Designing databases and using generalized estimating equations for entheseal datasets: An example from the Tiwanaku culture (AD 500–1100)

Researchers identified significant differences in entheseal changes (EC) between sexes and age groups within the Tiwanaku culture, revealing distinct patterns of physical activity and labor. To address challenges in analyzing such data—including issues of statistical independence and overwhelming complexity—the study introduced a robust database design strategy and employed generalized estimating equations (GEE). This approach allowed for both population-level comparisons and specific analyses of individual muscle attachment areas using over 1200 adult skeletal remains from Bolivia and Peru (AD 500–1100). The findings highlight how consistent data collection methods and advanced statistical techniques can uncover nuanced insights into past bodily movements, offering a scalable model for future osteoarcheological research.

Becker, S. K., Stull, K. E., & Chu, E. (2023). Designing databases and using generalized estimating equations for entheseal datasets: An example from the Tiwanaku culture (AD 500–1100). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 33(3), 429–443. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3210