Status of the Beach Litter in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Dungonab and Mukkawar Island Marine National Park in Sudan, Red Sea

Beaches within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Dungonab Bay and Mukkawar Island Marine National Park (DMNP) in Sudan's Red Sea were found to be relatively clean, with an average density of 0.4 items per square meter, primarily due to locally sourced marine litter rather than long-distance accumulation. Plastic debris dominated the collected litter, accounting for 57.23% of the total 3037 items sampled over a 10-month period across six sites. The study, conducted quarterly from January to October 2017, revealed a steady decrease in beach litter flux—from 21.9 to 16.43 items per 100 meters per day—suggesting limited external marine litter input. This baseline assessment highlights the potential for targeted interventions, such as waste management and recycling initiatives, to further improve beach cleanliness and support sustainable tourism in this protected area.

Ibrahim, E. A. A., Rahim Osman, N. A., & Eisa, O. A. M. (2020). Status of the Beach Litter in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Dungonab and Mukkawar Island Marine National Park in Sudan, Red Sea. International Journal of Ecology, 2020, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6904745