The Transport of Nonindigenous Microorganisms Into Caves by Human Visitation: A Case Study at Carlsbad Caverns National Park

A study at Carlsbad Caverns National Park revealed that human visitation significantly impacts the microbial composition of cave environments, introducing nonindigenous microorganisms. Research conducted in 2004 and 2009 demonstrated that Staphylococcus spp., Knoellia spp., Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria, and Enterobacteriaceae were prevalent in areas frequented by visitors or associated with food storage and consumption. Notably, Enterobacteriaceae dominance was observed along the descent trail and within the Lunch Room, suggesting either natural occurrence or anthropogenic contamination. The study highlights the potential for management practices, such as restricting crumb-generating foods, to mitigate microbial contamination and protect cave ecosystems.

Griffin, D. W., Gray, M. A., Lyles, M. B., & Northup, D. E. (2014). The Transport of Nonindigenous Microorganisms Into Caves by Human Visitation: A Case Study at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. Geomicrobiology Journal, 31(3), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2013.815294