Publications
Architectural and astronomical heritage of Iran: a study of Chogha Zanbil and Radkan Tower
Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat and Radkan Tower represent pivotal advancements in ancient Iranian astronomical engineering, transitioning from rudimentary shadow-based solar observations to sophisticated calendrical tools. Chogha Zanbil (circa 1250 BC) served as a ceremonial center with observational capabilities, while Radkan Tower (660 AH/1262 AD), designed by Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, achieved precise cardinal and Vernal Equinox alignment. Comparative analysis reveals their dual roles in cultural heritage and scientific innovation, underscoring their significance for Sustainable Development Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). The study highlights the integration of celestial knowledge into architecture, advocating for the preservation of such sites as critical components of global astronomical and engineering history.
From drought to deluge: the complex impacts of climate change on earthen heritage
Climate change poses severe and multifaceted threats to earthen heritage sites, including erosion, structural deterioration, and cultural value loss. A systematic study of four vulnerable regions—Sistan, Yazd, Persepolis, and Tchogha Zanbil—reveals that shifting precipitation patterns, extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and water scarcity exacerbate these risks. Socioeconomic factors like limited conservation resources further compound vulnerabilities. The research introduces an interdisciplinary framework to assess vulnerability, integrating physical, social, and cultural dimensions, and emphasizes the need for adaptive strategies, effective governance, and community engagement to mitigate impacts. This approach offers a novel method for evaluating climate change risks in earthen heritage, providing actionable insights for preservation efforts.
Ecological restoration of historical monuments (With a Focus on the Restoration of Chogha Zanbil)
Ecological restoration emerges as a viable and effective method for preserving the historical-cultural authenticity of ancient monuments, as demonstrated by its application at Tchogha Zanbil. This UNESCO World Heritage Site, renowned for its unique earthen ziggurat structure, serves as a case study showcasing how ecological restoration can maintain architectural integrity while fostering cultural connections between past and present. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach combined with field observations to evaluate the potential of this method in safeguarding historical structures. Findings highlight that ecological restoration not only preserves the religious and cultural significance of Tchogha Zanbil but also strengthens the relationship between its architectural space and surrounding environmental elements, offering a sustainable model for heritage conservation.
Gift Recipients and Royal In-Laws
A key insight from this study is that diplomatic marriages between kings and allies' daughters, along with the granting of land to loyal officials, played significant roles in maintaining political stability during the Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BCE). The research examines how Burna-Buriash II of Babylon leveraged these strategies, including marrying his daughters to prominent figures such as the pharaoh Akhenaten and the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I. It also explores the consequences of these alliances, such as Tawananna's conflict with Suppiluliuma I's son, and the legacy of Burna-Buriash II's marriage to an Assyrian princess, whose son was later overthrown. The study uses historical records, including sealed contracts like Abi-hunni’s, to trace the impact of these diplomatic ties on Near Eastern kingdoms.
Petrochemical attributes of glazed architectural elements from Middle-Elamite to Achaemenid excavation sites in Iran
A groundbreaking analysis of glazed architectural elements from Middle-Elamite to Achaemenid sites in Iran reveals the use of regionally specific halophyte species for soda production, a key component in ancient glassmaking. The study, which includes samples from Qalaichi, Rabat, Hasanlu, Ziwiye, Chogha Zanbil, Susa, and Persepolis, identifies sodium-antimonate as a distinct white colourant and opacifier in certain glazes. Using advanced techniques such as petrographic microscopy, back-scattered electron imaging, and electron probe microanalysis, researchers characterized the microstructure and alteration phenomena of these glazes, providing unprecedented insights into ancient production chains. The findings highlight regionally and temporally contrasting alteration processes, offering a deeper understanding of the evolution of glazed decoration in Iran.
Technological and Archaeological studies of the Middle-Elamite and Neo-Elamite colord glazed ceramics (1500-540 BCE)
A groundbreaking study challenges the long-held belief that Tchogha Zanbil (1250 BCE) holds the earliest known ceramic glazes, instead tracing their origins to Haft Tepe (1500 BCE). Using advanced analyses like XRD, EPMA, and petrography, researchers determined that Neo-Elamite ceramics exhibited greater compositional diversity than Middle-Elamite ones, suggesting varied firing conditions. Additionally, while no nanoparticles were found in Middle-Elamite glazes, they were identified in Neo-Elamite samples from Jubaji and Qalaichi, likely linked to firing atmospheres. The study also revealed that Elamites described colors using known materials rather than specialized terminology, providing new insights into ancient ceramic production techniques.
