Publications
An Investigative Study of the Theories Surrounding the Standing Buddha Statue at the Polonnaruwa Rock Temple
The standing Buddha statue at Polonnaruwa Rock Temple, Sri Lanka, embodies multiple symbolic interpretations rooted in Buddhist iconography. Research reveals that the statue's unique mudra—variously identified as Paradukkha Dukkhitha, Animisa Lochana, Swastika, or Avadhana—represents pivotal moments in Buddha's life, including the second week of his enlightenment and the Great Passing Away (Parinirvana). Additionally, its posture suggests a compassionate gaze toward beings, while theories propose it may depict Ananda Thero. The study analyzes these interpretations through secondary sources, leveraging Buddhist literature to explore their historical and symbolic significance. This approach highlights the statue's cultural and religious importance during the Polonnaruwa period (post-Anuradhapura), cementing its status as a peak in Sri Lankan Buddha statue art.
Colonial Narratives and the Ruined Cities of Ceylon: Exploring the Earliest Architectural and Archaeological Documentation during the Colonial Period
Colonial-era documentation efforts under British rule (1806–1948) laid the foundation for modern architectural and archaeological study of Sri Lanka’s ancient cities, including Polonnaruwa, Anuradhapura, and Sigiriya. These ruins, rediscovered in the mid-19th century by colonial administrators and professionals, were systematically recorded through archival, cartographical, and iconographical research. This systematic approach culminated in the establishment of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon, shaping the preservation and recognition of these sites as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Cultural exchange and decorative motifs in Polonnaruwa, Sarnath, and Angkor Wat: 12th-century regional traditions and bilateral relations
A pivotal role of the Ancient City of Polonnaruwa as a cultural and artistic bridge between South and Southeast Asia during the 12th century is revealed, demonstrating its significance in fostering shared decorative motifs across Polonnaruwa, Sarnath, and Angkor Wat. The study identifies advanced carving techniques in Polonnaruwa that link the artistic traditions of these regions, despite challenges posed by foreign invasions and environmental changes. Through analysis of historical sources, architectural remnants, and artistic styles, the research highlights how diplomatic interactions and cultural exchange shaped a unified visual language across these ancient centers.
Feasibility study of micro-scale wind power generation for rural electrification in Polonnaruwa area
A feasibility study of micro-scale wind power generation for rural electrification in the Polonnaruwa area reveals that installing a 500 W turbine at a 10-meter hub height is optimal, offering superior annual energy production, capacity factor, and carbon savings. The research analyzed wind speed data from two years (2019–2020) using Weibull probability distribution to assess the region's wind power potential. Findings indicate that micro-scale turbines with low cut-in wind speeds (2 m/s) are highly suitable for standalone power generation in this UNESCO World Heritage Site, addressing both energy demand and environmental concerns while avoiding reliance on fossil fuels.
Historical Demaḷa Mahā Sǣya of Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka: An Archaeological Analysis of its Construction Technology
A recent archaeological analysis of the Demaḷa Mahā Sǣya, the largest stupa in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, reveals sophisticated construction techniques that highlight the advanced masonry and engineering skills of its builders. Excavations uncovered intricate details about the stupa's structure, including the use of precise stonework and innovative architectural methods. This study provides valuable insights into the historical significance and technical mastery of ancient Sinhala craftsmanship, contributing to a deeper understanding of the region's heritage.
Human-elephant conflict: challenges in agriculture Sector in Polonnaruwa district; A study based on literature review
Human-elephant conflict in the Polonnaruwa district, Sri Lanka, poses significant threats to both elephants and agricultural sectors. The study reveals that such conflicts are a major socio-environmental issue, with 42% of incidents occurring in high-risk areas like the North Central Province. Key challenges include crop damage, property destruction, human fatalities, and elephant deaths, often exacerbated by inadequate compensation methods and limited local mitigation strategies. The research highlights the ineffectiveness of current measures such as bio-fences and electric fences while emphasizing the need for inter-cooperation to minimize conflicts. Through a systematic literature review, the study identifies gaps in conflict resolution and calls for methodological improvements to address these pressing issues.
