forests. These generalist hyperparasitoids, including Lycogaster apicipennis, Taeniogonalos woodorum sp. n., Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis, Trigonalys championi, and Trigonalys maculifrons, were reared from caterpillars parasitized by Ichneumonidae and Tachinidae. Morphological and DNA barcoding data confirmed species separation, while Taeniogonalos gundlachii was found to be restricted to eastern North America, with the Costa Rican population reclassified as T. fasciatipennis. The research clarifies taxonomic confusion and highlights habitat-specific distributions of these hyperparasitoids in ACG's diverse ecosystems.
Lytopylus Förster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae) species from Costa Rica, with an emphasis on specimens reared from caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste
A comprehensive taxonomic study identifies twelve species of Lytopylus wasps from Costa Rica, including ten newly described species and two reclassified from other genera. Over 32 years of caterpillar inventory in Area de Conservación Guanacaste yielded critical specimens, revealing the diversity and ecological significance of these parasitoids. The research transfers nine species to the Lytopylus genus, providing updated taxonomic keys—one interactive and one static—to facilitate identification. This work advances our understanding of wasp biodiversity and their role in tropical ecosystems.
Nematode Parasites of Five Species of Turtles from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, with Description of a New Species of Falcaustra
Researchers identified and described a new species of nematode parasite, Falcaustra, from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste in Costa Rica. This discovery is notable as it is the only known member of the genus lacking a pseudosucker but featuring a toothed chamber separating the vestibule and pharynx. The study also documented 10 species of nematodes across five turtle species, including eight new host records and seven new locality records. The research highlights the diversity of nematode parasites in this UNESCO World Heritage Site, contributing valuable insights into their distribution and host associations.
Developing the Bioliteracy of School Children for 24 Years: A Fundamental Tool for Ecological Restoration and Conservation in Perpetuity of the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica
A 24-year initiative in Costa Rica's Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) demonstrates that bioliteracy education is a powerful tool for ecological restoration and conservation. The study highlights how the Programa de Educación Biológica (PEB) has successfully restored biological understanding among local students, parents, and teachers through field-oriented workshops across diverse ecosystems—from coastal-marine zones to rainforests. This approach fosters informed environmental decision-making, addressing long-term conservation challenges posed by historical human pressures like agriculture and hunting. By integrating education with ecological protection, the ACG's biocultural restoration strategy ensures sustainable biodiversity preservation for future generations.
Nematode Parasites of 16 Lizard Species from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
A comprehensive study of nematode parasites in lizards from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, identified 14 species of gravid nematodes and 2 species of larvae across 16 lizard species. The research revealed 32 new host records, significantly expanding our understanding of parasite-host relationships in this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The study employed necropsies on 370 lizards from six families, providing critical insights into the biodiversity and parasitology of tropical ecosystems.
Nematode Parasites of 41 Anuran Species from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
A comprehensive survey of nematode parasites in 41 anuran species from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, identified 25 nematode species (20 gravid and five larval) across 11 families. The study uncovered 113 new host records, significantly expanding knowledge of parasite-host relationships in this biodiverse region. Researchers analyzed 1,052 anurans, revealing a rich parasitic diversity with notable findings such as the presence of Africana telfordi and Foleyllides striatus, among others. This work highlights the importance of systematic parasitological surveys in understanding amphibian health and ecosystem dynamics within UNESCO-listed conservation areas.
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