Assessment of vulnerability and site adaptive capacity to the risk of climate change: the case of Tchogha Zanbil World Heritage earthen site in Iran
Tchogha Zanbil, a UNESCO World Heritage earthen site in Iran, faces significant vulnerability to climate change due to its exposure to extreme climatic events. A novel framework was developed to assess this vulnerability and the potential adaptive capacity of traditional knowledge and ancient systems at such sites. The study found that while Tchogha Zanbil is highly susceptible to adverse effects from climate variability and temperature extremes, there exists a capacity for adaptation rooted in historical practices. This research contributes to global efforts in climate change adaptation planning for cultural heritage, particularly for earthen sites in regions with rising climate risks. Limitations included restricted data access due to COVID-19, but the methodology remains valuable for similar studies.
Microscopic Studies on Wooden Holder of Decorative Glass Remaining from Middle Elamite Era (1280 B.C)
A rare intact wooden rod from the Middle Elamite era (1280 B.C.) at Tchogha Zanbil has been identified as belonging to a date palm tree, providing insights into its use and the site's context. The study employed optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze the wood's structure and composition. These techniques confirmed the wood's genus and elemental consistency with known date palm characteristics, while FTIR revealed molecular bonds typical of wooden materials. The rod was likely used as a holder for decorative glass cones on temple doors, offering archaeological significance by reconstructing past applications and contextualizing other finds.
A time-dependent statistical evaluation of the ceramic manufacturing process based on the mineralogical chemical analysis
A novel statistical approach reveals how ceramic manufacturing processes at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Tchogha Zanbil evolved over time, with distinct variations in mineralogical and chemical compositions. By analyzing ceramics from two workshops using polarization microscopy, XRF, and QXRD with Rietveld refining, researchers identified clusters that reflect technological advancements and quantitative changes in material assortments. This method provides a robust model for assessing manufacturing processes in ancient contexts, offering insights into the development of ceramic technology during specific periods.
Structural analysis of earth construction’s vaults: Case of underground tombs of Chogha Zanbil
A structural analysis of the vaults in Chogha Zanbil's underground tombs reveals that these 3,300-year-old constructions exhibit remarkable durability due to advanced Elamite architectural techniques. The study found that bending forces in the vaults are effectively converted into pressure, which is resisted by brickwork, contributing to their long-term stability. Using SAP software, researchers analyzed force transmission, bending moments, and shear forces based on field observations and literature data. This analysis underscores the exceptional craftsmanship of Elamite architects, whose methods have preserved these tombs in excellent condition despite millennia, thereby sustaining Chogha Zanbil's outstanding universal value as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Water-Risk Management in Tchogha Zanbil World Heritage Site in Iran, with a Focus on the Ancient Management System
Archaeological research at Tchogha Zanbil, Iran, reveals an ancient surface water management system that could be adapted for modern conservation efforts. The site faces significant water-risk challenges due to heavy rainfall and insufficient runoff control strategies, which exacerbate damage to its earthen structures. By analyzing the authenticity values of the site and assessing current water-management issues, this study proposes sustainable approaches inspired by historical techniques. The findings highlight the potential of integrating ancient solutions with contemporary practices to enhance the resilience and preservation of World Heritage Sites.
Conservation and Restoration of Adobe Architectural Heritage of Bam Citadel (Iran), Affected by the 26 December 2003 Bam Earthquake: Problems and Issues
A significant finding from this study is that Iran's adobe architectural heritage, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Bam Citadel and Tchogha Zanbil, faces severe threats from seismic activity and urban development. The research highlights the vulnerability of these structures to earthquakes, as demonstrated by the devastating 2003 Bam earthquake, which caused extensive damage to one of the world's largest adobe complexes. The study critically assesses current conservation strategies in Iran, identifying deficiencies that exacerbate the risk of further deterioration. It proposes technical solutions and policy recommendations based on international best practices to safeguard these cultural treasures from future seismic events, aiming to preserve their social, historical, and economic value.
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