Diversity of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in Polonnaruwa Archaeological Reserve, Sri Lanka
A survey of scorpion diversity in the Polonnaruwa Archaeological Reserve, Sri Lanka, revealed 15 species, with Heterometrus swammerdami being the most abundant and Isometrus thwaitesi the rarest. The study, conducted from July to November 2018 using direct visual encounter methods and UV lights, found that open habitats exhibited higher Shannon and Margalef Diversity Index values but lower species evenness compared to forest habitats. Charmus laneus was recorded for the first time in Polonnaruwa, contributing new data on scorpion distribution. The study also highlighted a 58% species similarity between open and forest habitats, providing insights into the impact of habitat modification on scorpion populations.
Shields on Electric Posts Prevent Primate Deaths: A Case Study at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka
A case study at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, demonstrates that shields mounted on electrical posts significantly reduced electrocution deaths among toque macaques (Macaca sinica). Over a 12-year period post-installation, no electrocutions were recorded, compared to 18 incidents in the preceding 12 years. The study highlights the effectiveness of simple interventions like shields and insulated PVC pipes in mitigating risks for primates and other arboreal mammals near human habitats. While not all electrocution hotspots could be addressed, the findings suggest broader applications for such measures in power distribution planning to protect wildlife.
Water management problems related major reservoirs and irrigation systems in Polonnaruwa District, Sri lanka
In Polonnaruwa District, Sri Lanka's dry zone, water scarcity poses significant challenges for agriculture, particularly rice cultivation. A study reveals that current irrigation systems fail to meet farmers' demands in terms of adequacy, reliability, and timeliness, despite the region's potential for increased paddy fields through improved water management. The research analyzes monthly reservoir conditions, including rainfall, irrigated area, water yield, and storage levels, focusing on major reservoirs like ParakramaSamudraya, Giritale, Minneriya, and Kaudulla. It highlights the critical need to address water distribution inefficiencies to sustain food production amid growing competition from domestic and industrial sectors. The findings underscore the urgency of optimizing irrigation scheduling to mitigate water scarcity in this vital agricultural region.
Forecasting Foreign Guest Nights in Ancient Cities of Sri Lanka
A robust forecasting model, ARIMA (1,0,1) (1,1,2)6, has been identified as highly effective for predicting foreign guest nights in Sri Lanka's UNESCO-listed ancient cities, including Polonnaruwa. This model, validated through rigorous statistical tests, demonstrates minimal error and accurately captures the seasonal patterns of tourism occupancy. The study highlights the significance of such forecasting in optimizing hotel operations, influencing pricing, staffing, maintenance, and security strategies. While the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model performs well, future research is recommended to explore the Circular Model for potentially improved forecasting accuracy by accounting for both seasonal and cyclical variations.
Purawalokanaya - The Virtual Tour to Ancient City of Polonnaruwa - Sri Lanka
A realistic virtual reality (VR) application, 'Porawalokanaya,' has been developed to digitally preserve and experience the ancient city of Polonnaruwa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Sri Lanka. The application leverages advanced 3D modeling techniques using Autodesk Maya and Mudbox to capture intricate architectural details, combined with natural environments for an immersive experience. Built on the Unity platform with C# scripting, 'Porawalokanaya' offers users interactive exploration, narration, and a mini-map, simulating real-world visits. This innovative approach demonstrates how technology can effectively preserve and present prestigious heritage sites, bridging gaps between historical preservation and modern digital experiences.
Site Suitability Analysis for Local Airport Using Geographic Information System
Geographic Information System (GIS) tools effectively identify areas unsuitable for local airport development by overlaying constraints such as forest areas, tanks, airborne restricted zones, and streams. This study demonstrates that GIS can systematically analyze site suitability factors, particularly in Sri Lanka, where Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa districts are key tourist destinations. By applying the Erase tool to exclude non-suitable regions, the research highlights potential airport locations while considering land use patterns, road networks, and railway systems. The findings underscore GIS's utility in regional planning, offering a data-driven approach to balancing infrastructure development with environmental and operational considerations.
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