A qualitative approach for investigating thermal discomfort in the outdoor environment of a World Heritage Site: A case study of Hampi, India

Visitors to Hampi experience significant thermal discomfort due to intense solar radiation and lack of shade during the winter season, despite expressing overall satisfaction with the site's thermal conditions. This study introduces photographic analysis as a novel qualitative method for assessing thermal comfort in large-scale archaeological settings, moving beyond traditional microclimate measurements and user feedback. By identifying visual signs of heat stress—such as body postures and behaviors—researchers reveal how environmental design influences visitor experiences without compromising the site's cultural integrity. The findings highlight the potential for visual data to inform strategies that mitigate thermal discomfort while preserving heritage values, offering a new perspective on balancing climate adaptation with conservation in culturally significant landscapes.

Paul, T., Daketi, S., Rao, K., & Chundeli, F. (2025). A qualitative approach for investigating thermal discomfort in the outdoor environment of a World Heritage Site: A case study of Hampi, India. Geographica Pannonica, 29(3), 172–193. https://doi.org/10.5937/gp29-57738