In the Shadow of Ancient Thebes. Belgian Consular Representation in Luxor and Local Elites, 1860 and 1937

A study reveals how local Egyptian elites integrated into foreign diplomatic corps, using the case of Belgian consular agents in Luxor from 1860 to 1937. These agents, drawn from two prominent clans—the Ayads and the Bicharas—played pivotal roles in Belgium's consular representation near Ancient Thebes' necropolis. By analyzing their fragmented accounts and services, researchers uncover new dimensions of diplomatic culture, intersecting with tourism and archaeology. This approach provides a nuanced understanding of how local elites facilitated foreign interests during Egypt's transition from the 19th century to 1937, when the capitulation system was abolished.

Huskens, G. (2023). In the Shadow of Ancient Thebes. Belgian Consular Representation in Luxor and Local Elites, 1860 and 1937. Diplomatica, 5(2), 169–194. https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-bja10095